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Mu H, Yang Z, Chen L, Gu C, Ren H, Wu B. Suspect and nontarget screening of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances based on ion mobility mass spectrometry and machine learning techniques. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132669. [PMID: 37797577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)-based suspect and nontarget screening techniques are powerful tools for the comprehensive identification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), but the interference of complex matrices (especially for wastewater) pose an analytical challenge. This study explored the potential of combining ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) with HRMS and machine learning techniques to achieve the rapid and accurate suspect and nontarget screening of PFAS in wastewater. There were fewer interfering peaks and a clearer spectrum in the data acquired by IMS-HRMS than conventional HRMS. The introduction of collision cross section (CCS) in PFAS homologous series search could filter out 63% of false positive results. Retention time and CCS prediction models were helpful in improving the confidence for PFAS qualitative identification and the random forest algorithm combined with RDKit descriptor performed best for CCS prediction. With the inclusion of extra dimensional information, this study also proposed a comprehensive and concise confidence assignment criterion to better convey the certainty of the qualitative identification of PFAS. Finally, a total of 56 potential PFASs were identified in the wastewater sample using the newly developed method and 45 of them were identified outside reference standards, emphasizing the importance of suspect and nontarget screening for PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zhongchao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Cheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hongqiang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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2
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Song XC, Canellas E, Dreolin N, Goshawk J, Lv M, Qu G, Nerin C, Jiang G. Application of Ion Mobility Spectrometry and the Derived Collision Cross Section in the Analysis of Environmental Organic Micropollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21485-21502. [PMID: 38091506 PMCID: PMC10753811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is a rapid gas-phase separation technique, which can distinguish ions on the basis of their size, shape, and charge. The IMS-derived collision cross section (CCS) can serve as additional identification evidence for the screening of environmental organic micropollutants (OMPs). In this work, we summarize the published experimental CCS values of environmental OMPs, introduce the current CCS prediction tools, summarize the use of IMS and CCS in the analysis of environmental OMPs, and finally discussed the benefits of IMS and CCS in environmental analysis. An up-to-date CCS compendium for environmental contaminants was produced by combining CCS databases and data sets of particular types of environmental OMPs, including pesticides, drugs, mycotoxins, steroids, plastic additives, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), as well as their well-known transformation products. A total of 9407 experimental CCS values from 4170 OMPs were retrieved from 23 publications, which contain both drift tube CCS in nitrogen (DTCCSN2) and traveling wave CCS in nitrogen (TWCCSN2). A selection of publicly accessible and in-house CCS prediction tools were also investigated; the chemical space covered by the training set and the quality of CCS measurements seem to be vital factors affecting the CCS prediction accuracy. Then, the applications of IMS and the derived CCS in the screening of various OMPs were summarized, and the benefits of IMS and CCS, including increased peak capacity, the elimination of interfering ions, the separation of isomers, and the reduction of false positives and false negatives, were discussed in detail. With the improvement of the resolving power of IMS and enhancements of experimental CCS databases, the practicability of IMS in the analysis of environmental OMPs will continue to improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Chao Song
- School
of the Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Canellas
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nicola Dreolin
- Waters
Corporation, Stamford
Avenue, Altrincham Road, SK9 4AX Wilmslow, United Kingdom
| | - Jeff Goshawk
- Waters
Corporation, Stamford
Avenue, Altrincham Road, SK9 4AX Wilmslow, United Kingdom
| | - Meilin Lv
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Research
Center for Analytical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, College of
Sciences, Northeastern University, 110819 Shenyang, China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- School
of the Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Institute
of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Cristina Nerin
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, EINA, University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Guibin Jiang
- School
of the Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Institute
of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
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3
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Canellas E, Vera P, Nerin C, Goshawk J, Dreolin N. Migration of contaminants from printed masks for children to saliva simulant using liquid chromatography coupled to ion mobility-time of flight-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 267:115644. [PMID: 37924803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to children using polymeric FFP2 and polymeric surgical masks on a daily basis. Children often bite and suck on such masks as they wear them closed to their mouths. In this work, the migration of contaminants from printed and unprinted children`s masks to a saliva simulant has been studied. Liquid chromatography coupled to ion-mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry has been used for the detection and identification of non-volatile migrants. An orthogonal projection to latent structures - discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was applied to compare the data from the printed masks against the data from the unprinted ones. Headspace solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography mass spectrometry was used to assess the migration of volatile compounds. Thirteen compounds were found in the masks with concentrations ranging from 5 ng/g to 254 ng/g. Toluene, chlorobenzene, irganox 1076 and 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate were all found to migrate from the masks studied. Moreover, differences between the migrants from printed and unprinted FFP2 masks were found. Octocrylene, 4-(dimethylamine)benzoate, methyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate and tris(3-methylphenyl)phosphate were found to migrate only from printed masks. Toluene that migrated from all the masks studied and tris(3-methylphenyl)phosphate, that migrated only from printed masks, have been listed as hazardous priority substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Canellas
- GUIA Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, I3A, María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Paula Vera
- GUIA Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, I3A, María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerin
- GUIA Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Zaragoza, I3A, María de Luna, 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jeff Goshawk
- Waters Corporation, Wilmslow, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, SK9 4AX, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Dreolin
- Waters Corporation, Wilmslow, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, SK9 4AX, United Kingdom
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Zheng W, Li G, Yang G, Lu P, Li Q, Zhang M, Yuan M, Chen X, Wang C, Guo B, Ma B. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography and ion mobility-mass spectrometry for the multicomponent characterization of different parts of the medicinal plant Gynostemma longipes. Front Chem 2023; 11:1203418. [PMID: 37720716 PMCID: PMC10502315 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1203418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Herba Gynostemma (Jiaogulan) is an herbaceous plant of the genus Gynostemma in the family Cucurbitaceae. Gynostemma longipes has lipid-lowering activity, thus, it is used as a medicinal material. However, its medicinal using parts have been recorded as whole plants or aerial parts in different provincial quality standards; therefore, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive compositional analysis of the different parts of G. longipes (rhizomes, stems, and leaves) used in traditional medicine. In this study, offline two-dimensional liquid chromatography-ion mobility-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (2D-LC/IM-QTOF-MS) was used to analyze the different parts of G. longipes obtained from Shaanxi province, China. By combining the retention times, mass fragments, collision cross-section values, reference standards, and information concerning literature compounds, 396 components were identified from the three parts of the plant, including 94 groups of isomers, and 217 components were identified or tentatively identified as new compounds. In the rhizomes, leaves, and stems, 240, 220, and 168 compounds, respectively, were identified. Differential analysis of the compounds in the rhizomes and aerial parts was also carried out, and 36 differential components were identified, of which 32 had higher contents in the rhizomes. Therefore, these findings indicate that the number of chemical components and the content of major differential components are higher in the rhizomes than the leaves and stems of G. longipes from the Maobaling Planting Base in Pingli county, Shaanxi province. Thus, the rhizomes of G. longipes are also an important part for medicinal use. These results will contribute to the establishment of quality control methods for G. longipes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Pengxin Lu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ming Yuan
- Waters Technologies Limited, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chen
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Shaanxi Cuiyuankang Health Industry Group Co., Ltd., Shaanxi, China
| | - Baolin Guo
- Peking Union Medical College, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baiping Ma
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
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Belova L, Poma G, Roggeman M, Jeong Y, Kim DH, Berghmans P, Peters J, Salamova A, van Nuijs ALN, Covaci A. Identification and characterization of quaternary ammonium compounds in Flemish indoor dust by ion-mobility high-resolution mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 177:108021. [PMID: 37307605 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are a class of surfactants commonly used in disinfecting and cleaning products. Their use has substantially increased during the COVID-19 pandemic leading to increasing human exposure. QACs have been associated with hypersensitivity reactions and an increased risk of asthma. This study introduces the first identification, characterization and semi-quantification of QACs in European indoor dust using ion-mobility high-resolution mass spectrometry (IM-HRMS), including the acquisition of collision cross section values (DTCCSN2) for targeted and suspect QACs. A total of 46 indoor dust samples collected in Belgium were analyzed using target and suspect screening. Targeted QACs (n = 21) were detected with detection frequencies ranging between 4.2 and 100 %, while 15 QACs showed detection frequencies > 90 %. Semi-quantified concentrations of individual QACs showed a maximum of 32.23 µg/g with a median ∑QAC concentration of 13.05 µg/g and allowed the calculation of Estimated Daily Intakes for adults and toddlers. Most abundant QACs matched the patterns reported in indoor dust collected in the United States. Suspect screening allowed the identification of 17 additional QACs. A dialkyl dimethyl ammonium compound with mixed chain lengths (C16:C18) was characterized as a major QAC homologue with a maximum semi-quantified concentration of 24.90 µg/g. The high detection frequencies and structural variabilities observed call for more European studies on potential human exposure to these compounds. For all targeted QACs, drift tube IM-HRMS derived collision cross section values (DTCCSN2) are reported. Reference DTCCSN2 values allowed the characterization of CCS-m/z trendlines for each of the targeted QAC classes. Experimental CCS-m/z ratios of suspect QACs were compared with the CCS-m/z trendlines. The alignment between the two datasets served as an additional confirmation of the assigned suspect QACs. The use of the 4bit multiplexing acquisition mode with consecutive high-resolution demultiplexing confirmed the presence of isomers for two of the suspect QACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Belova
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Yunsun Jeong
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Division for Environmental Health, Korea Environment Institute (KEI), Sicheong-daero 370, Sejong 30147, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hye Kim
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Berghmans
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Jan Peters
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Amina Salamova
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Riboni N, Bianchi F, Cavazza A, Piergiovanni M, Mattarozzi M, Careri M. Mass Spectrometry-Based Techniques for the Detection of Non-Intentionally Added Substances in Bioplastics. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10040222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The safety of food contact materials is a hot topic since chemicals can migrate from packaging into food, thus raising health concerns about and/or producing changes in the organoleptic properties of foodstuffs. Migration tests are required to demonstrate the compliance with current regulations and to investigate the transferred compounds. In this context, mass spectrometry is the analytical technique of choice for the detection and quantitation of both intentionally added substances, such as antioxidants, stabilizers, processing aids, and non-intentionally added substances (NIAS). Untargeted strategies represent a major analytical challenge, providing a comprehensive fingerprinting of the packaging material and migrating components, allowing for NIAS identification. Hyphenated mass spectrometry-based techniques have been devised for screening the presence of migrating contaminants and for quantitation purposes. Both low-resolution (LRMS) and high-resolution (HRMS) methods were screened, with a special emphasis on the latter because of its capability to directly characterize food contact materials with minimal/no sample preparation, avoiding chromatographic separation, and reducing sample handling, analysis costs, and time. Examples related to the migration of contaminants from existing or newly developed bioplastic materials will be discussed, providing an overview of the most used MS-based methods, covering the state-of-the-art approaches from 2012 up to 2022.
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Guan MY, Zhong HN, Wang ZW, Yu WW, Hu CY. Chemical contaminants from food contact materials and articles made from or containing wood and bamboo - a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:434-453. [PMID: 36693199 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2167003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Due to recently introduced 'so-called' bio- and plant-based friendly food contact materials and articles (FCM/FCA), some neglected safety issues need to be raised. In this review, potential chemical contaminants from FCM/FCA made from or containing wood and bamboo are presented. Sources, migration, and analytical issues in determining contaminants including intentionally and non-intentionally added substances (IAS and NIAS, respectively) are reviewed. Most of the contaminants are components from melamine-formaldehyde-resin (MFR), paints and coatings, preservatives, and bleaching agents. Tableware made of MFR containing bamboo fibres as a filler are not always suitable for use as tableware since harmful amounts of melamine and formaldehyde can migrate from the tableware into food and even accelerate the degradation of certain polymers with which they are mixed. In addition, in the EU bamboo in plastic FCM is not authorized under Regulation (EU) 10/2011. Paints and coatings used to provide surface coverage for bamboo and wooden articles also pose a risk of migration of heavy metals. Limits on preservatives in wood FCM are covered by legislation in many countries, nevertheless their contamination should not be ignored. Some wood species are considered 'toxic' or contain 'toxic' constituents that should not be used in contact with food, which are worth considering for legislation. IAS analyses in bamboo and wooden FCM is generally not a problem, but has proven to be more challenging for NIAS. Due to a complex mixture of substances contained in plant-based materials, there is a need to improve databases for non-target screening of such chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Ying Guan
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou City, China
| | - Huai-Ning Zhong
- National Reference Laboratory for Food Contact Material (Guangdong), Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou City, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Packing Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Wen-Wen Yu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou City, China
| | - Chang-Ying Hu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou City, China
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Wrona M, Román A, Song XC, Nerín C, Dreolin N, Goshawk J, Asensio E. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the identification of non-volatile compounds migrating from 'natural' dishes. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1691:463836. [PMID: 36724720 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Although most new biomaterials for food industry applications are labelled '100% natural fabrication' and 'chemical-free', certain compounds may migrate from those materials to the food, compromising the organoleptic characteristics and safety of the product. In this work, the degree of compound migration from dishes made with four different biomaterials: bamboo, palm leaf, wood and wheat pulp was investigated. Migration tests were carried out using three food simulants, 10% ethanol (simulant A), 3% acetic acid (simulant B), and 95% ethanol (simulant D2). Unequivocal identification of non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) is challenging even when using high-resolution mass spectrometry techniques however, a total of 25 different non-volatile compounds from the migration tests were identified and quantified using Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-IMS-MS). In the bamboo samples three oligomers, cyclic diethylene glycol adipate, 3,6,9,16,19,22-hexaoxabicyclo[22.3.1]-octacosa-1(28),24,26-triene-2,10,15,23-tetrone and 1,4,7,14,17,20-hexaoxacyclohexacosane-8,13,21,26-tetrone exceeded the specified limits of migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wrona
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, EINA-University of Zaragoza, Torres Quevedo Building, María de Luna St. 3, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Ana Román
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, EINA-University of Zaragoza, Torres Quevedo Building, María de Luna St. 3, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Xue-Chao Song
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, EINA-University of Zaragoza, Torres Quevedo Building, María de Luna St. 3, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, EINA-University of Zaragoza, Torres Quevedo Building, María de Luna St. 3, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | | | - Jeff Goshawk
- Waters Corporation, Wilmslow, SK9 4AX, United Kingdom.
| | - Esther Asensio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research I3A, EINA-University of Zaragoza, Torres Quevedo Building, María de Luna St. 3, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
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Song XC, Canellas E, Dreolin N, Goshawk J, Nerin C. Identification of Nonvolatile Migrates from Food Contact Materials Using Ion Mobility-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and in Silico Prediction Tools. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9499-9508. [PMID: 35856243 PMCID: PMC9354260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The identification of migrates from food contact materials (FCMs) is challenging due to the complex matrices and limited availability of commercial standards. The use of machine-learning-based prediction tools can help in the identification of such compounds. This study presents a workflow to identify nonvolatile migrates from FCMs based on liquid chromatography-ion mobility-high-resolution mass spectrometry together with in silico retention time (RT) and collision cross section (CCS) prediction tools. The applicability of this workflow was evaluated by screening the chemicals that migrated from polyamide (PA) spatulas. The number of candidate compounds was reduced by approximately 75% and 29% on applying RT and CCS prediction filters, respectively. A total of 95 compounds were identified in the PA spatulas of which 54 compounds were confirmed using reference standards. The development of a database containing predicted RT and CCS values of compounds related to FCMs can aid in the identification of chemicals in FCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Chao Song
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elena Canellas
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Nicola Dreolin
- Waters
Corporation, Altrincham
Road, SK9 4AX Wilmslow, United Kingdom
| | - Jeff Goshawk
- Waters
Corporation, Altrincham
Road, SK9 4AX Wilmslow, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Nerin
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Aragon Institute of Engineering Research
I3A, CPS-University of Zaragoza, Maria de Luna 3, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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