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Ham SH, Kim E, Han H, Lee MG, Choi YJ, Hahn J. A label-free aptamer-based colorimetric biosensor for rapid gliadin detection in foods: a focus on pasta, bread and cookies. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:449-457. [PMID: 38165727 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01695a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite numerous advancements in gluten detection, a substantial need remains for innovative, cost-effective, in situ methods that can be employed without complex analytical instruments. Addressing this demand, this study introduces a pioneering label-free colorimetric biosensor for the in situ detection of gliadin, a major component of gluten, which is a prevalent trigger of food allergies. Our novel approach employs the strategic coating of gold nanoparticles (AuNP) with gliadin-specific aptamers. In the absence of gliadin, these aptamers stably disperse AuNP, preventing their aggregation. However, upon the introduction of gliadin and in the presence of sodium chloride, AuNP aggregate, yielding a measurable colorimetric signal that facilitates the precise quantification of gliadin. Under rigorously optimized conditions, this AuNP/aptamer-based colorimetric biosensor demonstrated exceptional sensitivity and selectivity, with a detection limit of 32.1 ng mL-1 and a linear response range of 0-300 ng mL-1. Critically, the sensor maintained reliable performance when applied to real-world food samples, including gluten-free bread, cookies, and pasta. Due to its simplicity, selectivity, speed, and cost-effectiveness, this assay represents a significant advancement over current gluten detection methods. Moreover, the developed AuNP/aptamer-based colorimetric biosensor design holds promising potential for adaptation to detect other food allergens or protein toxins through selective aptamer modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hwan Ham
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eunghee Kim
- Smart Food Manufacturing Project Group, Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyebin Han
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Gyu Lee
- Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA), 47 Gwanmun-ro, Gwacheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 13809, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwoo Hahn
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Duksung Women's University, 144 Samyang-ro, Dobong-gu, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea.
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Momeni A, Rostami-Nejad M, Salarian R, Rabiee M, Aghamohammadi E, Zali MR, Rabiee N, Tay FR, Makvandi P. Gold-based nanoplatform for a rapid lateral flow immunochromatographic test assay for gluten detection. BMC Biomed Eng 2022; 4:5. [PMID: 35596200 PMCID: PMC9121606 DOI: 10.1186/s42490-022-00062-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gluten, a food allergen, is available in foods derived from wheat, rye and barley. It damages the small intestine and causes celiac disease. Herein, we designed a rapid immunochromatographic lateral flow test assay for detecting the gluten contents of raw materials. In this rapid test, the presence of gluten was screened through the capturing of gliadin (a toxic component of gluten) by two identical gliadin monoclonal antibodies. One of the antibodies was immobilized on the membrane in the test zone as a capture reagent. The other antibody was labeled with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as a detector reagent. Results Gold nanoparticles with a size of about 20 nm were synthesized and conjugated to the gliadin monoclonal antibodies. The detection limit of the experimental assay was 20 ppm and positive results were visualized after 15 min using only 40 μL of the extracted sample for each test. Analysis of different flour samples identified the best sensitivity and specificity of the lateral flow test strip (LFTS). Conclusion The experimental LFTS is an easy-to-use and rapid method for the screening of gluten level in raw materials. The LFTS may be employed to ensure the safety of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arefe Momeni
- Biomaterials Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rostami-Nejad
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985714711, Iran.
| | - Reza Salarian
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Maziar University, Royan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Rabiee
- Biomaterials Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Elham Aghamohammadi
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia. .,Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Franklin R Tay
- The Graduate School, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Centre for Materials Interfaces, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
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Zhu X, Zhao XH, Zhang Q, Zhang N, Soladoye OP, Aluko RE, Zhang Y, Fu Y. How does a celiac iceberg really float? The relationship between celiac disease and gluten. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9233-9261. [PMID: 35435771 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2064811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune intestinal disease caused by intolerance of genetically susceptible individuals after intake of gluten-containing grains (including wheat, barley, etc.) and their products. Currently, CD, with "iceberg" characteristics, affects a large population and is distributed over a wide range of individuals. This present review summarizes the latest research progress on the relationship between CD and gluten. Furthermore, the structure and function of gluten peptides related to CD, gluten detection methods, the effects of processing on gluten and gluten-free diets are emphatically reviewed. In addition, the current limitations in CD research are also discussed. The present work facilitates a comprehensive understanding of CD as well as gluten, which can provide a theoretical reference for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Zhu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Food Science and Technology Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin-Huai Zhao
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Biological and Food Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, P. R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Science and Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Olugbenga P Soladoye
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Government of Canada, Lacombe Research and Development Centre, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rotimi E Aluko
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yuhao Zhang
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Food Science and Technology Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Fu
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Food Science and Technology Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Gabler AM, Gebhard J, Norwig MC, Eberlein B, Biedermann T, Brockow K, Scherf KA. Basophil Activation to Gluten and Non-Gluten Proteins in Wheat-Dependent Exercise-Induced Anaphylaxis. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:822554. [PMID: 35386651 PMCID: PMC8974719 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.822554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis (WDEIA) is a cofactor-induced wheat allergy. Gluten proteins, especially ω5-gliadins, are known as major allergens, but partially hydrolyzed wheat proteins (HWPs) also play a role. Our study investigated the link between the molecular composition of gluten or HWP and allergenicity. Saline extracts of gluten (G), gluten with reduced content of ω5-gliadins (G-ω5), slightly treated HWPs (sHWPs), and extensively treated HWPs (eHWPs) were prepared as allergen test solutions and their allergenicity assessed using the skin prick test and basophil activation test (BAT) on twelve patients with WDEIA and ten controls. Complementary sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and mass spectrometry (MS) analyses revealed that non-gluten proteins, mainly α-amylase/trypsin inhibitors (ATIs), were predominant in the allergen test solutions of G, G-ω5, and sHWPs. Only eHWPs contained gliadins and glutenins as major fraction. All allergen test solutions induced significantly higher %CD63+ basophils/anti-FcεRI ratios in patients compared with controls. BAT using sHWPs yielded 100% sensitivity and 83% specificity at optimal cut-off and may be useful as another tool in WDEIA diagnosis. Our findings indicate that non-gluten proteins carrying yet unidentified allergenic epitopes appear to be relevant in WDEIA. Further research is needed to clarify the role of nutritional ATIs in WDEIA and identify specific mechanisms of immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Miriam Gabler
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Julia Gebhard
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Marie-Christin Norwig
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Bernadette Eberlein
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Tilo Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Knut Brockow
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Anne Scherf
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Department of Bioactive and Functional Food Chemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- *Correspondence: Katharina Anne Scherf
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Food Safety and Cross-Contamination of Gluten-Free Products: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072244. [PMID: 34210037 PMCID: PMC8308338 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A gluten-free diet (GFD) is currently the only effective treatment for celiac disease (CD); an individual’s daily intake of gluten should not exceed 10 mg. However, it is difficult to maintain a strict oral diet for life and at least one-third of patients with CD are exposed to gluten, despite their best efforts at dietary modifications. It has been demonstrated that both natural and certified gluten-free foods can be heavily contaminated with gluten well above the commonly accepted threshold of 20 mg/kg. Moreover, meals from food services such as restaurants, workplaces, and schools remain a significant risk for inadvertent gluten exposure. Other possible sources of gluten are non-certified oat products, numerous composite foods, medications, and cosmetics that unexpectedly contain “hidden” vital gluten, a proteinaceous by-product of wheat starch production. A number of immunochemical assays are commercially available worldwide to detect gluten. Each method has specific features, such as format, sample extraction buffers, extraction time and temperature, characteristics of the antibodies, recognition epitope, and the reference material used for calibration. Due to these differences and a lack of official reference material, the results of gluten quantitation may deviate systematically. In conclusion, incorrect gluten quantitation, improper product labeling, and poor consumer awareness, which results in the inadvertent intake of relatively high amounts of gluten, can be factors that compromise the health of patients with CD.
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Abstract
AbstractVital wheat gluten plays an important role in the food industry, especially in baking to help standardize dough properties and improve bread volume. However, a fundamental characterization of a wide variety of vital gluten samples is not available so far. This would be necessary to relate compositional characteristics to the production process. Therefore, we analyzed the content of crude protein, starch, lipids and ash, oil and water absorption capacity, particle size distribution, gluten protein composition and spectroscopic properties of 39 vital gluten samples from 6 different suppliers. Principle component analysis of all analytical parameters revealed that the samples from one specialized vital gluten manufacturer had a different composition and a greater variability compared to all other samples from wheat starch producers. While the composition of vital gluten samples from the same manufacturer was similar and the score plot showed a cluster formation for samples from three suppliers, the variability over all samples was comparatively low. The samples from the other suppliers were too similar altogether so that it was hardly possible to identify clear differences, also related to functionality.
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Gabler AM, Scherf KA. Comparative Characterization of Gluten and Hydrolyzed Wheat Proteins. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10091227. [PMID: 32846879 PMCID: PMC7564556 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrolyzed wheat proteins (HWPs) are widely used as functional ingredients in foods and cosmetics, because of their emulsifying and foaming properties. However, in individuals suffering from celiac disease or wheat allergy, HWPs may have a modified immunoreactivity compared to native gluten due to changes in molecular structures. Although a variety of HWPs are commercially available, there are no in-depth comparative studies that characterize the relative molecular mass (Mr) distribution, solubility, and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of HWPs compared to native gluten. Therefore, we aimed to fill this gap by studying the above characteristics of different commercial HWP and gluten samples. Up to 100% of the peptides/proteins in the HWP were soluble in aqueous solution, compared to about 3% in native gluten. Analysis of the Mr distribution indicated that HWPs contained high percentages of low-molecular-weight peptides/proteins and also deamidated glutamine residues. We also found considerable differences between the seven HWPs studied, so that each HWP needs to be studied in detail to help explain its potential immunoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Miriam Gabler
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Katharina Anne Scherf
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany;
- Department of Bioactive and Functional Food Chemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-721-6084-4176
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Sharma N, Bhatia S, Chunduri V, Kaur S, Sharma S, Kapoor P, Kumari A, Garg M. Pathogenesis of Celiac Disease and Other Gluten Related Disorders in Wheat and Strategies for Mitigating Them. Front Nutr 2020; 7:6. [PMID: 32118025 PMCID: PMC7020197 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat is a major cereal crop providing energy and nutrients to the billions of people around the world. Gluten is a structural protein in wheat, that is necessary for its dough making properties, but it is responsible for imparting certain intolerances among some individuals, which are part of this review. Most important among these intolerances is celiac disease, that is gluten triggered T-cell mediated autoimmune enteropathy and results in villous atrophy, inflammation and damage to intestinal lining in genetically liable individuals containing human leukocyte antigen DQ2/DQ8 molecules on antigen presenting cells. Celiac disease occurs due to presence of celiac disease eliciting epitopes in gluten, particularly highly immunogenic alpha-gliadins. Another gluten related disorder is non-celiac gluten-sensitivity in which innate immune-response occurs in patients along with gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal symptoms, that disappear upon removal of gluten from the diet. In wheat allergy, either IgE or non-IgE mediated immune response occurs in individuals after inhalation or ingestion of wheat. Following a life-long gluten-free diet by celiac disease and non-celiac gluten-sensitivity patients is very challenging as none of wheat cultivar or related species stands safe for consumption. Hence, different molecular biology, genetic engineering, breeding, microbial, enzymatic, and chemical strategies have been worked upon to reduce the celiac disease epitopes and the gluten content in wheat. Currently, only 8.4% of total population is affected by wheat-related issues, while rest of population remains safe and should not remove wheat from the diet, based on false media coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Sharma
- Agri-Food Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Simran Bhatia
- Agri-Food Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Venkatesh Chunduri
- Agri-Food Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Satveer Kaur
- Agri-Food Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Saloni Sharma
- Agri-Food Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Payal Kapoor
- Agri-Food Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Anita Kumari
- Agri-Food Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
| | - Monika Garg
- Agri-Food Biotechnology Laboratory, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali, India
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Osorio CE, Mejías JH, Rustgi S. Gluten Detection Methods and Their Critical Role in Assuring Safe Diets for Celiac Patients. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2920. [PMID: 31810336 PMCID: PMC6949940 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease, wheat sensitivity, and allergy represent three different reactions, which may occur in genetically predisposed individuals on the ingestion of wheat and derived products with various manifestations. Improvements in the disease diagnostics and understanding of disease etiology unveiled that these disorders are widespread around the globe affecting about 7% of the population. The only known treatment so far is a life-long gluten-free diet, which is almost impossible to follow because of the contamination of allegedly "gluten-free" products. Accidental contamination of inherently gluten-free products could take place at any level from field to shelf because of the ubiquity of these proteins/grains. Gluten contamination of allegedly "gluten-free" products is a constant threat to celiac patients and a major health concern. Several detection procedures have been proposed to determine the level of contamination in products for celiac patients. The present article aims to review the advantages and disadvantages of different gluten detection methods, with emphasis on the recent technology that allows identification of the immunogenic-gluten peptides without the use of antibodies. The possibility to detect gluten contamination by different approaches with similar or better detection efficiency in different raw and processed foods will guarantee the safety of the foods for celiac patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia E. Osorio
- Agriaquaculture Nutritional Genomic Center, CGNA, Las Heras 350, Temuco 4781158, Chile
| | - Jaime H. Mejías
- Centro Regional de Investigación Carillanca, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIA, Temuco 4880000, Chile
| | - Sachin Rustgi
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, School of Health Research, Clemson University Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Florence, SC 29506, USA
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Hoffmanová I, Sánchez D, Szczepanková A, Tlaskalová-Hogenová H. The Pros and Cons of Using Oat in a Gluten-Free Diet for Celiac Patients. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102345. [PMID: 31581722 PMCID: PMC6835965 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A therapeutic gluten-free diet often has nutritional limitations. Nutritional qualities such as high protein content, the presence of biologically active and beneficial substances (fiber, beta-glucans, polyunsaturated fatty acids, essential amino acids, antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals), and tolerance by the majority of celiac patients make oat popular for use in gluten-free diet. The health risk of long-time consumption of oat by celiac patients is a matter of debate. The introduction of oat into the diet is only recommended for celiac patients in remission. Furthermore, not every variety of oat is also appropriate for a gluten-free diet. The risk of sensitization and an adverse immunologically mediated reaction is a real threat in some celiac patients. Several unsolved issues still exist which include the following: (1) determination of the susceptibility markers for the subgroup of celiac patients who are at risk because they do not tolerate dietary oat, (2) identification of suitable varieties of oat and estimating the safe dose of oat for the diet, and (3) optimization of methods for detecting the gliadin contamination in raw oat used in a gluten-free diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Hoffmanová
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Královské Vinohrady and Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 10000 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Daniel Sánchez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Adéla Szczepanková
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic.
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 1660/32, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Helena Tlaskalová-Hogenová
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Boukid F, Prandi B, Vittadini E, Francia E, Sforza S. Tracking celiac disease-triggering peptides and whole wheat flour quality as function of germination kinetics. Food Res Int 2018; 112:345-352. [PMID: 30131145 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Germination is already a well-accepted process by consumers with many products made from sprouted seeds or containing limited amounts of flour form sprouted grains. The present work aimed assessing the usefulness of germination in reducing gluten peptides associated with celiac disease, at the same time evaluating some technological features of the obtained germinated wheat. In the first part of the work, celiac disease (CD)-triggering peptides were tracked as a function of germination kinetics (from day 1 to day 6). Using simulated gastrointestinal digestion and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, ten celiac disease triggering peptides were identified: seven peptides presumably involved in the adaptive immune response (TI) and three peptides mainly involved in the innate immune response (TT). All the identified peptides belonged to gliadins. TI track pattern showed three phases: the first two days displayed a significant degradation, a stability phase was observed from day 3 to day 5, and finally a drastic reduction occurred on the 6th day. For TT peptides, important degradation was exclusively observed at the 6th day. In the second part, some techno-functional features of germinated whole wheat flour were assessed to estimate its potential as an alternative to conventional flour. Functionality comparison of the non-germinated versus germinated flours revealed that germination significantly influenced solvents retention capacities as well as swelling and solubility. Thus, with a reduced amount of celiac disease triggering peptides, but also with different technological behavior compared to traditional wheat flour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Boukid
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Barbara Prandi
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of Quality of Life, Telematic University San Raffaele Roma, via Val Cannuta, 247 Rome, Italy.
| | - Elena Vittadini
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Enrico Francia
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Stefano Sforza
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124 Parma, Italy
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Schalk K, Koehler P, Scherf KA. Quantitation of Specific Barley, Rye, and Oat Marker Peptides by Targeted Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry To Determine Gluten Concentrations. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:3581-3592. [PMID: 29392950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease is triggered by the ingestion of gluten from wheat, barley, rye, and possibly oats. Gluten is quantitated by DNA-based methods or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). ELISAs mostly detect the prolamin fraction and potentially over- or underestimate gluten contents. Therefore, a new independent method is required to comprehensively detect gluten. A targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to quantitate seven barley, seven rye, and three oat marker peptides derived from each gluten protein fraction (prolamin and glutelin) and type (barley, B-, C-, D-, and γ-hordeins; rye, γ-75k-, γ-40k-, ω-, and HMW-secalins). The quantitation of each marker peptide in the chymotryptic digest of a defined amount of the respective reference gluten protein type resulted in peptide-specific yields, which enabled the conversion of peptide into protein concentrations. This method was applied to quantitate gluten in samples from the brewing process, in raw materials for sourdough fermentation, and in dried sourdoughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Schalk
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34 , 85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Peter Koehler
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34 , 85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Katharina Anne Scherf
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34 , 85354 Freising , Germany
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Schalk K, Koehler P, Scherf KA. Targeted liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to quantitate wheat gluten using well-defined reference proteins. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192804. [PMID: 29425234 PMCID: PMC5806900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an inflammatory disorder of the upper small intestine caused by the ingestion of storage proteins (prolamins and glutelins) from wheat, barley, rye, and, in rare cases, oats. CD patients need to follow a gluten-free diet by consuming gluten-free products with gluten contents of less than 20 mg/kg. Currently, the recommended method for the quantitative determination of gluten is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the R5 monoclonal antibody. Because the R5 ELISA mostly detects the prolamin fraction of gluten, a new independent method is required to detect prolamins as well as glutelins. This paper presents the development of a method to quantitate 16 wheat marker peptides derived from all wheat gluten protein types by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. The quantitation of each marker peptide in the chymotryptic digest of a defined amount of the respective reference wheat protein type resulted in peptide-specific yields. This enabled the conversion of peptide into protein type concentrations. Gluten contents were expressed as sum of all determined protein type concentrations. This new method was applied to quantitate gluten in wheat starches and compared to R5 ELISA and gel-permeation high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (GP-HPLC-FLD), which resulted in a strong correlation between LC-MS/MS and the other two methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Schalk
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Peter Koehler
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Katharina Anne Scherf
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- * E-mail:
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14
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Boukid F, Prandi B, Buhler S, Sforza S. Effectiveness of Germination on Protein Hydrolysis as a Way To Reduce Adverse Reactions to Wheat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:9854-9860. [PMID: 29059515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the aim is to study the effectiveness of germination on wheat protein degradation, with a specific focus on proteins involved in adverse reactions to wheat. The effects of 8 days of germination at 25 °C on the chemical composition and the protein profile were determined. Germination did not have a significant effect on starch, protein, lipid, and ash contents. General protein profile, as indicated by SDS-PAGE analysis, revealed that germination induced a relevant degradation in protein fraction. After in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, gluten peptides involved in celiac disease (CD) were identified and quantified using UPLC/ESI-MS technique. Also, CM3 protein, involved in baker's asthma and intestinal inflammation, was quantified by measuring a marker peptide. Statistical analysis underlined that germination and genotype had significant impact on the amount of both components. Regarding gluten peptides related to CD, germination enabled an average reduction of 47% in peptides eliciting adaptive immune response and 46% in peptides eliciting innate immune response. CM3 protein showed also a high average reduction (56%). Thus, this study suggests that germination might be a good bioalternative to provide a low "impact" raw ingredient for special wheat-based foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Boukid
- Department of Food and Drug and ‡Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Barbara Prandi
- Department of Food and Drug and ‡Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Sofie Buhler
- Department of Food and Drug and ‡Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Sforza
- Department of Food and Drug and ‡Interdepartmental Center SITEIA.PARMA, University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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15
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Röckendorf N, Meckelein B, Scherf KA, Schalk K, Koehler P, Frey A. Identification of novel antibody-reactive detection sites for comprehensive gluten monitoring. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181566. [PMID: 28759621 PMCID: PMC5536345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain cereals like wheat, rye or barley contain gluten, a protein mixture that can trigger celiac disease (CD). To make gluten-free diets available for affected individuals the gluten content of foodstuff must be monitored. For this purpose, antibody-based assays exist which rely on the recognition of certain linear gluten sequence motifs. Yet, not all CD-active gluten constituents and fragments formed during food processing/fermentation may be covered by those tests. In this study, we therefore assayed the coverage of reportedly CD-active gluten components by currently available detection antibodies and determined the antibody-inducing capacity of wheat gluten constituents in order to provide novel diagnostic targets for comprehensive gluten quantitation. Immunizations of outbred mice with purified gliadins and glutenins were conducted and the linear target recognition profile of the sera was recorded using synthetic peptide arrays that covered the sequence space of gluten constituents present in those preparations. The resulting murine immunorecognition profile of gluten demonstrated that further linear binding sites beyond those recognized by the monoclonal antibodies α20, R5 and G12 exist and may be exploitable as diagnostic targets. We conclude that the safety of foodstuffs for CD patients can be further improved by complementing current tests with antibodies directed against additional CD-active gluten components. Currently unrepresented linear gluten detection sites in glutenins and α-gliadins suggest sequences QQQYPS, PQQSFP, QPGQGQQG and QQPPFS as novel targets for antibody generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Röckendorf
- Division of Mucosal Immunology & Diagnostics, Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Barbara Meckelein
- Division of Mucosal Immunology & Diagnostics, Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Katharina A. Scherf
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Institut, Freising, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schalk
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Institut, Freising, Germany
| | - Peter Koehler
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Institut, Freising, Germany
| | - Andreas Frey
- Division of Mucosal Immunology & Diagnostics, Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
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16
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Jouanin A, Gilissen LJWJ, Boyd LA, Cockram J, Leigh FJ, Wallington EJ, van den Broeck HC, van der Meer IM, Schaart JG, Visser RGF, Smulders MJM. Food processing and breeding strategies for coeliac-safe and healthy wheat products. Food Res Int 2017; 110:11-21. [PMID: 30029701 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A strict gluten-free diet is currently the only treatment for the 1-2% of the world population who suffer from coeliac disease (CD). However, due to the presence of wheat and wheat derivatives in many food products, avoiding gluten consumption is difficult. Gluten-free products, made without wheat, barley or rye, typically require the inclusion of numerous additives, resulting in products that are often less healthy than gluten-based equivalents. Here, we present and discuss two broad approaches to decrease wheat gluten immunogenicity for CD patients. The first approach is based on food processing strategies, which aim to remove gliadins or all gluten from edible products. We find that several of the candidate food processing techniques to produce low gluten-immunogenic products from wheat already exist. The second approach focuses on wheat breeding strategies to remove immunogenic epitopes from the gluten proteins, while maintaining their food-processing properties. A combination of breeding strategies, including mutation breeding and possibly genome editing, will be necessary to produce coeliac-safe wheat. Individuals suffering from CD and people genetically susceptible who may develop CD after prolonged gluten consumption would benefit from reduced CD-immunogenic wheat. Although the production of healthy and less CD-toxic wheat varieties and food products will be challenging, increasing global demand may require these issues to be addressed in the near future by food processing and cereal breeding companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Jouanin
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; NIAB, Cambridge CB3 0LE, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jan G Schaart
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Schalk K, Lang C, Wieser H, Koehler P, Scherf KA. Quantitation of the immunodominant 33-mer peptide from α-gliadin in wheat flours by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45092. [PMID: 28327674 PMCID: PMC5361186 DOI: 10.1038/srep45092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coeliac disease (CD) is triggered by the ingestion of gluten proteins from wheat, rye, and barley. The 33-mer peptide from α2-gliadin has frequently been described as the most important CD-immunogenic sequence within gluten. However, from more than 890 published amino acid sequences of α-gliadins, only 19 sequences contain the 33-mer. In order to make a precise assessment of the importance of the 33-mer, it is necessary to elucidate which wheat species and cultivars contain the peptide and at which concentrations. This paper presents the development of a stable isotope dilution assay followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to quantitate the 33-mer in flours of 23 hexaploid modern and 15 old common (bread) wheat as well as two spelt cultivars. All flours contained the 33-mer peptide at levels ranging from 91–603 μg/g flour. In contrast, the 33-mer was absent (<limit of detection) from tetra- and diploid species (durum wheat, emmer, einkorn), most likely because of the absence of the D-genome, which encodes α2-gliadins. Due to the presence of the 33-mer in all common wheat and spelt flours analysed here, the special focus in the literature on this most immunodominant peptide seems to be justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Schalk
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Institut, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Christina Lang
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Institut, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Herbert Wieser
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Institut, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Peter Koehler
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Institut, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Katharina Anne Scherf
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Institut, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
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18
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Schalk K, Lexhaller B, Koehler P, Scherf KA. Isolation and characterization of gluten protein types from wheat, rye, barley and oats for use as reference materials. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172819. [PMID: 28234993 PMCID: PMC5325591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gluten proteins from wheat, rye, barley and, in rare cases, oats, are responsible for triggering hypersensitivity reactions such as celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity and wheat allergy. Well-defined reference materials (RM) are essential for clinical studies, diagnostics, elucidation of disease mechanisms and food analyses to ensure the safety of gluten-free foods. Various RM are currently used, but a thorough characterization of the gluten source, content and composition is often missing. However, this characterization is essential due to the complexity and heterogeneity of gluten to avoid ambiguous results caused by differences in the RM used. A comprehensive strategy to isolate gluten protein fractions and gluten protein types (GPT) from wheat, rye, barley and oat flours was developed to obtain well-defined RM for clinical assays and gluten-free compliance testing. All isolated GPT (ω5-gliadins, ω1,2-gliadins, α-gliadins, γ-gliadins and high- and low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits from wheat, ω-secalins, γ-75k-secalins, γ-40k-secalins and high-molecular-weight secalins from rye, C-hordeins, γ-hordeins, B-hordeins and D-hordeins from barley and avenins from oats) were fully characterized using analytical reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), N-terminal sequencing, electrospray-ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS) and untargeted LC-MS/MS of chymotryptic hydrolyzates of the single GPT. Taken together, the analytical methods confirmed that all GPT were reproducibly isolated in high purity from the flours and were suitable to be used as RM, e.g., for calibration of LC-MS/MS methods or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Schalk
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Institut, Freising, Germany
| | - Barbara Lexhaller
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Institut, Freising, Germany
| | - Peter Koehler
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Institut, Freising, Germany
| | - Katharina Anne Scherf
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Institut, Freising, Germany
- * E-mail:
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