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Takács E, Lázár D, Siakwa A, Klátyik S, Mörtl M, Kocsányi L, Barócsi A, Lenk S, Lengyel E, Székács A. Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Safener and Antimicrobial Additives in Isoxaflutole-Based Herbicide Formulations. TOXICS 2024; 12:238. [PMID: 38668461 PMCID: PMC11055135 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The environmental load by isoxaflutole and its formulated herbicide products has increasingly become apparent because, after the ban of atrazine, isoxaflutole has become its replacement active ingredient (a.i.). Obtaining information regarding the fate of this a.i. in environmental matrices and its ecotoxicological effects on aquatic organisms is essential for the risk assessment of the herbicide. In this study, the effects of Merlin Flexx- and Merlin WG75 formulated isoxaflutole-based herbicide products and two selected additives (cyprosulfamide safener and 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one antimicrobial agent) were investigated on Raphidocelis subcapitata in growth inhibition assays. In ecotoxicological tests, two conventional (optical density and chlorophyll-a content) and two induced fluorescence-based (Fv*/Fp: efficiency of the photosystem PSII and Rfd* changes in the observed ratio of fluorescence decrease) endpoints were determined by UV-spectrophotometer and by our FluoroMeter Module, respectively. Furthermore, dissipation of isoxaflutole alone and in its formulated products was examined by an HPLC-UV method. In ecotoxicological assays, the fluorescence-based Rfd* was observed as the most sensitive endpoint. In this study, the effects of the safener cyprosulfamide and the antimicrobial agent 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one on R. subcapitata is firstly reported. The results indicated that the isoxaflutole-equivalent toxicity of the mixture of the isoxaflutole-safener-antimicrobial agent triggered lower toxicity (EC50 = 2.81 ± 0.22 mg/L) compared to the individual effect of the a.i. (EC50 = 0.02 ± 0.00 mg/L). The Merlin Flexx formulation (EC50 = 27.04 ± 1.41 mg/L) was found to be approximately 50-fold less toxic than Merlin WG75, which can be explained by the different chemical characteristics and quantity of additives in them. The additives influenced the dissipation of the a.i. in Z8 medium, as the DT50 value decreased by approximately 1.2- and 3.5-fold under light and dark conditions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Takács
- Agro-Environmental Research Centre, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1., H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.S.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Diána Lázár
- Limnology Research Group, Center of Natural Science, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10., H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary; (D.L.); (E.L.)
- Aquatic Botany and Microbial Ecology Research Group, HUN-REN-BLKI, Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - Augustine Siakwa
- Agro-Environmental Research Centre, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1., H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.S.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Szandra Klátyik
- Agro-Environmental Research Centre, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1., H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.S.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Mária Mörtl
- Agro-Environmental Research Centre, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1., H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.S.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (A.S.)
| | - László Kocsányi
- Department of Atomic Physics, Institute of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; (L.K.); (A.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Attila Barócsi
- Department of Atomic Physics, Institute of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; (L.K.); (A.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Sándor Lenk
- Department of Atomic Physics, Institute of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary; (L.K.); (A.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Edina Lengyel
- Limnology Research Group, Center of Natural Science, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10., H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary; (D.L.); (E.L.)
- Limnoecology Research Group, ELKH-PE, Egyetem u. 10, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - András Székács
- Agro-Environmental Research Centre, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1., H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.S.); (S.K.); (M.M.); (A.S.)
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Wang Y, Zhou H, Fu Y, Wang Z, Gao Q, Yang D, Kang J, Chen L, An Z, Hammock BD, Zhang J, Huo J. Establishment of an indirect competitive immunoassay for the detection of dicamba based on a highly specific nanobody. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170567. [PMID: 38296098 PMCID: PMC10936929 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Dicamba, a traditional highly effective and low toxicity herbicide, has gained new life with the development of dicamba-tolerant transgenic crops in recent years. However, dicamba is highly volatile and therefore easy to cause drift damage to sensitive crops. The development of efficient and sensitive detection methods is essential for monitoring of trace dicamba in the environment. Nanobody-based immunoassay plays an important role in on-site detection of pesticides. However, now rapid and sensitive immunoassay methods based on nanobody for dicamba detection were lacking. In this study, the nanobodies specifically recognizing dicamba were successfully obtained by immunising camels and phage display library construction, and then an indirect competitive immunoassay based on Nb-242 was constructed with IC50 of 0.93 μg/mL and a linear range of 0.11-8.01 μg/mL. Nb-242 had good specificity with no cross-reactivities against the dicamba analogs other than 2,3,6-trichlorobenzoic acid and the developed immnoassay had a good correlation with the standard HPLC in the spike-recovery studies. Finally, the key amino acid Ala 123, Tyr 55, Tyr 59 and Arg 72 of Nb-242 that specifically recognizing and binding with dicamba were identified by homologous modeling and molecular docking, laying an important foundation for further structural modification of Nb-242. This study has important guiding significance for constructing immunoassay method of dicamba based on nanobody and provides a sensitive, specific, and reliable detection method that is suitable for the detection of dicamba in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasen Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Hui Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Yining Fu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Zhengzhong Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Qingqing Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Dongchen Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Jia Kang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Lai Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Zexiu An
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, PR China
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCD Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - Jinlin Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, PR China.
| | - Jingqian Huo
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, PR China.
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