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Beccari G, Tini F, Foroud NA, Ederli L, Gardiner DM, Benfield AH, Harris LJ, Sulyok M, Romani R, Bellezza I, Covarelli L. A comparison between the role of enniatins and deoxynivalenol in Fusarium virulence on different tissues of common wheat. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:463. [PMID: 38802782 PMCID: PMC11129500 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04945-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium avenaceum are two of the most important causal agents of Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat. They can produce mycotoxins that accumulate in infected wheat heads, including deoxynivalenol (DON) and enniatins (ENNs), produced by F. graminearum and F. avenaceum, respectively. While the role of DON as a virulence factor in F. graminearum toward wheat is well known, ENNs in F. avenaceum has been poorly explored. Results obtained to-date indicate that ENNs may confer an advantage to F. avenaceum only on particular hosts. RESULTS In this study, with the use of ENN-producing and ENN non-producing F. avenaceum strains, the role of ENNs on F. avenaceum virulence was investigated on the root, stem base and head of common wheat, and compared with the role of DON, using DON-producing and DON non-producing F. graminearum strains. The DON-producing F. graminearum strain showed a significantly higher ability to cause symptoms and colonise each of the tested tissues than the non-producing strain. On the other hand, the ability to produce ENNs increased initial symptoms of the disease and fungal biomass accumulation, measured by qPCR, only in wheat heads, and not in roots or stem bases. LC-MS/MS analysis was used to confirm the presence of ENNs and DON in the different strains, and results, both in vitro and in wheat heads, were consistent with the genetics of each strain. CONCLUSION While the key role of DON on F. graminearum virulence towards three different wheat tissues was noticeable, ENNs seemed to have a role only in influencing F. avenaceum virulence on common wheat heads probably due to an initial delay in the appearance of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Nora A Foroud
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Canada
| | - Luisa Ederli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Aurelie H Benfield
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Linda J Harris
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln, Austria
| | - Roberto Romani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bellezza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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2
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Wang Y, Ou X, He HJ, Kamruzzaman M. Advancements, limitations and challenges in hyperspectral imaging for comprehensive assessment of wheat quality: An up-to-date review. Food Chem X 2024; 21:101235. [PMID: 38420503 PMCID: PMC10900407 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The potential of hyperspectral imaging technology (HIT) for the determination of physicochemical and nutritional components, evaluation of fungal/mycotoxins contamination, wheat varieties classification, identification of non-mildew-damaged wheat kernels, as well as detection of flour adulteration is comprehensively illustrated and reviewed. The latest findings (2018-2023) of HIT in wheat quality evaluation through internal and external attributes are compared and summarized in detail. The limitations and challenges of HIT to improve assessment accuracy are clearly described. Additionally, various practical recommendations and strategies for the potential application of HIT are highlighted. The future trends and prospects of HIT in evaluating wheat quality are also mentioned. In conclusion, HIT stands as a cutting-edge technology with immense potential for revolutionizing wheat quality evaluation. As advancements in HIT continue, it will play a pivotal role in shaping the future of wheat quality assessment and contributing to a more sustainable and efficient food supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Wang
- School of Life Science & Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Xingqi Ou
- School of Life Science & Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Hong-Ju He
- School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Mohammed Kamruzzaman
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Mesterhazy A. What Is Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) Resistance and What Are Its Food Safety Risks in Wheat? Problems and Solutions-A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:31. [PMID: 38251247 PMCID: PMC10820574 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The term "Fusarium Head Blight" (FHB) resistance supposedly covers common resistances to different Fusarium spp. without any generally accepted evidence. For food safety, all should be considered with their toxins, except for deoxynivalenol (DON). Disease index (DI), scabby kernels (FDK), and DON steadily result from FHB, and even the genetic regulation of Fusarium spp. may differ; therefore, multitoxin contamination is common. The resistance types of FHB form a rather complex syndrome that has been the subject of debate for decades. It seems that resistance types are not independent variables but rather a series of components that follow disease and epidemic development; their genetic regulation may differ. Spraying inoculation (Type 1 resistance) includes the phase where spores land on palea and lemma and spread to the ovarium and also includes the spread-inhibiting resistance factor; therefore, it provides the overall resistance that is needed. A significant part of Type 1-resistant QTLs could, therefore, be Type 2, requiring the retesting of the QTLs; this is, at least, the case for the most effective ones. The updated resistance components are as follows: Component 1 is overall resistance, as discussed above; Component 2 includes spreading from the ovarium through the head, which is a part of Component 1; Component 3 includes factors from grain development to ripening (FDK); Component 4 includes factors influencing DON contamination, decrease, overproduction, and relative toxin resistance; and for Component 5, the tolerance has a low significance without new results. Independent QTLs with different functions can be identified for one or more traits. Resistance to different Fusarium spp. seems to be connected; it is species non-specific, but further research is necessary. Their toxin relations are unknown. DI, FDK, and DON should be checked as they serve as the basic data for the risk analysis of cultivars. A better understanding of the multitoxin risk is needed regarding resistance to the main Fusarium spp.; therefore, an updated testing methodology is suggested. This will provide more precise data for research, genetics, and variety registration. In winter and spring wheat, the existing resistance level is very high, close to Sumai 3, and provides much greater food safety combined with sophisticated fungicide preventive control and other practices in commercial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akos Mesterhazy
- Cereal Research Non-Profit Ltd., Alsokikotosor 9, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
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Senatore MT, Prodi A, Tini F, Balmas V, Infantino A, Onofri A, Cappelletti E, Oufensou S, Sulyok M, Covarelli L, Beccari G. Different diagnostic approaches for the characterization of the fungal community and Fusarium species complex composition of Italian durum wheat grain and correlation with secondary metabolite accumulation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:4503-4521. [PMID: 36828788 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolution of the fungal communities associated with durum wheat was assessed using different diagnostic approaches. Durum wheat grain samples were collected in three different Italian cultivation macro-areas (north, center and south). Fungal isolation was realized by potato dextrose agar (PDA) and by deep-freezing blotter (DFB). Identification of Fusarium isolates obtained from PDA was achieved by partial tef1α sequencing (PDA + tef1α), while those obtained from DFB were identified from their morphological characteristics (DFB + mc). The fungal biomass of eight Fusarium species was quantified in grains by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Fungal secondary metabolites were analyzed in grains by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Correlations between Fusarium detection techniques (PDA + tef1α; DFB + mc and qPCR) and mycotoxins in grains were assessed. RESULTS Alternaria and Fusarium showed the highest incidence among the fungal genera developed from grains. Within the Fusarium community, PDA + tef1α highlighted that F. avenaceum and F. graminearum were the most represented members, while, DFB + mc detected a high presence of F. proliferatum. Alternaria and Fusarium mycotoxins, principally enniatins, were particularly present in the grain harvested in central Italy. Deoxynivalenol was mainly detected in northern-central Italy. CONCLUSIONS The adoption of the different diagnostic techniques of Fusarium detection highlighted that, for some species, qPCR was the best method of predicting their mycotoxin contamination in grains. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Senatore
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Prodi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Infantino
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Onofri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cappelletti
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Safa Oufensou
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Michael Sulyok
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Institute of Bionalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Tulln, Austria
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Valenti I, Tini F, Sevarika M, Agazzi A, Beccari G, Bellezza I, Ederli L, Grottelli S, Pasquali M, Romani R, Saracchi M, Covarelli L. Impact of Enniatin and Deoxynivalenol Co-Occurrence on Plant, Microbial, Insect, Animal and Human Systems: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:271. [PMID: 37104209 PMCID: PMC10144843 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium mycotoxins commonly contaminate agricultural products resulting in a serious threat to both animal and human health. The co-occurrence of different mycotoxins in the same cereal field is very common, so the risks as well as the functional and ecological effects of mycotoxins cannot always be predicted by focusing only on the effect of the single contaminants. Enniatins (ENNs) are among the most frequently detected emerging mycotoxins, while deoxynivalenol (DON) is probably the most common contaminant of cereal grains worldwide. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the simultaneous exposure to these mycotoxins, with emphasis on the combined effects in multiple organisms. Our literature analysis shows that just a few studies on ENN-DON toxicity are available, suggesting the complexity of mycotoxin interactions, which include synergistic, antagonistic, and additive effects. Both ENNs and DON modulate drug efflux transporters, therefore this specific ability deserves to be explored to better understand their complex biological role. Additionally, future studies should investigate the interaction mechanisms of mycotoxin co-occurrence on different model organisms, using concentrations closer to real exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Valenti
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (I.V.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Milos Sevarika
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Alessandro Agazzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Ilaria Bellezza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (I.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Luisa Ederli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Silvia Grottelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (I.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Matias Pasquali
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (I.V.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Roberto Romani
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
| | - Marco Saracchi
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (I.V.); (M.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (M.S.); (G.B.); (L.E.); (R.R.); (L.C.)
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6
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Marketed Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Seeds: A Mycotoxin-Free Matrix Contaminated by Mycotoxigenic Fungi. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030418. [PMID: 36986340 PMCID: PMC10057975 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 25 marketed quinoa seed samples different for origin, farming system and packaging were analyzed for the presence of mycotoxigenic fungi (by isolation both on Potato Dextrose Agar and with the deep-freezing blotter method) and relative contamination by mycotoxins (by LC-MS/MS analysis). Fungal microorganisms, but not mycotoxins, were detected in all the samples, and 25 isolates representative of the mycobiota were obtained. Morphological and molecular characterization and, for some isolates, the in vitro mycotoxigenic profile, allowed the identification of 19 fungal species within five different genera: Alternaria, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium and Fusarium. Among the identified species, Alternaria abundans, A. chartarum, A. arborescens, Cladosporium allicinum, C. parasubtilissimum, C. pseudocladosporioides, C. uwebraunianum, Aspergillus jensenii, A. tubingensis, Penicillium dipodomyis, P. verrucosum and P. citreosulfuratum were first reported on quinoa, and Alternaria infectoria and Fusarium oxysporum were first reported on quinoa seeds. The geographical origin, farming system and packaging were showed to affect the amount and type of the isolated fungal species, highlighting that the level of fungal presence and their related secondary metabolites is conditioned by different steps of the quinoa supply chain. However, despite the presence of mycotoxigenic fungi, the marketed quinoa seeds analyzed resulted in being free from mycotoxins.
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7
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Fate of enniatins in the Ale beer production stages analyzed by a validated method based on matrix-matched calibration and LC-QToF-MS. Food Chem 2022; 384:132484. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Tamirys dos Santos Caramês E, Piacentini KC, Aparecida Almeida N, Lopes Pereira V, Azevedo Lima Pallone J, de Oliveira Rocha L. Rapid assessment of enniatins in barley grains using near infrared spectroscopy and chemometric tools. Food Res Int 2022; 161:111759. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Laraba I, Busman M, Geiser DM, O'Donnell K. Phylogenetic Diversity and Mycotoxin Potential of Emergent Phytopathogens Within the Fusarium tricinctum Species Complex. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1284-1298. [PMID: 34989594 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-21-0394-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies on multiple continents indicate members of the Fusarium tricinctum species complex (FTSC) are emerging as prevalent pathogens of small-grain cereals, pulses, and other economically important crops. These understudied fusaria produce structurally diverse mycotoxins, among which enniatins (ENNs) and moniliformin (MON) are the most frequent and of greatest concern to food and feed safety. Herein a large survey of fusaria in the Fusarium Research Center and Agricultural Research Service culture collections was undertaken to assess species diversity and mycotoxin potential within the FTSC. A 151-strain collection originating from diverse hosts and substrates from different agroclimatic regions throughout the world was selected from 460 FTSC strains to represent the breadth of FTSC phylogenetic diversity. Evolutionary relationships inferred from a five-locus dataset, using maximum likelihood and parsimony, resolved the 151 strains as 24 phylogenetically distinct species, including nine that are new to science. Of the five genes analyzed, nearly full-length phosphate permease sequences contained the most phylogenetically informative characters, establishing its suitability for species-level phylogenetics within the FTSC. Fifteen of the species produced ENNs, MON, the sphingosine analog 2-amino-14,16-dimethyloctadecan-3-ol (AOD), and the toxic pigment aurofusarin (AUR) on a cracked corn kernel substrate. Interestingly, the five earliest diverging species in the FTSC phylogeny (i.e., F. iranicum, F. flocciferum, F. torulosum, and Fusarium spp. FTSC 8 and 24) failed to produce AOD and MON, but synthesized ENNs and/or AUR. Moreover, our reassessment of nine published phylogenetic studies on the FTSC identified 11 additional novel taxa, suggesting this complex comprises at least 36 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane Laraba
- ORISE Fellow, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit (MPM), Peoria, IL 61604
| | - Mark Busman
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit (MPM), Peoria, IL 61604
| | - David M Geiser
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Kerry O'Donnell
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit (MPM), Peoria, IL 61604
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10
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Benešová K, Boško R, Běláková S, Pluháčková H, Křápek M, Pernica M, Svoboda Z. Natural contamination of Czech malting barley with mycotoxins in connection with climate variability. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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11
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Boško R, Pernica M, Běláková S, Bjelková M, Pluháčková H. Determination of T-2 and HT-2 Toxins in Seed of Milk Thistle [ Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.] Using Immunoaffinity Column by UPLC-MS/MS. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:258. [PMID: 35448867 PMCID: PMC9028017 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14040258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.] achieved a significant increase in interest over the past few years from local and foreign pharmaceutical corporations. The silymarin complex of constituents extracted from milk thistle achenes provides compelling health benefits primarily thanks to antioxidant activities and hepatoprotective effects. However, consuming mycotoxin-contaminated plant material can cause immunosuppression and hepatotoxic problems. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a method for the determination of mycotoxin content in milk thistle. Fusarium toxins as T-2 and HT-2 toxins in grown milk thistle harvested from a breeding station in the Czech Republic during 2020-2021 were studied. The analysis of T-2 and HT-2 toxins was performed by UPLC-MS/MS after immunoaffinity columns EASI-EXTRACT® T-2 & HT-2 clean up. All analysed samples of milk thistle were contaminated with T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin. The content of T-2 toxin in the samples from 2020 was in the range of 122.7-290.2 µg/kg and HT-2 toxin 157.0-319.0 µg/kg. In 2021, the content of T-2 toxin was in the range of 28.8-69.9 µg/kg and HT-2 toxin was 24.2-75.4 µg/kg. The results show that the climatic conditions of the year of harvesting have a highly statistically significant effect on the content of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in milk thistle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rastislav Boško
- Department of Crop Science, Breeding and Plant Medicine, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, Mostecká 7, CZ-61400 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Marek Pernica
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, Mostecká 7, CZ-61400 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Sylvie Běláková
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, Mostecká 7, CZ-61400 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Marie Bjelková
- Agritec Plant Research, Zemědělská 2520/16, CZ-78701 Sumperk, Czech Republic;
| | - Helena Pluháčková
- Department of Crop Science, Breeding and Plant Medicine, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-61300 Brno, Czech Republic;
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12
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Levels of T-2 toxin and its metabolites, and the occurrence of Fusarium fungi in spring barley in the Czech Republic. Food Microbiol 2021; 102:103875. [PMID: 34809928 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins have been widely studied by many research groups but further multidisciplinary research is needed to better understand and clarify many issues. This study describes the use of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with ion trap mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) to measure T-2 toxin and its metabolites, such as HT-2 toxin, neosolaniol (NEO) and diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), as well as masked glucosylated mycotoxins in Fusarium-infected Czech spring barley. In total, 152 spring barley samples from the 2018 harvest were analyzed by the ELISA screening method for the presence of T-2 toxin. The most contaminated samples (15), which exceeded the recommended maximum level set by the EU for the sum of T-2 and HT-2 toxin in unprocessed cereals (200 μg/kg), were analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS and microbiological testing. Isolated fungi were evaluated microscopically and identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The prevalence of Fusarium species in spring barley across the Czech Republic in 2018 showed a predominance of F. poae (12 barley samples) and F. tricinctum (9 barley samples). Other strains (F. sporotrichioides and F. langsethiae) were present at a lower frequency, in 1 and 2 samples, respectively. The average concentration of T-2 plus HT-2 toxin was 107.7 μg/kg, while NEO and DAS were found in a few samples at values close to their limit of quantification. HT-2 glucoside was identified in all samples.
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13
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Castañares E, da Cruz Cabral L, Dinolfo MI, Andersen B, Stenglein SA, Patriarca A. Alternaria in malting barley: Characterization and distribution in relation with climatic conditions and barley cultivars. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 357:109367. [PMID: 34482184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alternaria is one of the main fungal genera affecting the quality of barley grains. In this study, a polyphasic approach was carried out to characterise the Alternaria population infecting different cultivars of barley grains from the major producing regions of Argentina in the 2014 and 2015 seasons. Its relationship with Fusarium and correlations between predominant species, barley cultivars, and climatic conditions in the growing regions were evaluated. Alternaria incidence exceeded that of Fusarium in all the barley samples and was higher in the drier season (21% in 2014 and 42% in 2015 vs. 6% and 4%, respectively). The main Alternaria species-groups identified were present in both growing seasons in similar frequencies (A. tenuissima sp.-grp., 83.4% in 2014 and 81.7% in 2015; A. infectoria sp.-grp., 11.7% in 2014 and 11.3% in 2015). The dominant Alternaria species-group isolated and identified based on morphological characteristics, DNA sequencing, and metabolite profile was A. tenuissima (72.9%), followed by A. infectoria (14.6%). An association between their frequency and field temperature was observed; A. tenuissima sp.-grp. was more frequent in northern localities, where higher temperatures were registered, while the opposite was observed for A. infectoria sp.-grp. A smaller percentage of A. arborescens sp.-grp. (5%), A. alternata sp.-grp. (3.9%) and A. vaccinii (1.4%) were also identified. Both secondary metabolite profiles and phylogenetic analysis were useful to distinguish isolates from Alternaria section Alternaria and section Infectoriae. Regarding metabolite profiles, alternariol was the most frequent compound produced by isolates of the section Alternaria. Infectopyrones and novae-zelandins were produced by most of the isolates from section Infectoriae. The barley cultivars analysed in this study did not show a particular susceptibility regarding the Alternaria population composition, except for Andreia, which presented the highest frequency of contamination with A. tenuissima sp.-grp. The rest of the cultivars, when grown in different regions, showed different proportion of the Alternaria sp.-grps., suggesting that other factors were determinant in their distribution. The results obtained in the present study will be a valuable tool for health authorities to assess the need for regulations on Alternaria mycotoxins, given the high incidence of Alternaria spp. in barley and the diversity of metabolites that might contaminate the grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Castañares
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-INBIOTEC-CONICET-CICBA, Facultad de Agronomía, UNCPBA, Azul 7300, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía da Cruz Cabral
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria I Dinolfo
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-INBIOTEC-CONICET-CICBA, Facultad de Agronomía, UNCPBA, Azul 7300, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Birgitte Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sebastián A Stenglein
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-INBIOTEC-CONICET-CICBA, Facultad de Agronomía, UNCPBA, Azul 7300, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Patriarca
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, CONICET, Instituto de Micología y Botánica (INMIBO), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Enniatin B and Deoxynivalenol Activity on Bread Wheat and on Fusarium Species Development. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100728. [PMID: 34679021 PMCID: PMC8538094 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating wheat disease, mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum (FG)-a deoxynivalenol (DON)-producing species. However, Fusarium avenaceum (FA), able to biosynthesize enniatins (ENNs), has recently increased its relevance worldwide, often in co-occurrence with FG. While DON is a well-known mycotoxin, ENN activity, also in association with DON, is poorly understood. This study aims to explore enniatin B (ENB) activity, alone or combined with DON, on bread wheat and on Fusarium development. Pure ENB, DON, and ENB+DON (10 mg kg-1) were used to assess the impacts on seed germination, seedling growth, cell death induction (trypan blue staining), chlorophyll content, and oxidative stress induction (malondialdehyde quantification). The effect on FG and FA growth was tested using ENB, DON, and ENB+DON (10, 50, and 100 mg kg-1). Synergistic activity in the reduction of seed germination, growth, and chlorophyll degradation was observed. Conversely, antagonistic interaction in cell death and oxidative stress induction was found, with DON counteracting cellular stress produced by ENB. Fusarium species responded to mycotoxins in opposite directions. ENB inhibited FG development, while DON promoted FA growth. These results highlight the potential role of ENB in cell death control, as well as in fungal competition.
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15
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Phytopathological Threats Associated with Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Cultivation and Seed Production in an Area of Central Italy. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091933. [PMID: 34579464 PMCID: PMC8467509 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In 2017, in a new Chenopodium quinoa cultivation area (Central Italy), emergence failures of the Titicaca, Rio Bamba, and Real varieties, whose seeds were obtained the previous year (2016) in the same location, were observed. Moreover, leaf disease symptoms on the Regalona variety, whose seeds came from Chile, were detected. Visual and microscopic analyses showed the presence of browning/necrotic symptoms on the seeds of the three varieties whose emergence in the field had failed. In addition, their in vitro germination rates were strongly compromised. Fusarium spp. was isolated with high incidence from Titicaca, Rio Bamba, and Real seeds. Among the detected Fusarium species, in the phylogenetic analysis, the dominant one clustered in the sub-clade Equiseti of the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti (FIESC) species complex. Instead, the pathogen associated with Regalona leaf symptoms was identified, by morphological and molecular features, as Peronospora variabilis, the causal agents of downy mildew. This is the first report of both P. variabilis and F. equiseti on C. quinoa in Italy. Species-specific primers also detected P. variabilis in Regalona seeds. These results underline the importance of pathogen monitoring in new quinoa distribution areas, as well as of healthy seed production and import for successful cultivation.
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16
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Felšöciová S, Kowalczewski PŁ, Krajčovič T, Dráb Š, Kačániová M. Effect of Long-Term Storage on Mycobiota of Barley Grain and Malt. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081655. [PMID: 34451699 PMCID: PMC8401099 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Contamination of malting barley grain and malt with micromycetes sampled at various periods post-harvest (3rd, 6th, and 9th month of storage) and types of storage (storage silo and floor warehouse) was investigated. Each of these barley grain samples was malted. This article reports on the changes in the fungal microbiome composition and their overall count in barley grain and malt. From the surface-disinfected barley grain samples collected immediately after harvest, there were eight genera isolated, with a predominance of Alternaria. A small increase of isolated microfungi was detected in barley stored in silo for 3 and 6 months (from 142 isolates to 149) and decreased below the number of isolates in barley before storage (133 isolates). Fungal count during storage gradually decreased up to 9 month in barley stored in floor warehouse (from 142 isolates to 84). The initial total count of microscopic fungi in malt before storage was the highest (112 isolates) with 7 genera detected, compared to malts prepared from barley stored for longer time (54 isolates, 7 genera, 9th month of storage). Alternaria was the most abundant and frequent genus. Quantitative representation of the filamentous microscopic fungi was lower compared to yeasts especially in barley and malt prepared from barley stored at third month of storage in both type of storage. Yeasts were identified from all grain samples and malt samples with mass spectrometry. Most attention was given to the widely distributed fungus Penicillium, 79% of strains produced at least one mycotoxin detected under in vitro assays using the TLC method (97% of them produced griseofulvin, 94% CPA, 79% patulin, 14% roquefortin C, and penitrem A was produced by two screening strains under laboratory conditions). It is therefore important to monitor the microflora throughout the production cycle of “barley to beer”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soňa Felšöciová
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949-76 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | - Przemysław Łukasz Kowalczewski
- Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 31 Wojska Polskiego St., 60-624 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: (P.Ł.K.); (M.K.); Tel.: +48-61-848-7297 (P.Ł.K.); +421-37-641-715 (M.K.)
| | - Tomáš Krajčovič
- Heineken Slovakia Sladovne, a.s., Novozámocká 232/2, 947-01 Hurbanovo, Slovakia; (T.K.); (Š.D.)
| | - Štefan Dráb
- Heineken Slovakia Sladovne, a.s., Novozámocká 232/2, 947-01 Hurbanovo, Slovakia; (T.K.); (Š.D.)
| | - Miroslava Kačániová
- Department of Fruit Science, Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 94-976 Nitra, Slovakia
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, Cwiklinskiej 1, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
- Correspondence: (P.Ł.K.); (M.K.); Tel.: +48-61-848-7297 (P.Ł.K.); +421-37-641-715 (M.K.)
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17
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Raised concerns about the safety of barley grains and straw: A Swiss survey reveals a high diversity of mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Senatore MT, Ward TJ, Cappelletti E, Beccari G, McCormick SP, Busman M, Laraba I, O'Donnell K, Prodi A. Species diversity and mycotoxin production by members of the Fusarium tricinctum species complex associated with Fusarium head blight of wheat and barley in Italy. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 358:109298. [PMID: 34210546 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a global cereal disease caused by a complex of Fusarium species. In Europe, the main species responsible for FHB are F. graminearum, F. culmorum and F. poae. However, members of the F. tricinctum species complex (FTSC) have become increasingly important. FTSC fusaria can synthesize mycotoxins such as moniliformin (MON), enniatins (ENNs) and several other biologically active secondary metabolites that could compromise food quality. In this study, FTSC isolates primarily from Italian durum wheat and barley, together with individual strains from four non-graminaceous hosts, were collected to assess their genetic diversity and determine their potential to produce mycotoxins in vitro on rice cultures. A multilocus DNA sequence dataset (TEF1, RPB1 and RPB2) was constructed for 117 isolates from Italy and 6 from Iran to evaluate FTSC species diversity and their evolutionary relationships. Phylogenetic analyses revealed wide genetic diversity among Italian FTSC isolates. Among previously described FTSC species, F. avenaceum (FTSC 4) was the most common species in Italy (56/117 = 47.9%) while F. tricinctum (FTSC 3), and F. acuminatum (FTSC 2) accounted for 11.1% (13/117) and the 8.5% (10/117), respectively. The second most detected species was a new and unnamed Fusarium sp. (FTSC 12; 32/117 = 19%) resolved as the sister group of F. tricinctum. Collectively, these four phylospecies accounted for 111/117 = 94.9% of the Italian FTSC collection. However, we identified five other FTSC species at low frequencies, including F. iranicum (FTSC 6) and three newly discovered species (Fusarium spp. FTSC 13, 14, 15). Of the 59 FTSC isolates tested for mycotoxin production on rice cultures, 54 and 55 strains, respectively, were able to produce detectable levels of ENNs and MON. In addition, we confirmed that the ability to produce bioactive secondary metabolites such as chlamydosporol, acuminatopyrone, longiborneol, fungerin and butanolide is widespread across the FTSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Senatore
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin, 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - T J Ward
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, IL 60604-3999, USA
| | - E Cappelletti
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin, 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - G Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - S P McCormick
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, IL 60604-3999, USA
| | - M Busman
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, IL 60604-3999, USA
| | - I Laraba
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, IL 60604-3999, USA
| | - K O'Donnell
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, IL 60604-3999, USA
| | - A Prodi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin, 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
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19
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Lago LO, Nievierowski TH, Mallmann LP, Rodrigues E, Welke JE. QuEChERS-LC-QTOFMS for the simultaneous determination of legislated and emerging mycotoxins in malted barley and beer using matrix-matched calibration as a solution to the commercial unavailability of internal standards for some mycotoxins. Food Chem 2020; 345:128744. [PMID: 33333360 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The combination of QuEChERS-LC-QTOFMS and matrix-matched calibration (MMC) to simultaneously determinate legislated and emerging mycotoxins in malt and beer was evaluated for the first time. The method performance was satisfactory displaying suitable linearity (R2 >0.99) and recovery (71-102%). The lowest values (in μg kg-1) of LOD (0.01) and LOQ (0.05) were found for enniatins, while the highest LOD (15) and LOQ (50) were reported for fumonisin B1. Precision and sensitivity (RSD <10%) were in accordance with the different guidelines of method validation. MMC was important to avoid inaccurate quantification of all mycotoxins due to signal enhancement or suppression. Another advantage was the enhanced throughput, requiring 1.2 min of analysis per analyte. The detection of legislated (aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1, zearalanone, T-2 and HT-2 toxin) and emerging mycotoxins (enniatins, beauvericin, moniliformin and sterigmatocystin) allowed verifying compliance with legislation and generating data to support the establishment of limits for emerging mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Oliveira Lago
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501970, Brazil
| | - Tássia Henrique Nievierowski
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501970, Brazil
| | - Luana Peixoto Mallmann
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501970, Brazil
| | - Eliseu Rodrigues
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501970, Brazil
| | - Juliane Elisa Welke
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (ICTA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501970, Brazil.
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20
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Tini F, Beccari G, Onofri A, Ciavatta E, Gardiner DM, Covarelli L. Fungicides may have differential efficacies towards the main causal agents of Fusarium head blight of wheat. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3738-3748. [PMID: 32430980 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a complex disease of wheat and barley caused by several Fusarium species. In recent years, a variation in the composition of the FHB community has been observed in several wheat cultivation areas across the world. In detail, F. avenaceum and F. poae increased their frequencies, while, a lower F. graminearum and F. culmorum incidence was simultaneously observed. These shifts within the FHB complex might have been caused by different factors, including the selective pressure caused by fungicides used to control the disease in the field. Therefore, the present study was carried out to evaluate, both in in vitro experiments and in field trials, the activity of commonly used fungicides of wheat (tebuconazole, metconazole, prothioconazole and prochloraz) towards the above mentioned four Fusarium species. RESULTS A preliminary in vitro assay revealed that low concentrations of all tested fungicides caused the incomplete reduction of fungal development. Furthermore, F. poae and F. avenaceum showed, at the same time, a lower sensitivity to all tested fungicides. In field trials, all fungicides showed an activity against the four Fusarium species. However, F. avenaceum exhibited a reduced sensitivity to metconazole. The lower efficacy of metconazole towards F. avenaceum was also confirmed by an additional in vitro experiment on several F. avenaceum and F. graminearum different strains. CONCLUSION The selective pressure exerted by the extensive use of certain fungicides may influence population dynamics of Fusarium species due to their different sensitivity. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Onofri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Emiliano Ciavatta
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Donald M Gardiner
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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21
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Iwase CHT, Piacentini KC, Giomo PP, Čumová M, Wawroszová S, Běláková S, Minella E, Rocha LO. Characterization of the Fusarium sambucinum species complex and detection of multiple mycotoxins in Brazilian barley samples. Food Res Int 2020; 136:109336. [PMID: 32846534 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the fungal diversity in Brazilian barley samples, focusing on the Fusarium sambucinum species complex and the presence of multiple mycotoxins: aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 beauvericin (BEA), enniatins (ENNs) A, A1, B, and B1, deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FB) B1 and B2, HT-2 and T-2 toxins, nivalenol (NIV) and ochratoxin A (OTA) from two different regions, São Paulo (SP) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS). The majority of the isolates belonged to the Fusarium sambucinum species complex (FSAMSC), with F. graminearum s.s. characterized as the major contaminant. F. meridionale and F. poae were the second most frequent fungi isolated from SP and RS, respectively. All of the F. graminearum s.s. isolates demonstrated 15-ADON genotype, whereas F. poae and F. meridionale were all NIV. The majority of the F. cortaderiae isolates were NIV, with only one 3-ADON genotype. Mycotoxin analysis revealed that none of the samples were contaminated by aflatoxins, OTA, FB2 and type A trichothecenes, however, all of the samples were contaminated with at least one Fusarium toxin. Contamination by DON, ZEA, ENNB and ENNB1 levels were significantly higher in RS. Co-contamination of BEA, DON, ENNs, NIV and ZEA in 18.5% and 24.2% of the analyzed samples was observed, from SP and RS respectively. More than 20% of the samples from RS presented DON and ZEA levels above the regulations established by Europe and Brazil. The results provide further information on the FSAMSC from South America and detected multiple Fusarium toxins in barley samples. This highlights the importance for further studies on the possible interactions of these mycotoxins in order to determine potential risks to animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio H T Iwase
- Department of Food Science, Food Engineering Faculty, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, SP, Brazil
| | - Karim C Piacentini
- Department of Food Science, Food Engineering Faculty, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia P Giomo
- Department of Food Science, Food Engineering Faculty, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, SP, Brazil
| | - Martina Čumová
- Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, National Reference Laboratory, Regional Department Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Wawroszová
- Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture, National Reference Laboratory, Regional Department Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sylvie Běláková
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, Malting Institute Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Liliana O Rocha
- Department of Food Science, Food Engineering Faculty, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, SP, Brazil.
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22
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Xing L, Zou L, Luo R, Wang Y. Determination of five Alternaria toxins in wolfberry using modified QuEChERS and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2020; 311:125975. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Wan J, Chen B, Rao J. Occurrence and preventive strategies to control mycotoxins in cereal-based food. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:928-953. [PMID: 33331688 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins contamination in cereal-based food is ubiquitous according to systematic review of the scientific documentation of worldwide mycotoxin contamination in cereal and their products between 2008 and 2018, thus representing food safety issue especially in developing tropical countries. Food processing plays a vital role to prevent mycotoxin contamination in food. Therefore, it is with great urgency to develop strategies to inhibit fungi growth and mycotoxin production during food processing. This review begins by discussing physicochemical properties of five most common mycotoxins (aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxins, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone) found in cereal grains, regulation for mycotoxins in food, and their potential negative impact on human health. The fate of mycotoxins during major cereal-based food processing including milling, breadmaking, extrusion, malting, and brewing was then summarized. In the end, traditional mitigation strategies including physical and chemical and potential application of biocontrol agent and essential oil nanoemulsions that can be applied during food processing were discussed. It indicated that no single method is currently available to completely prevent mycotoxin contamination in cereal foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wan
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND.,School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Bingcan Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | - Jiajia Rao
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
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24
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Beccari G, Stępień Ł, Onofri A, Lattanzio VMT, Ciasca B, Abd-El Fatah SI, Valente F, Urbaniak M, Covarelli L. In Vitro Fumonisin Biosynthesis and Genetic Structure of Fusarium verticillioides Strains from Five Mediterranean Countries. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020241. [PMID: 32053959 PMCID: PMC7074703 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating the in vitro fumonisin biosynthesis and the genetic structure of Fusarium verticillioides populations can provide important insights into the relationships between strains originating from various world regions. In this study, 90 F. verticillioides strains isolated from maize in five Mediterranean countries (Italy, Spain, Tunisia, Egypt and Iran) were analyzed to investigate their ability to in vitro biosynthesize fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2 and fumonisin B3 and to characterize their genetic profile. In general, 80% of the analyzed strains were able to biosynthesize fumonisins (range 0.03–69.84 μg/g). Populations from Italy, Spain, Tunisia and Iran showed a similar percentage of fumonisin producing strains (>90%); conversely, the Egyptian population showed a lower level of producing strains (46%). Significant differences in fumonisin biosynthesis were detected among strains isolated in the same country and among strains isolated from different countries. A portion of the divergent FUM1 gene and of intergenic regions FUM6-FUM7 and FUM7-FUM8 were sequenced to evaluate strain diversity among populations. A high level of genetic uniformity inside the populations analyzed was detected. Apparently, neither geographical origin nor fumonisin production ability were correlated to the genetic diversity of the strain set. However, four strains from Egypt differed from the remaining strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (G.B.); (A.O.); (F.V.)
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznan, Poland; (Ł.S.); (M.U.)
| | - Andrea Onofri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (G.B.); (A.O.); (F.V.)
| | - Veronica M. T. Lattanzio
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA-CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy; (V.M.T.L.); (B.C.)
| | - Biancamaria Ciasca
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA-CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy; (V.M.T.L.); (B.C.)
| | - Sally I. Abd-El Fatah
- Food Toxins and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt;
| | - Francesco Valente
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (G.B.); (A.O.); (F.V.)
| | - Monika Urbaniak
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznan, Poland; (Ł.S.); (M.U.)
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (G.B.); (A.O.); (F.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0755856464
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Beccari G, Prodi A, Senatore MT, Balmas V, Tini F, Onofri A, Pedini L, Sulyok M, Brocca L, Covarelli L. Cultivation Area Affects the Presence of Fungal Communities and Secondary Metabolites in Italian Durum Wheat Grains. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E97. [PMID: 32028570 PMCID: PMC7076967 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, durum wheat kernels harvested in three climatically different Italian cultivation areas (Emilia Romagna, Umbria and Sardinia) in 2015, were analyzed with a combination of different isolation methods to determine their fungal communities, with a focus on Fusarium head blight (FHB) complex composition, and to detect fungal secondary metabolites in the grains. The genus Alternaria was the main component of durum wheat mycobiota in all investigated regions, with the Central Italian cultivation area showing the highest incidence of this fungal genus and of its secondary metabolites. Fusarium was the second most prevalent genus of the fungal community in all cultivation environments, even if regional differences in species composition were detected. In particular, Northern areas showed the highest Fusarium incidence, followed by Central and then Southern cultivation areas. Focusing on the FHB complex, a predominance of Fusariumpoae, in particular in Northern and Central cultivation areas, was found. Fusariumgraminearum, in the analyzed year, was mainly detected in Emilia Romagna. Because of the highest Fusarium incidence, durum wheat harvested in the Northern cultivation area showed the highest presence of Fusarium secondary metabolites. These results show that durum wheat cultivated in Northern Italy may be subject to a higher FHB infection risk and to Fusarium mycotoxins accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (G.B.); (F.T.); (A.O.); (L.P.); or
| | - Antonio Prodi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin, 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Maria Teresa Senatore
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin, 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Virgilio Balmas
- Department of Agriculture, University of Sassari, Via E. De Nicola, 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (G.B.); (F.T.); (A.O.); (L.P.); or
| | - Andrea Onofri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (G.B.); (F.T.); (A.O.); (L.P.); or
| | - Luca Pedini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (G.B.); (F.T.); (A.O.); (L.P.); or
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Strasse, 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria;
| | - Luca Brocca
- Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection, National Research Council, Via della Madonna Alta, 126, 06128 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy; (G.B.); (F.T.); (A.O.); (L.P.); or
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Castañares E, Pavicich MA, Dinolfo MI, Moreyra F, Stenglein SA, Patriarca A. Natural occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in malting barley grains in the main producing region of Argentina. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:1004-1011. [PMID: 31646639 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the most important cereals worldwide, and its quality is affected by fungal contamination such as species of the genus Alternaria. No information is available about the occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in Argentinean barley grains, which is of concern, because they can be transferred into malt and beer. The aim of this study was to analyze the occurrence of alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) and tenuazonic acid (TeA) in malting barley grains from the main producing region of Argentina during the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. RESULTS The most frequent mycotoxin was AOH (64%), which was detected at higher levels (712 μg kg-1 ) compared with other studies, followed by TeA (37%, 1522 μg kg-1 ), while AME was present in five samples in the 2015 growing season only, with a mean of 4876 μg kg-1 . A similar frequency of mycotoxin occurrence was observed in both years (80.8 vs 85.3%), but more diverse contamination was found in 2015, which was characterized by lower accumulated precipitation. Nevertheless, AOH was more frequently found in 2014 than in 2015 (80.8 and 47.1% respectively). A negative correlation between AOH concentration and temperature was observed. The susceptibility of different barley varieties to mycotoxin accumulation varied with the mycotoxin, geographical location and meteorological conditions. CONCLUSION The results obtained in the present work represent a tool for risk assessment of exposition to these mycotoxins and could be used by food safety authorities to determine the need for their regulation. Furthermore, the establishment of a hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) system to minimize fungal and mycotoxin contamination in barley from farm to processing could be apply to ensure food safety. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Castañares
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-INBIOTEC-CONICET-CICBA, Facultad de Agronomía, UNCPBA, Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria A Pavicich
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, CONICET, Instituto de Micología y Botánica (INMIBO), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria I Dinolfo
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-INBIOTEC-CONICET-CICBA, Facultad de Agronomía, UNCPBA, Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Moreyra
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria INTA Bordenave, Bordenave, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián A Stenglein
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB)-INBIOTEC-CONICET-CICBA, Facultad de Agronomía, UNCPBA, Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Patriarca
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos, CONICET, Instituto de Micología y Botánica (INMIBO), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Shen F, Zhao T, Jiang X, Liu X, Fang Y, Liu Q, Hu Q, Liu X. On-line detection of toxigenic fungal infection in wheat by visible/near infrared spectroscopy. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Piacentini KC, Rocha LO, Savi GD, Carnielli-Queiroz L, De Carvalho Fontes L, Correa B. Assessment of Toxigenic Fusarium Species and Their Mycotoxins in Brewing Barley Grains. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E31. [PMID: 30634556 PMCID: PMC6357013 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium species threaten yield and quality of cereals worldwide due to their ability to produce mycotoxins and cause plant diseases. Trichothecenes and zearalenone are the most economically significant mycotoxins and are of particular concern in barley, maize and wheat. For this reason, the aim of this study was to characterize the Fusarium isolates from brewing barley and to assess deoxynivalenol and zearalenone contamination in grains. Characterization of the Fusarium strains was carried out by the phylogeny based on two loci (EF-1α and RPB2). Mycotoxin detection and quantification were performed by LC-MS. The results show that Fusarium was the predominant genus. Phylogenetic study demonstrated that the majority of the strains clustered within the Fusarium sambucinum species complex followed by the Fusarium tricinctum species complex. The results revealed high incidence of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) contamination (90.6% and 87.5%, respectively). It was observed that 86% of the samples contaminated with ZEA were above the limits set by the EU and Brazilian regulations. These results may highlight the importance of controlling Fusarium toxins in barley, mainly because of its use in the brewing industry and the resistance of various mycotoxins to food processing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim C Piacentini
- Biotechnology Department, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, Sao Paulo 2415, Brazil.
| | - Liliana O Rocha
- Department of Food Science, Food Engineering Faculty, University of Campinas, Av. Monteiro Lobato, 80, Campinas 13083862, Brazil.
| | - Geovana D Savi
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, University of the Extreme Southern Santa Catarina, Av. Universitaria, 1105 Criciuma, Santa Catarina 88807-400, Brazil.
| | - Lorena Carnielli-Queiroz
- Microbiology Department, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, Sao Paulo 1374, Brazil.
| | - Livia De Carvalho Fontes
- Microbiology Department, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, Sao Paulo 1374, Brazil.
| | - Benedito Correa
- Biotechnology Department, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, Sao Paulo 2415, Brazil.
- Microbiology Department, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Professor Lineu Prestes, Sao Paulo 1374, Brazil.
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Fate of zearalenone, deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside during malting process. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Garmendia G, Pattarino L, Negrín C, Martínez-Silveira A, Pereyra S, Ward TJ, Vero S. Species composition, toxigenic potential and aggressiveness of Fusarium isolates causing Head Blight of barley in Uruguay. Food Microbiol 2018; 76:426-433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Eshelli M, Qader MM, Jambi EJ, Hursthouse AS, Rateb ME. Current Status and Future Opportunities of Omics Tools in Mycotoxin Research. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E433. [PMID: 30373184 PMCID: PMC6267353 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10110433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites of low molecular weight produced by filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium spp. Mycotoxins are natural contaminants of agricultural commodities and their prevalence may increase due to global warming. Dangerous mycotoxins cause a variety of health problems not only for humans, but also for animals. For instance, they possess carcinogenic, immunosuppressive, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, and neurotoxic effects. Hence, various approaches have been used to assess and control mycotoxin contamination. Significant challenges still exist because of the complex heterogeneous nature of food composition. The potential of combined omics approaches such as metabolomics, genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics would contribute to our understanding about pathogen fungal crosstalk as well as strengthen our ability to identify, isolate, and characterise mycotoxins pre and post-harvest. Multi-omics approaches along with advanced analytical tools and chemometrics provide a complete annotation of such metabolites produced before/during the contamination of crops. We have assessed the merits of these individual and combined omics approaches and their promising applications to mitigate the issue of mycotoxin contamination. The data included in this review focus on aflatoxin, ochratoxin, and patulin and would be useful as benchmark information for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Eshelli
- School of Computing, Engineering, & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK.
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tripoli, Tripoli 13538, Libya.
| | - M Mallique Qader
- School of Computing, Engineering, & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK.
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka.
| | - Ebtihaj J Jambi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Girls Section, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21551, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Andrew S Hursthouse
- School of Computing, Engineering, & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK.
| | - Mostafa E Rateb
- School of Computing, Engineering, & Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK.
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Development and Application of a QuEChERS-Based Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method to Quantitate Multi-Component Alternaria Toxins in Jujube. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10100382. [PMID: 30248926 PMCID: PMC6220753 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10100382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple, rapid and efficient methodology was developed and validated for the analysis of four Alternaria toxins in jujube: Tenuazonic acid, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, and tentoxin. Under the optimized extraction procedure, chromatographic conditions, and instrumental parameters, the four toxins were effectively extracted via a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method, and quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Matrix-matched calibrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.5 μg mL−1 were conducted for the quantification due to the matrix effect. A blank jujube sample was spiked at 40, 80 and 160 μg kg−1, obtaining recoveries in the range of 83.5–109.6%. Limits of detection and limits of quantification were in the range of 0.14–0.26 and 0.47–0.87 μg kg−1, respectively. Finally, the developed method was applied for the quantification of the four toxins in 14 jujube samples, including black spot-infected and uninfected samples. Results showed that the predominant toxin detected in all the samples was tenuazonic acid, the content of which was associated with the infection level; alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, and tentoxin were detected in all the infected samples and some of the uninfected samples with rather low contents.
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Beccari G, Senatore MT, Tini F, Sulyok M, Covarelli L. Fungal community, Fusarium head blight complex and secondary metabolites associated with malting barley grains harvested in Umbria, central Italy. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 273:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Diao X, Han Y, Liu C. The Fungicidal Activity of Tebuconazole Enantiomers against Fusarium graminearum and Its Selective Effect on DON Production under Different Conditions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:3637-3643. [PMID: 29562133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tebuconazole, which consists of a pair of enantiomers with different fungicidal activities, is one of the most common fungicides used in the control of Fusarium graminearum. In this study, the fungicidal activity of rac-tebuconazole and its enantiomers against F. graminearum was determined at 0.997, 0.975, and 0.950 aw and at 20, 25, and 30 °C on wheat-based media. Then, F. graminearum was treated with rac-tebuconazole and its enantiomers at the EC10, EC50, and EC90 levels under different culture conditions, and DON production was measured. Finally, expression of the DON biosynthetic genes ( TRI5 and TRI6) was quantified by real-time RT-PCR after incubation with EC50 doses of rac-tebuconazole and its enantiomers for 4, 8, and 14 days at 30 °C and aw 0.997. The results showed that the fungicidal activity of tebuconazole was strongly influenced by temperature, aw, and the combined factors. (-)-Tebuconazole is higher in fungicidal activity than (+)-tebuconazole and rac-tebuconazole with 24-99-fold and 1.8-6.7-fold, respectively. However, (-)-tebuconazole was generally more favorable for DON production than (+)-tebuconazole under the same conditions. Additionally, (-)-tebuconazole and rac-tebuconazole induced significantly increased expression of the DON biosynthetic genes ( TRI5 and TRI6) compared to the control by the 14th day of treatment. In this research, the combination condition of 30 °C and 0.997 aw is the most suitable for DON production by F. graminearum. The test strains of F. graminearum treated with the EC10 dose of (-)-tebuconazole produced the greatest amounts of DON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Diao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province , South China Agricultural University , Wushan Road 483 , Tianhe District, Guangzhou , 510642 , China
| | - Yiye Han
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province , South China Agricultural University , Wushan Road 483 , Tianhe District, Guangzhou , 510642 , China
| | - Chenglan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province , South China Agricultural University , Wushan Road 483 , Tianhe District, Guangzhou , 510642 , China
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Beccari G, Colasante V, Tini F, Senatore M, Prodi A, Sulyok M, Covarelli L. Causal agents of Fusarium head blight of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) in central Italy and their in vitro biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Food Microbiol 2018; 70:17-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Bonsignore CP, Bernardo U. Effects of environmental parameters on the chestnut gall wasp and its complex of indigenous parasitoids. Naturwissenschaften 2018; 105:20. [PMID: 29500544 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-018-1545-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The chestnut gall wasp (CGW), Dryocosmus kuriphilus, an invasive pest native to China, has caused severe yield and economic losses to chestnut production in Europe since its arrival in 2002. In Southern Italy, the complex of indigenous parasitoids colonizing CGW was monitored between 2013 and 2015, with the aim of estimating the composition of the indigenous parasitoid complex, its ability to control CGW populations, and the interactions of both factors with several measured environmental parameters. We compared results among three differently managed field types. Results showed an increase in the rate of parasitism both when the host population density was lower and in unmanaged chestnut stands with more natural conditions. The percentage of parasitism in galls was related to morphological traits of the galls and to higher seasonal temperatures, which reduced the parasitism intensity because CGW develops earlier under such conditions. The host-parasitoid mortality inside galls varied among sites and was associated mostly with rot fungi during wet spring and summer months. Parasitoid species richness was similar among the study sites, but the proportion of parasitoid species differed between orchards and unmanaged coppice stands. The timing of attack by parasitoids followed a species-specific successional sequence throughout the larva-to-adult life cycle of the CGW. These interactions should be considered in future research on trophic relationships and when modeling invasive scenarios for new pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Peter Bonsignore
- Laboratorio di Entomologia ed Ecologia Applicata, Dipartimento Patrimonio, Architettura, Urbanistica, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Salita Melissari, Reggio Calabria, Italy.
| | - Umberto Bernardo
- CNR, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, SS of Portici, Portici, NA, Italy
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Nogueira MS, Decundo J, Martinez M, Dieguez SN, Moreyra F, Moreno MV, Stenglein SA. Natural Contamination with Mycotoxins Produced by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium poae in Malting Barley in Argentina. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E78. [PMID: 29439459 PMCID: PMC5848179 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two of the most common species of toxin-producing Fusarium contaminating small cereal grains are Fusarium graminearum and F. poae; with both elaborating diverse toxins, especially deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV), respectively. The objective of our work during the 2012-2014 growing seasons was to screen crops for the most commonly isolated Fusarium species and to quantify DON and NIV toxins in natural malting-barley samples from different producing areas of Argentina. We identified 1180 Fusarium isolates in the 119 samples analyzed, with 51.2% being F. graminearum, 26.2% F. poae and 22.6% other species. We found high concentrations of mycotoxins, at maximum values of 12 μg/g of DON and 7.71 μg/g of NIV. Of the samples, 23% exhibited DON at an average of 2.36 μg/g, with 44% exceeding the maximum limits (average of 5.24 μg/g); 29% contained NIV at an average of 2.36 μg/g; 7% contained both DON and NIV; and 55% were without DON or NIV. Finally, we report the mycotoxin contamination of the grain samples produced by F. graminearum and F. poae, those being the most frequent Fusarium species present. We identified the main Fusarium species affecting natural malting-barley grains in Argentina and documented the presence of many samples with elevated concentrations of DON and NIV. To our knowledge, the investigation reported here was the first to quantify the contamination by Fusarium and its toxins in natural samples of malting barley in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Soledad Nogueira
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB), UNCPBA-CICBA, INBIOTEC-CONICET, Av. República de Italia 780, Azul, 7300 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Julieta Decundo
- Área de Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) CONICET-CICBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias-UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Mauro Martinez
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB), UNCPBA-CICBA, INBIOTEC-CONICET, Av. República de Italia 780, Azul, 7300 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Susana Nelly Dieguez
- Área de Toxicología, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) CONICET-CICBA, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias-UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil, 7000 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Federico Moreyra
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria INTA Bordenave, Ruta Provincial 76 Km 36,5, Bordenave, 8187 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Maria Virginia Moreno
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB), UNCPBA-CICBA, INBIOTEC-CONICET, Av. República de Italia 780, Azul, 7300 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Área de Microbiología, Facultad de Agronomía de Azul-UNCPBA, Av. República de Italia 780, Azul, 7300 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Sebastian Alberto Stenglein
- Laboratorio de Biología Funcional y Biotecnología (BIOLAB), UNCPBA-CICBA, INBIOTEC-CONICET, Av. República de Italia 780, Azul, 7300 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Área de Microbiología, Facultad de Agronomía de Azul-UNCPBA, Av. República de Italia 780, Azul, 7300 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Malachová A, Stránská M, Václavíková M, Elliott CT, Black C, Meneely J, Hajšlová J, Ezekiel CN, Schuhmacher R, Krska R. Advanced LC-MS-based methods to study the co-occurrence and metabolization of multiple mycotoxins in cereals and cereal-based food. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:801-825. [PMID: 29273904 PMCID: PMC5775372 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) is widely used for the determination of mycotoxins in cereals and cereal-based products. In addition to the regulated mycotoxins, for which official control is required, LC-MS is often used for the screening of a large range of mycotoxins and/or for the identification and characterization of novel metabolites. This review provides insight into the LC-MS methods used for the determination of co-occurring mycotoxins with special emphasis on multiple-analyte applications. The first part of the review is focused on targeted LC-MS approaches using cleanup methods such as solid-phase extraction and immunoaffinity chromatography, as well as on methods based on minimum cleanup (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe; QuEChERS) and dilute and shoot. The second part of the review deals with the untargeted determination of mycotoxins by LC coupled with high-resolution MS, which includes also metabolomics techniques to study the fate of mycotoxins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Malachová
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Milena Stránská
- Department of Food Analysis & Nutrition, Faculty of Food & Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry & Technology, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Václavíková
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK
| | - Connor Black
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK
| | - Julie Meneely
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK
| | - Jana Hajšlová
- Department of Food Analysis & Nutrition, Faculty of Food & Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry & Technology, Technická 3, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Chibundu N Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo, Ogun State, 121103, Nigeria
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
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Gruber-Dorninger C, Novak B, Nagl V, Berthiller F. Emerging Mycotoxins: Beyond Traditionally Determined Food Contaminants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:7052-7070. [PMID: 27599910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Modern analytical techniques can determine a multitude of fungal metabolites contaminating food and feed. In addition to known mycotoxins, for which maximum levels in food are enforced, also currently unregulated, so-called "emerging mycotoxins" were shown to occur frequently in agricultural products. The aim of this review is to critically discuss the relevance of selected emerging mycotoxins to food and feed safety. Acute and chronic toxicity as well as occurrence data are presented for enniatins, beauvericin, moniliformin, fusaproliferin, fusaric acid, culmorin, butenolide, sterigmatocystin, emodin, mycophenolic acid, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, and tenuazonic acid. By far not all of the detected compounds are toxicologically relevant at their naturally occurring levels and are therefore of little or no health concern to consumers. Still, gaps in knowledge have been identified for several compounds. These gaps should be closed by the scientific community in the coming years to allow a proper risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Novak
- BIOMIN Research Center , Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Veronika Nagl
- BIOMIN Research Center , Technopark 1, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU) , Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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Knutsen HK, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Edler L, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, Dall'Asta C, Gutleb AC, Metzler M, Parent-Massin D, Binaglia M, Steinkellner H, Alexander J. Appropriateness to set a group health based guidance value for nivalenol and its modified forms. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04751. [PMID: 32625457 PMCID: PMC7009959 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) reviewed new studies on nivalenol since the previous opinion on nivalenol published in 2013, but as no new relevant data were identified the tolerable daily intake (TDI) for nivalenol (NIV) of 1.2 μg/kg body weight (bw) established on bases of immuno- and haematotoxicity in rats was retained. An acute reference dose (ARfD) of 14 μg/kg bw was established based on acute emetic events in mink. The only phase I metabolite of NIV identified is de-epoxy-nivalenol (DE-NIV) and the only phase II metabolite is nivalenol-3-glucoside (NIV3Glc). DE-NIV is devoid of toxic activity and was thus not further considered. NIV3Glc can occur in cereals amounting up to about 50% of NIV. There are no toxicity data on NIV3Glc, but as it can be assumed that it is hydrolysed to NIV in the intestinal tract it should be included in a group TDI and in a group ARfD with NIV. The uncertainty associated with the present assessment is considered as high and it would rather overestimate than underestimate any risk.
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Beccari G, Prodi A, Tini F, Bonciarelli U, Onofri A, Oueslati S, Limayma M, Covarelli L. Changes in the Fusarium Head Blight Complex of Malting Barley in a Three-Year Field Experiment in Italy. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E120. [PMID: 28353653 PMCID: PMC5408194 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9040120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, conducted for three years on eleven malting barley varieties cultivated in central Italy, the incidence of different mycotoxigenic fungal genera, the identification of the Fusarium species associated with the Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) complex, and kernels contamination with deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 mycotoxins were determined. The influence of climatic conditions on Fusarium infections and FHB complex composition was also investigated. Fusarium species were always present in the three years and the high average and maximum temperatures during anthesis mainly favored their occurrence. The FHB complex was subject to changes during the three years and the main causal agents were F. poae, F. avenaceum, F. tricinctum and F. graminearum, which, even if constantly present, never represented the principal FHB agent. The relative incidence of Fusarium species changed because of climatic conditions occurring during the seasons. The FHB complex was composed of many different Fusarium species and some of them were associated with a specific variety and/or with specific weather parameters, indicating that the interaction between a certain plant genotype and climatic conditions may influence the presence of Fusarium spp. causing infections. With regard to mycotoxin contamination, T-2 toxin, in some cases, was found in kernels at levels that exceeded EU recommended values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Beccari
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Antonio Prodi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesco Tini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Umberto Bonciarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Andrea Onofri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Souheib Oueslati
- Bioengineering Department, Université Libre de Tunis, 30 Av. Kheireddine Pacha, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Marwa Limayma
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
- Bioengineering Department, Université Libre de Tunis, 30 Av. Kheireddine Pacha, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Lorenzo Covarelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121 Perugia, Italy.
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Juan C, Berrada H, Mañes J, Oueslati S. Multi-mycotoxin determination in barley and derived products from Tunisia and estimation of their dietary intake. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 103:148-156. [PMID: 28249780 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A study on raw barley and derived products (barley soup and beers) was carried out to determine the natural presence of twenty-four mycotoxins by both liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The developed multi-mycotoxin procedure was based on both SLE and QuEChERS extraction steps. 66% of analyzed samples presented mycotoxin contamination and only one sample, which was soup of barley (6 ng/g), exceeded the maximum level (ML) established by EU for OTA (5 ng/g). Raw barley was the most contaminated matrix (62%), which concentrations ranged from 1.70 to 287.13 ng/g) and type of detected mycotoxins (DON, 15AcDON, NEO, NIV, HT2, FB1, OTA, ENA, ENA1, ENB and ENB1). DON was the most detected mycotoxin with an incidence of 56%, 29% and 23% in beer, soup of barley and barley, respectively. However, the highest levels detected were for ENA, in raw barley with 287 ng/g. In beer and soup of barley samples, the mycotoxins with highest level were 15AcDON (15.6 ng/g) and ENB1 (55.1 ng/g), respectively. Furthermore, 80% of positive soup of barley samples showed co-occurrence. No toxicological concern was associated to mycotoxins exposure for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Juan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot-Valencia, Spain.
| | - H Berrada
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot-Valencia, Spain
| | - J Mañes
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot-Valencia, Spain
| | - S Oueslati
- Laboratoire Matériaux, Molécules et applications, Institut Préparatoire aux Etudes Scientifiques et Techniques, BP 51 La Marsa 2070, Tunisia; Regional Field Crop Research Center of Beja (CRRGC), Route Tunis Km 5, 9000 Béja, Tunisia
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Abstract
Alternariais one of the major mycotoxigenic fungal genera with more than 70 reported metabolites.Alternariamycotoxins showed notably toxicity, such as mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, induction of DNA strand break, sphingolipid metabolism disruption, or inhibition of enzymes activity and photophosphorylation. This review reports on the toxicity, stability, metabolism, current analytical methods, and prevalence ofAlternariamycotoxins in food and feed through the most recent published research. Half of the publications were focused on fruits, vegetables, and derived products—mainly tomato and apples—while cereals and cereal by-products represented 38%. The most studied compounds were alternariol, alternariol methyl ether, tentoxin, and tenuazonic acid, but altenuene, altertoxins (I, II, and III), and macrosporin have been gaining importance in recent years. Solid-liquid extraction (50%) with acetonitrile or ethyl acetate was the most common extraction methodology, followed by QuEChERS and dilution-direct injection (both 14%). High- and ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was the predominant determination technique (80%). The highest levels of alternariol and alternariol methyl ether were found in lentils, oilseeds, tomatoes, carrots, juices, wines, and cereals. Tenuazonic acid highest levels were detected in cereals followed by beer, while alternariol, alternariol methyl ether, tenuazonic acid, and tentoxin were found in legumes, nuts, and oilseeds.
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Zarrin M, Ganj F, Faramarzi S. Development of a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method for identification of the Fusarium genus using the transcription elongation factor-1α gene. Biomed Rep 2016; 5:705-708. [PMID: 28105337 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium species are well-known plant pathogens and food contaminants that have also appeared as one of the most important groups of medically significant fungi. The sequences of the translation elongation factor (TEF)-1α gene have been broadly employed for species detection. A total of 50 strains of Fusarium spp., including environmental, clinical and reference isolates were used for the current study. The primer sets, Fu3f and Fu3r, were used to amplify an ~420-bp DNA fragment of the TEF-1α gene. Double digestion with two restriction enzymes, XhoI and SduI was used for discrimination of the Fusarium species in the TEF-1α gene fragment. Double digestion of the TEF-1α gene fragment from five clinically important Fusarium species were clearly differentiated from each other: The F. solani species complex, F. oxysporum species complex, F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum and F. fujikuroi. This method facilitates detection and enables verification of the Fusarium genus; therefore, it may be applied for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Zarrin
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 61357-15794, Iran; Department of Medical Mycology, Medical School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 61357-15794, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Ganj
- Department of Medical Mycology, Medical School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 61357-15794, Iran
| | - Sama Faramarzi
- Department of Medical Mycology, Medical School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz 61357-15794, Iran
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