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Zettl I, Bauernfeind C, Kollárová J, Flicker S. Single-Domain Antibodies-Novel Tools to Study and Treat Allergies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7602. [PMID: 39062843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
IgE-mediated allergies represent a major health problem in the modern world. Apart from allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT), the only disease-modifying treatment, researchers focus on biologics that target different key molecules such as allergens, IgE, or type 2 cytokines to ameliorate allergic symptoms. Single-domain antibodies, or nanobodies, are the newcomers in biotherapeutics, and their huge potential is being investigated in various research fields since their discovery 30 years ago. While they are dominantly applied for theranostics of cancer and treatment of infectious diseases, nanobodies have become increasingly substantial in allergology over the last decade. In this review, we discuss the prerequisites that we consider to be important for generating useful nanobody-based drug candidates for treating allergies. We further summarize the available research data on nanobodies used as allergen monitoring and detection probes and for therapeutic approaches. We reflect on the limitations that have to be addressed during the development process, such as in vivo half-life and immunogenicity. Finally, we speculate about novel application formats for allergy treatment that might be available in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Zettl
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Clarissa Bauernfeind
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Center for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jessica Kollárová
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Flicker
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Liao X, Wang J, Guo B, Bai M, Zhang Y, Yu G, Wang P, Wei J, Wang J, Yan X, Fan K, Wang Y. Enhancing Nanobody Immunoassays through Ferritin Fusion: Construction of a Salmonella-Specific Fenobody for Improved Avidity and Sensitivity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:14967-14974. [PMID: 38957086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Nanobodies (Nbs) serve as powerful tools in immunoassays. However, their small size and monovalent properties pose challenges for practical application. Multimerization emerges as a significant strategy to address these limitations, enhancing the utilization of nanobodies in immunoassays. Herein, we report the construction of a Salmonella-specific fenobody (Fb) through the fusion of a nanobody to ferritin, resulting in a self-assembled 24-valent nanocage-like structure. The fenobody exhibits a 35-fold increase in avidity compared to the conventional nanobody while retaining good thermostability and specificity. Leveraging this advancement, three ELISA modes were designed using Fb as the capture antibody, along with unmodified Nb422 (FbNb-ELISA), biotinylated Nb422 (FbBio-ELISA), and phage-displayed Nb422 (FbP-ELISA) as the detection antibody, respectively. Notably, the FbNb-ELISA demonstrates a detection limit (LOD) of 3.56 × 104 CFU/mL, which is 16-fold lower than that of FbBio-ELISA and similar to FbP-ELISA. Moreover, a fenobody and nanobody sandwich chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (FbNb-CLISA) was developed by replacing the TMB chromogenic substrate with luminal, resulting in a 12-fold reduction in the LOD. Overall, the ferritin-displayed technology represents a promising methodology for enhancing the detection performance of nanobody-based sandwich ELISAs, thereby expanding the applicability of Nbs in food detection and other fields requiring multivalent modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingrui Liao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiamin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, China
| | - Bing Guo
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mengfan Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, China
| | - Gege Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, China
| | - Juan Wei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiyun Yan
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kelong Fan
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Nanozyme Laboratory in Zhongyuan, Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, Zhengzhou, Henan 451163, China
| | - Yanru Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, China
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Li L, Li M, Qiu Y, Dong Y. A sensitive CRISPR/Cas12a-assisted fluorescent aptasensor for rapid detection of food allergens. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133444. [PMID: 38936584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Food allergens elicit abnormal immune system responses among allergic individuals and sensitive detection for allergenic ingredient is greatly significant. To address this need, a novel fluorescent aptasensor, assisted by Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR), have been developed for food allergens. In this study, aptamer offers distinctive recognition capabilities in binding specific targets, while CRISPR-associated-12a protein (Cas12a) holds precise cis-cleavage for cutting fluorescent signal probes. Notably, the utilization of Cas12a cis-cleavage activity, rather than trans-cleavage, eliminates the necessity for additional fluorescent probes, thus reducing interference between substances and enhancing sensitivity. Throughout the process, complementary DNA (cDNA) plays a crucial dual role in target recognition conversion and signal presentation, representing a key challenge and innovative aspect of this study. To evaluate the performance of the aptasensor, lysozyme (LYS) is employed as a representative model target of food allergens. Under optimal conditions, the developed aptasensor could achieve an exceptional low limit of detection (LOD) of 6.10 pM with a dynamic detection range of 10 pM-320 pM. The aptasensor demonstrates high selectivity and great recovery rates. This strategy yields promising outcomes, holding the potential to serve as a valuable reference for various food allergens detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Menglei Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Yinghua Qiu
- Center for Molecular Diagnostics and Precision Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia 19102, USA
| | - Yiyang Dong
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China.
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Bauernfeind C, Zettl I, Ivanova T, Goryainova O, Weijler AM, Pranz B, Drescher A, Focke-Tejkl M, Pavkov-Keller T, Eckl-Dorna J, Tillib SV, Flicker S. Trimeric Bet v 1-specific nanobodies cause strong suppression of IgE binding. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1343024. [PMID: 38784378 PMCID: PMC11112410 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1343024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Around 20% of the population in Northern and Central Europe is affected by birch pollen allergy, with the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 as the main elicitor of allergic reactions. Together with its cross-reactive allergens from related trees and foods, Bet v 1 causes an impaired quality of life. Hence, new treatment strategies were elaborated, demonstrating the effectiveness of blocking IgG antibodies on Bet v 1-induced IgE-mediated reactions. A recent study provided evidence for the first time that Bet v 1-specific nanobodies reduce patients´ IgE binding to Bet v 1. In order to increase the potential to outcompete IgE recognition of Bet v 1 and to foster cross-reactivity and cross-protection, we developed Bet v 1-specific nanobody trimers and evaluated their capacity to suppress polyclonal IgE binding to corresponding allergens and allergen-induced basophil degranulation. Methods Nanobody trimers were engineered by adding isoleucine zippers, thus enabling trimeric formation. Trimers were analyzed for their cross-reactivity, binding kinetics to Bet v 1, and related allergens, and patients' IgE inhibition potential. Finally, their efficacy to prevent basophil degranulation was investigated. Results Trimers showed enhanced recognition of cross-reactive allergens and increased efficiency to reduce IgE-allergen binding compared to nanobody monomers. Furthermore, trimers displayed slow dissociation rates from allergens and suppressed allergen-induced mediator release. Conclusion We generated high-affine nanobody trimers that target Bet v 1 and related allergens. Trimers blocked IgE-allergen interaction by competing with IgE for allergen binding. They inhibited IgE-mediated release of biological mediators, demonstrating a promising potential to prevent allergic reactions caused by Bet v 1 and relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Bauernfeind
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ines Zettl
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tatiana Ivanova
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oksana Goryainova
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Marianne Weijler
- Division of Transplantation, Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Pranz
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Margarete Focke-Tejkl
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Tea Pavkov-Keller
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioHealth Field of Excellence, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Julia Eckl-Dorna
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sergei V. Tillib
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sabine Flicker
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Yang S, Lin H, Yang P, Meng J, Abdallah MF, Shencheng Y, Li R, Li J, Liu S, Li Q, Lu P, Zhang R, Li Y. Advancing High-Throughput MS-Based Protein Quantification: A Case Study on Quantifying 10 Major Food Allergens by LC-MS/MS Using a One-Sample Multipoint External Calibration Curve. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6625-6637. [PMID: 38494953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The LC-MS-based method has emerged as the preferred approach for quantifying food allergens. However, the preparation of a traditional calibration curve (MSCC) is labor-intensive and error-prone. Here, a sensitive and robust LC-MS/MS method for quantifying 10 major food allergens was developed and validated, where the one-sample multipoint external calibration curve (OSCC) was employed instead of MSCC. By employing the multiple isotopologue reaction monitoring (MIRM) technique with only one spiked level in the blank, OSCC can be effectively established. Results demonstrate that the proposed method exhibits excellent performance in selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision, comparable to that of the traditional MSCC. Additionally, this strategy allows for isotope sample dilution by monitoring the less abundant MIRM channel. Moreover, the developed method was successfully applied to investigate the contamination of 10 food allergens in commercial food products. With its high throughput and robustness, the MIRM-OSCC-LC-MS/MS methodology has many potential applications, especially in the MS-based protein quantification analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupeng Yang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Haopeng Lin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Peijie Yang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhong Meng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohamed F Abdallah
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Yingnan Shencheng
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruohan Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxun Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyan Liu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Lu
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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Zelenovic N, Filipovic L, Popovic M. Recent Developments in Bioprocessing of Recombinant Antibody Fragments. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1191-1204. [PMID: 37770388 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923090018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Biotechnological and biomedical applications of antibodies have been on a steady rise since the 1980s. As unique and highly specific bioreagents, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been widely exploited and approved as therapeutic agents. However, the use of mAbs has limitations for therapeutic applications. Antibody fragments (AbFs) with preserved antigen-binding sites have a significant potential to overcome the disadvantages of conventional mAbs, such as heterogeneous tissue distribution after systemic administration, especially in solid tumors, and Fc-mediated bystander activation of the immune system. AbFs possess better biodistribution coefficient due to lower molecular weight. They preserve the functional features of mAbs, such as antigen specificity and binding, while at the same time, ensuring much better tissue penetration. An additional benefit of AbFs is the possibility of their production in bacterial and yeast cells due to the small size, more robust structure, and lack of posttranslational modifications. In this review, we described current approaches to the AbF production with recent examples of AbF synthesis in bacterial and yeast expression systems and methods for the production optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Zelenovic
- Center for Chemistry, Institute for Chemistry, Technology, and Metallurgy, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Lidija Filipovic
- Innovative Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Milica Popovic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
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Isolation of atrazine nanobodies enhanced by depletion of anti-carrier protein phages and performance comparison between the nanobody and monoclonal antibody derived from the same immunogen. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1244:340848. [PMID: 36737149 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanobody, a single domain antibody, has been shown a great promise for immunoassay (IA) applications. To improve the panning efficiency so as to obtain a valuable nanobody, anti-carrier protein phages in a phage display library were depleted to enhance the selection of nanobodies against the herbicide atrazine by using immunomagnetic beads conjugated with bovine serum albumin (IMB-BSA). The depletion of anti-carrier protein phages from the atrazine phage display library tripled the number of atrazine positive phage clones after four rounds of panning. One of the most sensitive phage clones Nb3 selected from the IMB-BSA depleted library was used to compare the performance with the monoclonal antibody (mAb 5D9) developed from the same immunogen. The Nb3-based IA exhibited similar specificity with the mAb 5D9-based IA, but greater thermostability and organic solvent tolerance. The half-maximum inhibition concentration (IC50) of the former was 3.5-fold greater than that of the latter (36.7 ng/mL versus 10.2 ng/mL). Because the Nb3-based IA was more robust than the mAb 5D9-based IA, the method detection limit of the two assays was 7.8 ng/mL of atrazine in river samples. The depletion strategy can increase the chance to acquire high quality nanobody and can be applicable for effective development of nanobodies against other small molecules.
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Zettl I, Ivanova T, Zghaebi M, Rutovskaya MV, Ellinger I, Goryainova O, Kollárová J, Villazala-Merino S, Lupinek C, Weichwald C, Drescher A, Eckl-Dorna J, Tillib SV, Flicker S. Generation of high affinity ICAM-1-specific nanobodies and evaluation of their suitability for allergy treatment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1022418. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1022418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The nasal cavity is an important site of allergen entry. Hence, it represents an organ where trans-epithelial allergen penetration and subsequent IgE-mediated allergic inflammation can potentially be inhibited. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) is highly expressed on the surface of respiratory epithelial cells in allergic patients. It was identified as a promising target to immobilize antibody conjugates bispecific for ICAM-1 and allergens and thereby block allergen entry. We have previously characterized a nanobody specific for the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 and here we report the generation and characterization of ICAM-1-specific nanobodies. Nanobodies were obtained from a camel immunized with ICAM-1 and a high affinity binder was selected after phage display (Nb44). Nb44 was expressed as recombinant protein containing HA- and His-tags in Escherichia coli (E.coli) and purified via affinity chromatography. SDS-PAGE and Western blot revealed a single band at approximately 20 kDa. Nb44 bound to recombinant ICAM-1 in ELISA, and to ICAM-1 expressed on the human bronchial epithelial cell line 16HBE14o- as determined by flow cytometry. Experiments conducted at 4°C and at 37°C, to mimic physiological conditions, yielded similar percentages (97.2 ± 1.2% and 96.7 ± 1.5% out of total live cells). To confirm and visualize binding, we performed immunofluorescence microscopy. While Texas Red Dextran was rapidly internalized Nb44 remained localized on the cell surface. Additionally, we determined the strength of Nb44 and ICAM-1 interaction using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Nb44 bound ICAM-1 with high affinity (10-10 M) and had slow off-rates (10-4 s-1). In conclusion, our results showed that the selected ICAM-1-specific nanobody bound ICAM-1 with high affinity and was not internalized. Thus, it could be further used to engineer heterodimers with allergen-specific nanobodies in order to develop topical treatments of pollen allergy.
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