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Çiçek SS, Mangoni A, Hanschen FS, Agerbirk N, Zidorn C. Essentials in the acquisition, interpretation, and reporting of plant metabolite profiles. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 220:114004. [PMID: 38331135 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Plant metabolite profiling reveals the diversity of secondary or specialized metabolites in the plant kingdom with its hundreds of thousands of species. Specialized plant metabolites constitute a vast class of chemicals posing significant challenges in analytical chemistry. In order to be of maximum scientific relevance, reports dealing with these compounds and their source species must be transparent, make use of standards and reference materials, and be based on correctly and traceably identified plant material. Essential aspects in qualitative plant metabolite profiling include: (i) critical review of previous literature and a reasoned sampling strategy; (ii) transparent plant sampling with wild material documented by vouchers in public herbaria and, optimally, seed banks; (iii) if possible, inclusion of generally available reference plant material; (iv) transparent, documented state-of-the art chemical analysis, ideally including chemical reference standards; (v) testing for artefacts during preparative extraction and isolation, using gentle analytical methods; (vi) careful chemical data interpretation, avoiding over- and misinterpretation and taking into account phytochemical complexity when assigning identification confidence levels, and (vii) taking all previous scientific knowledge into account in reporting the scientific data. From the current stage of the phytochemical literature, selected comments and suggestions are given. In the past, proposed revisions of botanical taxonomy were sometimes based on metabolite profiles, but this approach ("chemosystematics" or "chemotaxonomy") is outdated due to the advent of DNA sequence-based phylogenies. In contrast, systematic comparisons of plant metabolite profiles in a known phylogenetic framework remain relevant. This approach, known as chemophenetics, allows characterizing species and clades based on their array of specialized metabolites, aids in deducing the evolution of biosynthetic pathways and coevolution, and can serve in identifying new sources of rare and economically interesting natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhat S Çiçek
- Department of Biotechnology, Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, Ulmenliet 20, 21033, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alfonso Mangoni
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Franziska S Hanschen
- Plant Quality and Food Security, Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops (IGZ) e. V., Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, 14979, Grossbeeren, Germany
| | - Niels Agerbirk
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Christian Zidorn
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische Biologie, Christian-Albrechts- Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
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Cárdenas PD, Landtved JP, Larsen SH, Lindegaard N, Wøhlk S, Jensen KR, Pattison DI, Burow M, Bak S, Crocoll C, Agerbirk N. Phytoalexins of the crucifer Barbarea vulgaris: Structural profile and correlation with glucosinolate turnover. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 213:113742. [PMID: 37269935 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Phytoalexins are antimicrobial plant metabolites elicited by microbial attack or abiotic stress. We investigated phytoalexin profiles after foliar abiotic elicitation in the crucifer Barbarea vulgaris and interactions with the glucosinolate-myrosinase system. The treatment for abiotic elicitation was a foliar spray with CuCl2 solution, a usual eliciting agent, and three independent experiments were carried out. Two genotypes of B. vulgaris (G-type and P-type) accumulated the same three major phytoalexins in rosette leaves after treatment: phenyl-containing nasturlexin D and indole-containing cyclonasturlexin and cyclobrassinin. Phytoalexin levels were investigated daily by UHPLC-QToF MS and tended to differ among plant types and individual phytoalexins. In roots, phytoalexins were low or not detected. In treated leaves, typical total phytoalexin levels were in the range 1-10 nmol/g fresh wt. during three days after treatment while typical total glucosinolate (GSL) levels were three orders of magnitude higher. Levels of some minor GSLs responded to the treatment: phenethylGSL (PE) and 4-substituted indole GSLs. Levels of PE, a suggested nasturlexin D precursor, were lower in treated plants than controls. Another suggested precursor GSL, 3-hydroxyPE, was not detected, suggesting PE hydrolysis to be a key biosynthetic step. Levels of 4-substituted indole GSLs differed markedly between treated and control plants in most experiments, but not in a consistent way. The dominant GSLs, glucobarbarins, are not believed to be phytoalexin precursors. We observed statistically significant linear correlations between total major phytoalexins and the glucobarbarin products barbarin and resedine, suggesting that GSL turnover for phytoalexin biosynthesis was unspecific. In contrast, we did not find correlations between total major phytoalexins and raphanusamic acid or total glucobarbarins and barbarin. In conclusion, two groups of phytoalexins were detected in B. vulgaris, apparently derived from the GSLs PE and indol-3-ylmethylGSL. Phytoalexin biosynthesis was accompanied by depletion of the precursor PE and by turnover of major non-precursor GSLs to resedine. This work paves the way for identifying and characterizing genes and enzymes in the biosyntheses of phytoalexins and resedine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo D Cárdenas
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jonas P Landtved
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Signe H Larsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Nicolai Lindegaard
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Wøhlk
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Karen R Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - David I Pattison
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Meike Burow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Søren Bak
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Christoph Crocoll
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Niels Agerbirk
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Glucosinolates in Wild-Growing Reseda spp. from Croatia. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041753. [PMID: 36838744 PMCID: PMC9959328 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) are a unique class of thioglucosides that evolved as defense mechanisms in the 16 families of the Brassicales order and present molecular tags which can be placed in a robust phylogenetic framework through investigations into their evolution and diversity. The GSL profiles of three Resedaceae species, Reseda alba, R. lutea, and R. phyteuma, were examined qualitatively and quantitatively with respect to their desulfo-counterparts utilizing UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS. In addition, NMR analysis of isolated 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl desulfoGSL (d31) was performed. Three Phe-derived GSLs were found in R. lutea, including glucotropaeolin (11) (0.6-106.69 mol g-1 DW), 2-(α-L-ramnopyranosyloxy)benzyl GSL (109) (8.10-57.89 μmol g-1 DW), glucolepigramin (22) (8.66 μmol g-1 DW in flower), and Trp-derived glucobrassicin (43) (0.76-5.92 μmol g-1 DW). The Phe-derived GSLs 109 (50.79-164.37 μmol g-1 DW), gluconasturtiin (105) (1.97 μmol g-1 DW), and 11 (tr), as well as the Trp-derived GSL glucobrassicin (43) (3.13-11.26 μmol g-1 DW), were all present in R. phyteuma. R. alba also contained Phe-derived 105 (0.10-107.77 μmol g-1 DW), followed by Trp-derived 43 (0.85-3.50 μmol g-1 DW) and neoglucobrassicin (47) (0.23-2.74 μmol g-1 DW). However, regarding the GSLs in R. alba, which originated from Leu biosynthesis, 31 was the major GSL (6.48 to 52.72 μmol g-1 DW) and isobutyl GSL (62) was the minor GSL (0.13 to 1.13 μmol g-1 DW). The discovered Reseda profiles, along with new evidence provided by GSL characterizations, were studied in the context of the current knowledge on GLSs in the Resedaceae family. With the exception of R. alba, the aliphatic GSLs of which were outliers among the Resedaceae species studied, this family typically contains GSLs derived primarily from Trp and Phe biosynthesis, which modifications resulted in GSLs unique to this family, implying presence of the specific genes. responsible for this diversification.
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Castellaneta A, Losito I, Cisternino G, Leoni B, Santamaria P, Calvano CD, Bianco G, Cataldi TRI. All Ion Fragmentation Analysis Enhances the Untargeted Profiling of Glucosinolates in Brassica Microgreens by Liquid Chromatography and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:2108-2119. [PMID: 36264209 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An analytical approach based on reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization Fourier-transform mass spectrometry in negative ion mode (RPLC-ESI-(-)-FTMS) was developed for the untargeted characterization of glucosinolates (GSL) in the polar extracts of four Brassica microgreen crops, namely, garden cress, rapeseed, kale, and broccoli raab. Specifically, the all ion fragmentation (AIF) operation mode enabled by a quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer, i.e., the systematic fragmentation of all ions generated in the electrospray source, followed by the acquisition of an FTMS spectrum, was exploited. First, the best qualifying product ions for GSL were recognized from higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD)-FTMS2 spectra of representative standard GSL. Extracted ion chromatograms (EIC) were subsequently obtained for those ions from RPLC-ESI(-)-AIF-FTMS data referred to microgreen extracts, by plotting the intensity of their signals as a function of retention time. The alignment of peaks detected in the EIC traces was finally exploited for the recognition of peaks potentially related to GSL, with the EIC obtained for the sulfate radical anion [SO4]•- (exact m/z 95.9523) providing the highest selectivity. Each putative GSL was subsequently characterized by HCD-FTMS2 analyses and by collisionally induced dissociation (CID) multistage MSn (n = 2, 3) acquisitions based on a linear ion trap mass spectrometer. As a result, up to 27 different GSLs were identified in the four Brassica microgreens. The general method described in this work appears as a promising approach for the study of GSL, known and novel, in plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Castellaneta
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Ilario Losito
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale SMART, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cisternino
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Beniamino Leoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Ambientali e Territoriali, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Pietro Santamaria
- Centro Interdipartimentale SMART, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agro-Ambientali e Territoriali, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Cosima Damiana Calvano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale SMART, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuliana Bianco
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata, viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Tommaso R I Cataldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale SMART, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Zuo S, Mandáková T, Kubová M, Lysak MA. Genomes, repeatomes and interphase chromosome organization in the meadowfoam family (Limnanthaceae, Brassicales). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:1462-1475. [PMID: 35352402 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The meadowfoam family (Limnanthaceae) is one of the smallest and genomically underexplored families of the Brassicales. The Limnanthaceae harbor about seven species in the genus Limnanthes (meadowfoam) and Floerkea proserpinacoides (false mermaidweed), all native to North America. Because all Limnanthes and Floerkea species have only five chromosome pairs, i.e., a chromosome number rare in Brassicales and shared with Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), we examined the Limnanthaceae genomes as a potential model system. Using low-coverage whole-genome sequencing data, we reexamined phylogenetic relationships and characterized the repeatomes of Limnanthaceae genomes. Phylogenies based on complete chloroplast and 35S rDNA sequences corroborated the sister relationship between Floerkea and Limnanthes and two major clades in the latter genus. The genome size of Limnanthaceae species ranges from 1.5 to 2.1 Gb, apparently due to the large increase in DNA repeats, which constitute 60-70% of their genomes. Repeatomes are dominated by long terminal repeat retrotransposons, while tandem repeats represent only less than 0.5% of the genomes. The average chromosome size in Limnanthaceae species (340-420 Mb) is more than 10 times larger than in Arabidopsis (32 Mb). A three-dimensional fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis demonstrated that the five chromosome pairs in interphase nuclei of Limnanthes species adopt the Rabl-like configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zuo
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Terezie Mandáková
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Kubová
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin A Lysak
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, CZ-625 00, Czech Republic
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