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Zhou Z, Feng J, Huo J, Qiu S, Zhang P, Wang Y, Li Q, Li Y, Han C, Feng X, Duan Y, Chen R, Xiao Y, He Y, Zhang L, Chen W. Versatile CYP98A enzymes catalyse meta-hydroxylation reveals diversity of salvianolic acids biosynthesis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:1536-1548. [PMID: 38226779 PMCID: PMC11123398 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Salvianolic acids (SA), such as rosmarinic acid (RA), danshensu (DSS), and their derivative salvianolic acid B (SAB), etc. widely existed in Lamiaceae and Boraginaceae families, are of interest due to medicinal properties in the pharmaceutical industries. Hundreds of studies in past decades described that 4-coumaroyl-CoA and 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid (4-HPL) are common substrates to biosynthesize SA with participation of rosmarinic acid synthase (RAS) and cytochrome P450 98A (CYP98A) subfamily enzymes in different plants. However, in our recent study, several acyl donors and acceptors included DSS as well as their ester-forming products all were determined in SA-rich plants, which indicated that previous recognition to SA biosynthesis is insufficient. Here, we used Salvia miltiorrhiza, a representative important medicinal plant rich in SA, to elucidate the diversity of SA biosynthesis. Various acyl donors as well as acceptors are catalysed by SmRAS to form precursors of RA and two SmCYP98A family members, SmCYP98A14 and SmCYP98A75, are responsible for different positions' meta-hydroxylation of these precursors. SmCYP98A75 preferentially catalyses C-3' hydroxylation, and SmCYP98A14 preferentially catalyses C-3 hydroxylation in RA generation. In addition, relative to C-3' hydroxylation of the acyl acceptor moiety in RA biosynthesis, SmCYP98A75 has been verified as the first enzyme that participates in DSS formation. Furthermore, SmCYP98A enzymes knockout resulted in the decrease and overexpression leaded to dramatic increase of SA accumlation. Our study provides new insights into SA biosynthesis diversity in SA-abundant species and versatility of CYP98A enzymes catalytic preference in meta-hydroxylation reactions. Moreover, CYP98A enzymes are ideal metabolic engineering targets to elevate SA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Navy Special Medical CentreSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng HospitalSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jingxian Feng
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SHTCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The MOE Innovation Centre for Basic Medicine Research on Qi‐Blood TCM TheoriesInstitute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Juncheng Huo
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng HospitalSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shi Qiu
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SHTCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The MOE Innovation Centre for Basic Medicine Research on Qi‐Blood TCM TheoriesInstitute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Pan Zhang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SHTCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The MOE Innovation Centre for Basic Medicine Research on Qi‐Blood TCM TheoriesInstitute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yun Wang
- Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, School of MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng HospitalSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yajing Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SHTCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The MOE Innovation Centre for Basic Medicine Research on Qi‐Blood TCM TheoriesInstitute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Cuicui Han
- Navy Special Medical CentreSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaobing Feng
- Navy Special Medical CentreSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yonghao Duan
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SHTCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The MOE Innovation Centre for Basic Medicine Research on Qi‐Blood TCM TheoriesInstitute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Ruibin Chen
- School of PharmacySecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ying Xiao
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SHTCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The MOE Innovation Centre for Basic Medicine Research on Qi‐Blood TCM TheoriesInstitute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Ying He
- Navy Special Medical CentreSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lei Zhang
- Biomedical Innovation R&D Center, School of MedicineShanghai UniversityShanghaiChina
- School of PharmacySecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng HospitalSecond Military Medical UniversityShanghaiChina
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SHTCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The MOE Innovation Centre for Basic Medicine Research on Qi‐Blood TCM TheoriesInstitute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
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He X, Chen Y, Xia Y, Hong X, You H, Zhang R, Liang Z, Cui Q, Zhang S, Zhou M, Yang D. DNA methylation regulates biosynthesis of tanshinones and phenolic acids during growth of Salvia miltiorrhiza. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:2086-2100. [PMID: 37879117 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation plays a crucial role in the regulation of plant growth and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) is a valuable Chinese herbal medicine commonly used to treat cardiovascular diseases; its active ingredients are tanshinones and phenolic acids, which primarily accumulate in roots. Here, we conducted a targeted metabolic analysis of S. miltiorrhiza roots at 3 distinct growth stages: 40 d old (r40), 60 d old (r60), and 90 d old (r90). The contents of tanshinones (cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, and rosmariquinone) and phenolic acids (rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid B) gradually increased during plant development. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing and transcriptome sequencing of roots at the 3 growth stages revealed an increased level of DNA methylation in the CHH context (H represents A, T, or C) context at r90 compared with r40 and r60. Increased DNA methylation levels were associated with elevated expression of various genes linked to epigenetic regulations, including CHROMOMETHYLASE2 (SmCMT2), Decrease in DNA Methylation 1 (SmDDM1), Argonaute 4 (SmAGO4), and DOMAINS REARRANGED METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (SmDRM1). Moreover, expression levels of many genes involved in tanshinone and salvianolic acid biosynthesis, such as copalyldiphosphate synthase 5 (SmCPS5), cytochrome P450-related enzyme (SmCYP71D464), geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (SmGGPPS1), geranyl diphosphate synthase (SmGPPS), hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase (SmHPPR), and hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (SmHPPD), were altered owing to hyper-methylation, indicating that DNA methylation plays an important role in regulating tanshinone and phenolic acid accumulation. Our data shed light on the epigenetic regulation of root growth and the biosynthesis of active ingredients in S. miltiorrhiza, providing crucial clues for further improvement of active compound production via molecular breeding in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu He
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yiwen Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yuting Xia
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xinyu Hong
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Huaqian You
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Qi Cui
- Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Shuncang Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dongfeng Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Shaoxing Biomedical Research Institute of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for the Development Technology of Medicinal and Edible Homologous Health Food, Shaoxing 312075, China
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Wang S, Zhao F, Yang M, Lin Y, Han S. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the synthesis of valuable chemicals. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024; 44:163-190. [PMID: 36596577 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2153008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the twenty first century, biotechnology offers great opportunities and solutions to climate change mitigation, energy and food security and resource efficiency. The use of metabolic engineering to modify microorganisms for producing industrially significant chemicals is developing and becoming a trend. As a famous, generally recognized as a safe (GRAS) model microorganism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae is widely used due to its excellent operational convenience and high fermentation efficiency. This review summarizes recent advancements in the field of using metabolic engineering strategies to construct engineered S. cerevisiae over the past ten years. Five different types of compounds are classified by their metabolites, and the modified metabolic pathways and strategies are summarized and discussed independently. This review may provide guidance for future metabolic engineering efforts toward such compounds and analogues. Additionally, the limitations of S. cerevisiae as a cell factory and its future trends are comprehensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengguang Zhao
- School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Manli Yang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Lin
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuangyan Han
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Chen J, Ying Y, Yao L, Xu Z, Yu Z, Kai G. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the Salvia miltiorrhiza Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Family in Response to Multiple Abiotic Stresses. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:580. [PMID: 38475427 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza is a plant commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. Its material bases for treating diseases are tanshinones and phenolic acids, including salvianolic acids. Histone deacetylase proteins (HDACs) are a class of specific functional enzymes that interact with acetylation groups on the N-terminal lysine of histone proteins further regulate gene transcription through structural changes at the chromatin level. HDACs involved in the growth and development of various plants, and induced by plant hormones to regulate the internal environment of plants to resist stress, at the same time affect the accumulation of some secondary metabolites. However, the role of SmHDACs on the accumulation of salvianolic acid in S. miltiorrhiza remains unclear. In this study, 16 SmHDACs genes were identified from the high-quality S. miltiorrhiza genome, their physicochemical properties were predicted. In phylogenetic trees co-constructed with HDACs proteins from other plants, SmHDACs was divided into three subfamilies, each with similar motif and conserved domain composition. The distribution of the three subfamilies is similar to that of dicotyledonous plants. Chromosome localization analysis showed that SmHDACs genes were randomly located. Cis-acting element analysis predicted that SmHDACs gene expression may be related to and induced by various phytohormones, such as MeJA and ABA. By combining the expression pattern and co-expression network induced by phytohormones, we speculate that SmHDACs may further influence the synthesis of salvianolic acid, and identified SmHDA5, a potential functional gene, then speculate its downstream target based on the co-expression network. In summary, we analyzed the SmHDACs gene family of S. miltiorrhiza and screened out the potential functional gene SmHDA5. From the perspective of epigenetics, we proposed the molecular mechanism of plant hormone promoting salvianolic acid synthesis, which filled the gap in the subdivision of histone deacetylase in S. miltiorrhiza research, provided a theoretical basis for the culture and transformation of S. miltiorrhiza germplasm resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yuxin Ying
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Lingtiao Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Zhangting Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Zhenming Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
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Zhang M, Zhang J, Hou M, Zhao S. Comparative metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303a and CEN.PK2-1C. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:298. [PMID: 37661201 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03736-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a health microorganism closely related to human life, especially in food and pharmaceutical industries. S. cerevisiae W303a and CEN.PK2-1C are two commonly used strains for synthetic biology-based natural product production. Yet, the metabolomic and transcriptomic differences between these two strains have not been compared. In this study, metabolomics and transcriptomics were applied to analyze the differential metabolites and differential expression genes (DEGs) between W303a and CEN.PK2-1C cultured in YPD and SD media. The growth rate of W303a in YPD medium was the lowest compared with other groups. When cultured in YPD medium, CEN.PK2-1C produced more phenylalanine than W303a; when cultured in SD medium, W303a produced more phospholipids than CEN.PK2-1C. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that 19 out of 22 genes in glycolysis pathway were expressed at higher levels in CEN.PK2-1C than that in W303a no matter which media were used, and three key genes related to phenylalanine biosynthesis including ARO9, ARO7 and PHA2 were up-regulated in CEN.PK2-1C compared with W303a when cultured in YPD medium, whereas seven DEGs associated with phospholipid biosynthesis were up-regulated in W303a compared with CEN.PK2-1C when cultured in SD medium. The high phenylalanine produced by CEN.PK2-1C and high phospholipids produced by W303a indicated that CEN.PK2-1C may be more suitable for synthesis of natural products with phenylalanine as precursor, whereas W303a may be more appropriate for synthesis of phospholipid metabolites. This finding provides primary information for strain selection between W303a and CEN.PK2-1C for synthetic biology-based natural product production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihong Zhang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jinjia Zhang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Maoqi Hou
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shujuan Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Wang L, Wang H, Chen J, Qin Z, Yu S, Zhou J. Coordinating caffeic acid and salvianic acid A pathways for efficient production of rosmarinic acid in Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 2023; 76:29-38. [PMID: 36623792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid is a natural hydroxycinnamic acid ester used widely in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Although many attempts have been made to screen rate-limiting enzymes and optimize modules through co-culture fermentation, the titer of rosmarinic acid remains at the microgram level by microorganisms. A de novo biosynthetic pathway for rosmarinic acid was constructed based on caffeic acid synthesis modules in Escherichia coli. Knockout of competing pathways increased the titer of rosmarinic acid and reduced the synthesis of rosmarinic acid analogues. An L-amino acid deaminase was introduced to balance metabolic flux between the synthesis of caffeic acid and salvianic acid A. The ratio of FADH2/FAD was maintained via the coordination of deaminase and HpaBC, which is responsible for caffeic acid synthesis. Knockout of menI, encoding an endogenous thioesterase, increased the stability of caffeoyl-CoA. The final strain produced 5780.6 mg/L rosmarinic acid in fed-batch fermentation, the highest yet reported for microbial production. The strategies applied in this study lay a foundation for the synthesis of other caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Huijing Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Jianbin Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Zhijie Qin
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Shiqin Yu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education and School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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