1
|
Tsochatzis ED, Nebel C, Danielsen M, Sundekilde UK, Kastrup Dalsgaard T. Thermal degradation of metabolites in urine using multiple isotope-labelled internal standards for off-line GC metabolomics - effects of injector and oven temperatures. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1181:122902. [PMID: 34530307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thermal processes are widely used in small molecule chemical analysis and metabolomics for derivatization, vaporization, chromatography, and ionization, especially in gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS). An optimized derivatization protocol has been successfully applied using multiple isotope labelled analytical internal standards of selected deuterated and 13C selected compounds, covering a range of different groups of metabolites for non-automated GC metabolomics (off-line). Moreover, the study was also realized in a pooled urine sample, following metabolic profiling. A study of thermal degradation of metabolites due to GC inlet and oven programs (fast, slow) was performed, where the results indicated that both GC oven programs (fast and slow) negatively affected the thermal stability of the metabolites, while the fast-ramp GC program also suppressed MS signals. However, the use of multiple internal standards can overcome this drawback. The application of extended temperature ramp GC program presented identical behaviour on metabolite stability and better chromatographic separation combined with much lower signal suppression, compared to a short temperature ramp program. No effects were observed for organic acids, fatty acids, sugars and sugar alcohols, while significant differences were observed for amino acids. GC metabolomics is a strong tool that can facilitate analysis, but special attention is required for sampling handling and heating, before and during the GC analysis. The use and application of multiple multi-group internal standards is highly recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil D Tsochatzis
- Department of Food Science, Agro Food Park 48, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark; CiFOOD, Centre for Innovative Research, Aarhus University. Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Caroline Nebel
- Department of Food Science, Agro Food Park 48, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark
| | - Marianne Danielsen
- Department of Food Science, Agro Food Park 48, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark; CiFOOD, Centre for Innovative Research, Aarhus University. Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; CBIO, Centre of Circular Bioeconomy, Blichers Allé 20, Tjele 8830, Denmark
| | - Ulrik K Sundekilde
- Department of Food Science, Agro Food Park 48, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark; CiFOOD, Centre for Innovative Research, Aarhus University. Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Trine Kastrup Dalsgaard
- Department of Food Science, Agro Food Park 48, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark; CiFOOD, Centre for Innovative Research, Aarhus University. Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; CBIO, Centre of Circular Bioeconomy, Blichers Allé 20, Tjele 8830, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hageman JH, Erdõs B, Keijer J, Adriaens M, de Wit B, Stañková B, Tvrzická E, Arts IC, Nieuwenhuizen AG. The Effect of Partly Replacing Vegetable Fat with Bovine Milk Fat in Infant Formula on Postprandial Lipid and Energy Metabolism: A Proof-of-principle Study in Healthy Young Male Adults. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2000848. [PMID: 33682997 PMCID: PMC8243939 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Infant formula (IF) uses besides vegetable fats also bovine milk fat, which differs in triacylglycerol (TAG) structure. Furthermore, it differs in fatty acid (FA) composition. Whether changing fat source in IF affects postprandial energy metabolism, lipemic response, and blood lipid profile is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS A proof-of-principle study, with a randomized controlled double-blind cross-over design, is conducted. Twenty healthy male adults consumed drinks with either 100% vegetable fat (VEG) or 67% bovine milk fat and 33% vegetable fat (BOV), on 2 separate days. For a detailed insight in the postprandial responses, indirect calorimetry is performed continuously, and venous blood samples are taken every 30 min, until 5 h postprandially. No differences in postprandial energy metabolism, serum lipids, lipoprotein, or chylomicron concentrations are observed between drinks. After consumption of VEG-drink, C18:2n-6 in serum increased. Observed differences in chylomicron FA profile reflect differences in initial FA profile of test drinks. Serum ketone bodies concentrations increase following consumption of BOV-drink. CONCLUSIONS The use of bovine milk fat in IF does neither affect postprandial energy metabolism nor lipemic response in healthy adults, but alters postprandial FA profiles and ketone metabolism. Whether the exact same effects occur in infants requires experimental verification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeske H.J. Hageman
- Human and Animal PhysiologyWageningen Universityde Elst 1Wageningen6708 WDNetherlands
- FrieslandCampinaStationsplein 1Amersfoort3818 LENetherlands
| | - Balázs Erdõs
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio)Maastricht UniversityMaastricht6200 MDNetherlands
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal PhysiologyWageningen Universityde Elst 1Wageningen6708 WDNetherlands
| | - Michiel Adriaens
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio)Maastricht UniversityMaastricht6200 MDNetherlands
| | - Britt de Wit
- Human and Animal PhysiologyWageningen Universityde Elst 1Wageningen6708 WDNetherlands
| | - Barbora Stañková
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine1st Faculty of MedicineCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Eva Tvrzická
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine1st Faculty of MedicineCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Ilja C.W. Arts
- Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology (MaCSBio)Maastricht UniversityMaastricht6200 MDNetherlands
| | - Arie G. Nieuwenhuizen
- Human and Animal PhysiologyWageningen Universityde Elst 1Wageningen6708 WDNetherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
He X, McClorry S, Hernell O, Lönnerdal B, Slupsky CM. Digestion of human milk fat in healthy infants. Nutr Res 2020; 83:15-29. [PMID: 32987285 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipid digestion is critical for infant development, and yet, the interconnection between lipid digestion and the microbiota is largely understudied. This review focuses on digestion of the human milk fat globule and summarizes the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying this process in infants. We first discuss the partial hydrolysis of milk fat in the stomach, which leads to rearrangement of lipid droplets, creating a lipid-water interface necessary for duodenal lipolysis. In the first few months of life, secretion of pancreatic triglyceride lipase, phospholipase A2, and bile salts is immature. The dominant lipases aiding fat digestion in the newborn small intestine are therefore pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 and bile salt-stimulated lipase from both the exocrine pancreas and milk. We summarize the interaction between ionic fatty acids and cations to form insoluble fatty acid soaps and how it is influenced by various factors, including cation availability, pH, and bile salt concentration, as well as saturation and chain length of fatty acids. We further argue that the formation of the soap complex does not contribute to lipid bioavailability. Next, the possible roles that the gut microbiota plays in lipid digestion and absorption are discussed. Finally, we provide a perspective on how the manufacturing process of infant formula and dairy products may alter the physical properties and structure of lipid droplets, thereby altering the rate of lipolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan He
- Department of Nutrition, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shannon McClorry
- Department of Nutrition, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Olle Hernell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, SE 901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Carolyn M Slupsky
- Department of Nutrition, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li J, Li L, Guo D, Li S, Zeng Y, Liu C, Fu R, Huang M, Xie W. Triglyceride metabolism and angiopoietin-like proteins in lipoprotein lipase regulation. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 503:19-34. [PMID: 31923423 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia is a risk factor for a series of diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTLs) family, especially ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4 and ANGPTL8, which regulate lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity, play pivotal roles in triglyceride (TG) metabolism and related diseases/complications. There are many transcriptional and post-transcriptional factors that participate in physiological and pathological regulation of ANGPTLs to affect triglyceride metabolism. This review is intended to focus on the similarity and difference in the expression, structural features, regulation profile of the three ANGPTLs and inhibitory models for LPL. Description of the regulatory factors of ANGPTLs and the properties in regulating the lipid metabolism involved in the underlying mechanisms in pathological effects on diseases will provide potential therapeutic approaches for the treatment of dyslipidemia related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China; 2016 Class of Clinical Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - DongMing Guo
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - SuYun Li
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - YuXin Zeng
- 2018 Class of Excellent Doctor, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - ChuHao Liu
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China; 2016 Class of Clinical Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Ru Fu
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China; 2016 Class of Clinical Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - MengQian Huang
- 2015 Class of Clinical Medicine, Fuxing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Wei Xie
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hageman JHJ, Keijer J, Dalsgaard TK, Zeper LW, Carrière F, Feitsma AL, Nieuwenhuizen AG. Free fatty acid release from vegetable and bovine milk fat-based infant formulas and human milk during two-phase in vitro digestion. Food Funct 2019; 10:2102-2113. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01940a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The profile of fatty acids released during in vitro digestion of vegetable and bovine milk fat-based infant formula differ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeske H. J. Hageman
- Human and Animal Physiology
- Wageningen University
- 6708 WD Wageningen
- the Netherlands
- FrieslandCampina
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology
- Wageningen University
- 6708 WD Wageningen
- the Netherlands
| | | | - Lara W. Zeper
- Human and Animal Physiology
- Wageningen University
- 6708 WD Wageningen
- the Netherlands
| | - Frédéric Carrière
- Aix Marseille Univ
- CNRS
- Bioénergetique et Ingénierie des Protéines UMR7281
- 13402 Marseille
- France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Amer B, Clausen MR, Bertram HC, Bohl M, Nebel C, Zheng H, Skov T, Larsen MK, Gregersen S, Hermansen K, Dalsgaard TK. Consumption of Whey in Combination with Dairy Medium‐Chain Fatty Acids (MCFAs) may Reduce Lipid Storage due to Urinary Loss of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Intermediates and Increased Rates of MCFAs Oxidation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201601048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bashar Amer
- Department of Food ScienceAarhus University Tjele/Årslev Denmark
| | | | | | - Mette Bohl
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital Aarhus Denmark
| | - Caroline Nebel
- Department of Food ScienceAarhus University Tjele/Årslev Denmark
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Food ScienceAarhus University Tjele/Årslev Denmark
| | - Thomas Skov
- Department of Food ScienceFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Copenhagen Fredriksberg C Denmark
| | - Mette Krogh Larsen
- Department of Food ScienceAarhus University Tjele/Årslev Denmark
- Arla Foods Videbaek Denmark
| | - Søren Gregersen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital Aarhus Denmark
| | - Kjeld Hermansen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal MedicineAarhus University Hospital Aarhus Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|