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Chen X, Tu Q, Zhao W, Lin X, Chen Z, Li B, Zhang Y. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural mediated developmental toxicity in Drosophila melanogaster. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 189:114738. [PMID: 38754806 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
5-hydroxymethylfurfural is a common byproduct in food. However, its effect on growth and development remains incompletely understood. This study investigated the developmental toxicity of 5-HMF to Drosophila larvae. The growth and development of Drosophila melanogaster fed with 5-50 mM 5-HMF was monitored, and its possible mechanism was explored. It was found that 5-HMF prolonged the developmental cycle of Drosophila melanogaster (25 mM and 50 mM). After 5-HMF intake, the level of reactive oxygen species in the third instar larvae increased by 1.23-1.40 fold, which increased the level of malondialdehyde and caused changes in antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, the nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 antioxidant signaling pathway and the expression of heat shock protein genes were affected. At the same time, 5-HMF disrupted the glucose and lipid metabolism in the third instar larvae, influencing the expression level of key genes in the insulin signal pathway. Furthermore, 5-HMF led to intestinal oxidative stress, and up-regulated the expression of the pro-apoptotic gene, consequently impacting intestinal health. In short, 5-HMF causes oxidative stress, disturbs glucose and lipid metabolism and induces intestinal damage, damaging related signaling pathways, and ultimately affecting the development of Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunlin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qinghui Tu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenzheng Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaorong Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhongzheng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Bin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Bai J, Deng S, Fu H, Yang Q, Ren F, Zeng S, Chen Z, Yang Y, Wu Z. Chlorpyrifos induces placental oxidative stress and barrier dysfunction by inducing mitochondrial apoptosis through the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway: In vitro and in vivo studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166449. [PMID: 37634732 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphorus pesticide that is widely used in agricultural production and residential environments worldwide. In this study, we determined the harmful effects and toxicological mechanism of CPF in porcine trophectoderm (pTr) cells and the placenta of female mice during pregnancy. The findings revealed that CPF significantly decreased cell viability and increased intracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release in pTr cells. Similarly, CPF induced reproductive toxicity in pregnant maternal mice, including decreased maternal, fetal, and placental weights. Moreover, following CPF treatment, pTr cells and the placenta of female mice showed significant apoptosis. JC-1 staining and flow cytometry analysis also revealed that the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of pTr cells treated with CPF was significantly depolarized. Additionally, CPF can induce an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and barrier dysfunction in pTr cells and the placenta of female mice. We further verified that CPF-induced mitochondrial apoptosis is mediated by the MAPK signaling pathway, as shown by using of small molecular inhibitors of related proteins. Also, CPF-induced oxidative stress, barrier dysfunction, and mitochondrial apoptosis in pTr cells were alleviated by U0126, an inhibitor of the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway. These findings suggested that exposure to CPF in early pregnancy might be a potential risk fator affecting placental formation and function in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Siwei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Huiyang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Fazheng Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Shenming Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Zhaohui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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Chen T, Bao S, Chen J, Zhang J, Wei H, Hu X, Liang Y, Li J, Yan S. Xiaojianzhong decoction attenuates aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/ULK1 and AMPK/ULK1 pathways. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2023; 61:1234-1248. [PMID: 37602379 PMCID: PMC10443964 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2023.2243998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Xiaojianzhong decoction (XJZD), classically prescribed in Chinese medicine, has protective and healing effects on gastric mucosal injury. However, the exact mechanism behind this effect remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of XJZD on gastric mucosal injury and explore its underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were randomized into six groups (n = 10): the control group receiving sterile water, the model (aspirin 300 mg/kg), the XJZD high-dose (12 g/kg), XJZD medium-dose (6 g/kg), XJZD low-dose (3 g/kg) and omeprazole (20 mg/kg) groups, by gavage daily for 14 days. The area of gastric mucosal injury, mucosal injury index and degree of histopathological damage were analysed. Gastric mucosal epithelial cell apoptosis was detected. Epithelial cell autophagy was observed. The expression levels of tight junction proteins and proteins related to apoptosis, autophagy and the pentose phosphate pathway were analysed. RESULTS The results showed that after treatment with XJZD (12, 6 and 3 g/kg), the mucosal injury area was reduced (83.4%, 22.6% and 11.3%), the expression level of ZO-1 and occludin was up-regulated, the apoptosis rate of epithelial cells was reduced (40.8%, 25.4% and 8.7%), the expression of autophagy-related proteins LC3 and Beclin1 was decreased and the expression of p62 was increased, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/ULK1(ser757) signalling pathway was activated, and the AMPK/ULK1(ser317) signalling pathway was inhibited. In addition, XJZD can antagonize the imbalance of redox homeostasis caused by aspirin and protect the gastric mucosa. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS XJZD protects against aspirin-induced gastric mucosal injury, implying it to be a potential therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- College of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Diseases and Prescriptions in Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, PR China
| | - Shengchuan Bao
- College of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Diseases and Prescriptions in Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, PR China
| | - Juan Chen
- College of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Diseases and Prescriptions in Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, PR China
| | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- College of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Diseases and Prescriptions in Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, PR China
| | - Hailiang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Diseases and Prescriptions in Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, PR China
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, PR China
| | - Xin Hu
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center of Fu tea, Xianyang, PR China
| | - Yan Liang
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Engineering Research Center of Fu tea, Xianyang, PR China
| | - Jingtao Li
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Diseases and Prescriptions in Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, PR China
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, PR China
| | - Shuguang Yan
- College of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Diseases and Prescriptions in Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, PR China
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Chen D, Wang B, Xu XL, Bu XM, Zhang MY, Xu X, Yu L, Shi N. One-pot derivatization/extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for furfurals determination. Food Chem 2023; 428:136839. [PMID: 37429242 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Furfurals (5-hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural and 5-methyl furfural) have potential toxic effects to humans. This study developed a simple and rapid one-pot derivatization/extraction procedure for effective sample preparation of furfurals in complex samples prior to instrument analysis. The sample solution was incubated with 1-pyrenebutyric hydrazide (PBH) and hydroxyl-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-OH) in a vial for 3 min. During this process, the furfurals were effectively derivatized by PBH and the furfural-PBH derivatives were selectively captured by MWCNTs-OH simultaneously. The detection selectivity and accuracy were greatly improved for the following liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Quantifying furfurals was validated over the 0.5-500 ng/mL concentration range with satisfactory linearities (R2 >0.99), accuracies (84.7%-119.0%) and precisions (<9.0%). The limits of quantification of 0.30, 0.36 and 0.20 ng/mL for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural and 5-methyl furfural, respectively, were achieved. Finally, the validated method was successfully applied to determine furfurals concentrations in various samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xin-Li Xu
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xin-Miao Bu
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Man-Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases of Henan Province, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
| | - Lei Yu
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621000, China.
| | - Nian Shi
- Physics Diagnostic Division, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
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Yan S, Zhang M, Yuan Y, Mu G, Xu H, Zhao T, Wang Y, Xue X. Chaste honey in long term-storage: Occurrence and accumulation of Maillard reaction products, and safety assessment. Food Chem 2023; 424:136457. [PMID: 37247601 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Honey, a natural sweetener that can be stored long-term, is prone to Maillard reactions. Maillard reaction products (MRPs), such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), α-dicarbonyl compounds (α-DCs), and advanced glycation end products (AGEs), negatively affect human health. We analyzed MRP accumulation in chaste honey over four years. In the first year, α-DCs were dominant with total contents of 509.7 mg/kg. In the second year, Amadori compounds increased, accounting for the largest percentage. Their formation at the initial stage showed inhibition of the Maillard reaction over time. AGE contents were approximately 1.00 mg/kg over four years, which is negligible compared to other foods. Increased 5-HMF was significantly correlated with storage time (p < 0.01), making it a suitable indicator of honey quality. Due to the lack of MRP risk assessments, we compared our findings with daily intake of MRPs from other foods, and the levels of MRPs in honey over four years are acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Yan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apiculture Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apiculture Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yuzhe Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apiculture Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Guodong Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apiculture Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Haitao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apiculture Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Tian Zhao
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Yinchen Wang
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550005, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Resource Insects, Institute of Apiculture Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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5-Hydroxymethylfurfural induces mice frailty through cell senescence-associated sarcopenia caused by chronic inflammation. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13217. [PMID: 36793951 PMCID: PMC9922977 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is an important component of air pollution, confirmed to be a risk factor for pulmonary inflammation. However, its association with general health is unknown. This article aimed to clarify the effect and mechanism of 5-HMF in the occurrence and aggravation of frailty in mice by investigating whether exposure to 5-HMF was linked to the occurrence and aggravation of mice frailty. Methods Twelve male C57BL/6 mice (12-month-old, 38 ± 1 g) were randomly divided into the control group and the 5-HMF group. The 5-HMF group was treated with 5-HMF (1 mg/kg/day, respiratory exposure) for 12 months, whereas the control group was treated with equal amounts of sterile water. After the intervention, the ELISA method was used to detect the serum inflammation level of the mice, and the physical performance and frail status were evaluated using a Fried physical phenotype-based assessment tool. The differences in the body compositions were calculated from their MRI images, and the pathological changes in their gastrocnemius muscle were revealed using the H&E staining. Furthermore, the senescence of skeletal muscle cells was evaluated by measuring the expression levels of senescence-related proteins by the western blotting. Results In the 5-HMF group, serum inflammatory factors IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP levels were significantly raised (p < 0.01). Mice in this group had higher frailty scores and significantly reduced grip strength (p < 0.001), slower weight gains, less WVgastrocnemius muscle masses, and lower sarcopenia indices (SI). In addition, the cross-sectional areas of their skeletal muscles were reduced, and the levels of their cell senescence-related proteins (p53, p21, p16, SOD1, SOD2, SIRT1, SIRT3) were considerably altered (p < 0.01). Conclusion 5-HMF may induce chronic and systemic inflammation, which in turn accelerates the progression of the frailty of mice through cell senescence.
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Cheng Z, Luo X, Zhu Z, Huang Y, Yan X. Furfural Produces Dose-Dependent Attenuating Effects on Ethanol-Induced Toxicity in the Liver. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:906933. [PMID: 35754511 PMCID: PMC9214037 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.906933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) increases the health burden worldwide, but effective drugs to prevent ALD are lacking. Furfural is a small molecule that can limit alcohol production in microorganisms and may have the capacity to attenuate ethanol-induced toxicity. Methods: Human HepG2 cells were incubated with ethanol and furfural, and cell viability, NAD+/NADH ratio, and mitochondrial function assays were performed. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data were used to annotate enriched pathways, and these findings were confirmed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT–qPCR) and Western blotting. C57BL/6J mice were fed a Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet. After 4 weeks, biochemical analysis of mouse serum and histological analysis of mouse livers were performed. Results: Different concentrations of furfural exerted different effects on mitochondria: low-dose furfural reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, maintained mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and inhibited apoptosis pathway activation, while high-dose furfural led to the opposite effects. In mice, furfural mitigated transaminase increases and attenuated the lipid metabolism disorder that had been induced by ethanol. Conclusion: Low-dose furfural reduced ethanol-induced toxicity in the liver. Consuming food or beverages containing the appropriate level of furfural when drinking alcohol may be a convenient and useful way to prevent ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Cheng
- The Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuanmei Luo
- National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zixin Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yonghui Huang
- The Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiue Yan
- The Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Magiera A, Czerwińska ME, Owczarek A, Marchelak A, Granica S, Olszewska MA. Polyphenols and Maillard Reaction Products in Dried Prunus spinosa Fruits: Quality Aspects and Contribution to Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity in Human Immune Cells Ex Vivo. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103302. [PMID: 35630778 PMCID: PMC9143125 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dried Prunus spinosa fruits (sloes) are folk phytotherapeutics applied to treat chronic inflammatory disorders. However, their pharmacological potential, activity vectors, and drying-related changes in bioactive components remain unexplored. Therefore, the present research aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of dried sloes in ex vivo models of human neutrophils and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs) and establish their main active components. It was revealed that the fruit extracts significantly and dose-dependently inhibited the respiratory burst, downregulated the production of elastase (ELA-2) and TNF-α, and upregulated the IL-10 secretion by immune cells under pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant stimulation. The slightly reduced IL-6 and IL-8 secretion was also observed. The structural identification of active compounds, including 45 phenolics and three Maillard reaction products (MRPs) which were formed during drying, was performed by an integrated approach combining LC-MS/MS, preparative HPLC isolation, and NMR studies. The cellular tests of four isolated model compounds (chlorogenic acid, quercetin, procyanidin B2, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural), supported by statistical correlation studies, revealed a significant polyphenolic contribution and a slight impact of MRPs on the extracts’ effects. Moreover, a substantial synergy was observed for phenolic acids, flavonoids, condensed proanthocyanidins, and MPRs. These results might support the phytotherapeutic use of dried P. spinosa fruits to relieve inflammation and establish the quality control procedure for the extracts prepared thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Magiera
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (A.O.); (A.M.); (M.A.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-503-316-997
| | - Monika Ewa Czerwińska
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 1B Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Owczarek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (A.O.); (A.M.); (M.A.O.)
| | - Anna Marchelak
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (A.O.); (A.M.); (M.A.O.)
| | - Sebastian Granica
- Microbiota Lab, Centre for Preclinical Studies, Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Monika Anna Olszewska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 1 Muszynskiego St., 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (A.O.); (A.M.); (M.A.O.)
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