1
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Tang Y, Yang G, Liu X, Qin L, Zhai W, Fodjo EK, Shen X, Wang Y, Lou X, Kong C. Rapid Sample Enrichment, Novel Derivatization, and High Sensitivity for Determination of 3-Chloropropane-1,2-diol in Soy Sauce via High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:15388-15397. [PMID: 37797339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel, simplified derivatization method and a rapid sample preparation process using carbon yarn as a sorbent for the determination of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) in soy sauce via high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was developed. 3-MCPD was first enriched and purified with carbon yarn and then eluted with a methanol-water solution. Subsequently, the analyte underwent derivatization with p-(dimethylamino)-phenol for sensitive detection via HPLC-MS/MS. The limit of detection and the limit of quantitation for 3-MCPD were validated to be 0.5 and 1.0 μg/kg, respectively. Spiking experiments showed recoveries between 83 and 94%, with a relative standard deviation of ≤10%. The method was further validated with a certified reference material. Furthermore, 11 real soy sauce samples from local markets were tested by using this method. These results reveal the widespread 3-MCPD contamination. Consequently, this study offers a preferable alternative for the sensitive, accurate, and precise determination of 3-MCPD in soy sauce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Jungong 300, Shanghai 200090, P. R. China
| | - Guangxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Jungong 300, Shanghai 200090, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, P. R. China
| | - Lixia Qin
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, P. R. China
| | - Wenlei Zhai
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, P. R. China
| | - Essy Kouadio Fodjo
- Laboratory of Constitution and Reaction of Matter, UFR SSMT, Université Felix Houphouet Boigny, Abidjan 22 22 BP 582, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Xiaosheng Shen
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Jungong 300, Shanghai 200090, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Jungong 300, Shanghai 200090, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Lou
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Jungong 300, Shanghai 200090, P. R. China
| | - Cong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Control of Quality and Safety for Aquatic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Jungong 300, Shanghai 200090, P. R. China
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2
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Shen Z, Tian K, Ali MM, Mei S, Ma X, Liang J, Pan F, Li J, Sui H, Du Z. The occurrence and probabilistic risk assessment of 3-MCPDEs and GEs in infant formulas from Chinese market employing Monte Carlo simulation technique. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113978. [PMID: 37532171 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDEs) and glycidyl esters (GEs) are food contaminants and have arisen continuous attention due to their toxicity, especially towards infants. Current risk assessment of these contaminants was mostly employing deterministic approaches, lacking quantitative characterization of the likelihood, incidence, or severity of the risks involved. Herein, 3-MCPDE and GE levels in 46 representative infant formulas (IFs) from Chinese market were determined by GC-MS/MS. Then, combining the occurrence data and consumption data from China National Food Consumption Survey, the Monte Carlo simulation-based probabilistic model for risk assessment of 3-MCPDEs and GEs in IFs from Chinese market was established. The results showed that all P90 (90th percentiles) hazard quotient values were below 1, demonstrating 3-MCPDEs didn't pose health risks to most populations aged 0-36 months old. However, for 0-12 months old groups, P10 (10th percentiles) margin of exposure values were all below 25000, indicating GEs may pose potential risks to 10% of this group. Uncertainty analysis revealed that the probabilistic model had considered uncertainties of model input and distribution, and realized refined assessment. This study is the first report on probabilistic assessment of 3-MCPDEs and GEs in IFs, which also provided references for the formulation of related regulatory limits in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengchao Shen
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Kexin Tian
- School of Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Muhammad Mujahid Ali
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Sifan Mei
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Ma
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Liang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100022, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Pan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwen Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100022, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixia Sui
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenxia Du
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Zhang M, Olajide TM, Cao W. Automated methods for the determination of 2- and 3-monochloropropanediol (MCPD) esters and glycidyl esters in milk powder products by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and risk assessment. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.105084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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4
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Nik Azmi NNA, Tan TC, Ang MY, Leong YH. Occurrence and risk assessment of 3-monochloropropanediols esters (3-MCPDE), 2-monochloropropanediol esters (2-MCPDE), and glycidyl esters (GE) in commercial infant formula samples from Malaysia. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:212-221. [PMID: 36602442 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2163054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The presence of 3-monochloropropanediol esters (3-MCPDE), 2-monochloropropanediol esters (2-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE) in infant formula products has raised serious concerns. They incorporate vegetable oils, particularly palm-based oils, which are well-known to contain large amounts of these process contaminants. An analysis was conducted on infant formula samples (n = 16) obtained from the Malaysian market to determine the levels of 3-MCPDE, 2-MCPDE and GE using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The method was validated, with a limit of quantification (LOQ) on instrument of 0.10 µg/g for all analytes. The median concentrations of 3-MCPDE, 2-MCPDE and GE in infant formula in this study were 0.008 µg/g, 0.003 µg/g and 0.002 µg/g respectively. The estimated dietary intakes calculated from consumption of infant formula show higher exposures to infants within the age group of 0 to 5 months, highest for GE (1.61 µg/kg bw/day), followed by 3-MCPDE (0.68 µg/kg bw/day) and 2-MCPDE (0.41 µg/kg bw/day) compared to the age group of 6 to 12 months. Only one sample, relating to GE exposure is a potential risk for both age groups with MOE value below 25,000.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thuan-Chew Tan
- Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.,Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - May Yen Ang
- Shimadzu Malaysia Sdn Bhd, Kota Damansara, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yin-Hui Leong
- National Poison Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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5
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Custodio-Mendoza JA, Sendón R, de Quirós ARB, Lorenzo RA, Carro AM. Development of a QuEChERS method for simultaneous analysis of 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol monoesters and Glycidyl esters in edible oils and margarine by LC-APCI-MS/MS. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1239:340712. [PMID: 36628717 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A simple, fast and effective direct method based on HPLC-APCI-QqQ-MS/MS has been developed to simultaneously determine four 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol monoesters (3-MCPDE) esterified with palmitic, linoleic, stearic, and oleic acid, and two glycidyl esters (GE) with palmitic and oleic acid in margarine and olive oil using a QuEChERS approach. Factors affecting the efficiency of the extraction process were assessed, including type and amount of salt, extraction solvent, test portion amount, and clean-up sorbent. The analytical method was validated according to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines using matrix-matched calibration with internal standards and showed good results in terms of linearity (r2 > 0.9992), accuracy (80<Recovery<120%), and precision (RSD<15%). The method was successfully applied for the first time to 11 margarine samples for simultaneous analysis of 3-MCPDE and GE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Custodio-Mendoza
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Raquel Sendón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez-Bernaldo de Quirós
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosa A Lorenzo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonia M Carro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Instituto de Materiais (iMATUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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6
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Shen Z, Ma X, Mujahid Ali M, Liang J, Sui H, Du Z. Study of the evolution of 3-MCPDEs and GEs in the infant formula production chain employing a modified indirect method based on magnetic solid phase extraction. Food Chem 2023; 399:134018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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7
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Li S, Li J, Feng S, Bian L, Liu Z, Ping Y, Wang X, Van Schepdael A. Headspace solid-phase microextraction and on-fiber derivatization for the determination of 3-/2-MCPDE and GE in breast milk and infant formula by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Faridah DN, Ulfa MN, Andarwulan N. The comparison of several lipid extraction methods on infant formula for 3‐monochloropropanediol esters and glycidyl esters analysis. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Didah Nur Faridah
- Department of Food Science and Technology IPB University Jalan Lingkar Akademik, Babakan, Dramaga Bogor West Java 16680 Indonesia
- SEAFAST Center, IPB University Ulin Street Number 1, Babakan, Dramaga Bogor West Java 16680 Indonesia
| | - Masayu Nur Ulfa
- Department of Food Science and Technology IPB University Jalan Lingkar Akademik, Babakan, Dramaga Bogor West Java 16680 Indonesia
| | - Nuri Andarwulan
- Department of Food Science and Technology IPB University Jalan Lingkar Akademik, Babakan, Dramaga Bogor West Java 16680 Indonesia
- SEAFAST Center, IPB University Ulin Street Number 1, Babakan, Dramaga Bogor West Java 16680 Indonesia
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9
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Beekman JK, Popol S, Granvogl M, MacMahon S. Occurrence of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters and glycidyl esters in infant formulas from Germany. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1656-1671. [PMID: 34237243 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1940308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD), 2-monochloropropanediol-1,3-diol (2-MCPD), and glycidol are heat-induced processing contaminants formed during the deodorisation step of edible oil refining. Because these compounds are potentially carcinogenic and/or genotoxic, their presence in refined oils and fats and foods containing these oils/fats poses possible health concerns. In particular, formula-fed infants may be exposed to these compounds due to their presence in commercial infant formulas. For this reason, in 2018, the European Union established maximum limits for glycidyl esters in oils/fats and infant formulas and recently, as of January 2021, implemented regulations for the sum of free 3-MCPD and 3-MCPD fatty acid esters as well. This work involved the analysis of 3-MCPD and glycidyl ester contents in 45 infant formula products purchased from German supermarkets in 2019. The data produced in this study showed that average contaminant concentrations across all manufacturers were exceptionally low, with 100% of the products analysed falling below the current EU regulation for glycidyl esters in powdered formulas and 96% of the products analysed meeting the recently implemented regulation for the sum of free and bound 3-MCPD. In addition, a comparison of the 2019 data set to occurrence data collected for German formulas purchased in 2015 showed that average bound 3-MCPD and glycidol concentrations have decreased (from 0.094 to 0.054 µg g-1 and from 0.010 to 0.006 µg g-1, respectively), likely indicating that additional/improved mitigation measures for reducing contaminant concentrations in infant formulas have been implemented over the 4-year period. The data collected in this occurrence study are suitable for estimating levels of exposure to these compounds for German infants.Abbreviations: 2-MCPD: 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol; 3-MCPD: 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol; ARA: arachidonic acid; CE: collision energy; CXP: collision cell exit potential; DHA: docosahexaenoic acid; DP: declustering potential; EP: entrance potential; EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; EtOAc: ethyl acetate; IPA: isopropanol; LC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; MeOH: methanol; MTBE: methyl tert-butyl ether; SPE: solid-phase extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Beekman
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, Maryland, United States
| | - Samanta Popol
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, Maryland, United States
| | - Michael Granvogl
- Department of Food Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry (170a), Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Shaun MacMahon
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, Maryland, United States
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10
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Ioime P, Piva E, Pozzebon M, Pascali JP. Automated sample preparation and analysis by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) for the determination of 3- and 2-monochloropropanediol (MCPD) esters and glycidol esters in edible oils. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1650:462253. [PMID: 34049252 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The potentially carcinogenic process contaminant 3- and 2-monochloropropanediol esters (2-MCPD and 3-MCPD esters) and glycidyl esters (GEs) are under study in refined oils and foodstuffs. Legislation set recommended total daily intake (TDI) for 3-MCPD of 0.8 µg/kg and as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) for glycidol. Usually, the so far adopted method for the determination of these contaminants relay on numerous and time-consuming steps for sample preparation (AOCS methods) and on GC-MS detection. The obtained sensitivities and the number of processable samples are thus limited. In this optic, new reliable methods that allow for the fast and sensitive determination of these contaminants in edible oils may be considered an improvement of the overall strategy of tackling the problem. In this paper a new automated method for sample preparation and detection by GC-MS/MS is presented and validated. Data on sensitivity (LOD at 1.5, 2.2 and 3 ng/g for 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD, 3-MBPD (deriving from glycidol), respectively), linearity across low and high calibration ranges and precision showed to be fit-for-purposes. Finally, the methodology was applied to ten extra virgin oil samples and one sample of sunflower seeds oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Ioime
- dtoLABS, Via Pozzuoli, 13C/13D, 30038, Spinea (VE), Italy
| | - Elena Piva
- dtoLABS, Via Pozzuoli, 13C/13D, 30038, Spinea (VE), Italy
| | | | - Jennifer P Pascali
- Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35127, Padova, Italy.
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11
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A novel method for the simultaneous determination of esterified 2-/3-MCPD and glycidol in foods by GC-MS/MS. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Hidalgo-Ruiz JL, Romero-González R, Martínez Vidal JL, Garrido Frenich A. Determination of 3-monochloropropanediol esters and glycidyl esters in fatty matrices by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1639:461940. [PMID: 33548662 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The development and validation of a method for the analysis of traces of 3-monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD) esters (19) and glycidyl esters (7) of fatty acids in vegetable oils, margarine, biscuits and croissants was performed. An extraction method based on the use of solvents (tert‑butyl methyl ether (20% ethyl acetate, v/v)) was carried out and cleaning of the extract with a mixture of sorbents (Si-SAX, PSA and Z-sep+) was optimized for the elimination of fatty interferents. The analysis of the targeted compounds was carried out by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, using a triple quadrupole analyzer (UHPLC-MS/MS-QqQ). The validation of the method provided trueness values between 72 and 118% and precision lower than 20%. The limits of quantification ranged from 0.01 to 0.1 mg kg-1, which were below the current legal limits. Twenty samples of vegetable oils as well of 4 samples of margarine, biscuits and croissants were analyzed. Six out of the 24 samples (25%) exceeded the limits set by European legislation, and a maximum contamination of 3-MCPD esters at 2.52 mg kg-1 was obtained in a sample of corn oil (being 1-myristoyl-3-MCPD the compound detected at the highest concentration). A maximum concentration of glycidyl esters at 7.84 mg kg-1 was determined in a soybean oil sample (glycidyl linoleate as the main compound). Only one sample of olive oil exceeded the maximum allowable limit for 3-MCPD esters with a value of 1.72 mg kg-1, expressed as 3-MCPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Hidalgo-Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Analytical Chemistry Area, University of Almería, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Roberto Romero-González
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Analytical Chemistry Area, University of Almería, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 Almería, Spain
| | - José Luis Martínez Vidal
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Analytical Chemistry Area, University of Almería, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Antonia Garrido Frenich
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Analytical Chemistry Area, University of Almería, Research Centre for Mediterranean Intensive Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120 Almería, Spain.
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13
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Monochloropropanediol and glycidyl esters in infant formula and baby food products on the Danish market: Occurrence and preliminary risk assessment. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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14
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Beekman JK, Grassi K, MacMahon S. Updated occurrence of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPD) and glycidyl esters in infant formulas purchased in the United States between 2017 and 2019. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:374-390. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1706002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K. Beekman
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Kaitlin Grassi
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Shaun MacMahon
- United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
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15
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MacMahon S, Beekman J. 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD), 2-chloro-1,3-propanediol (2-MCPD) and glycidyl esters in infant formula: a review. Curr Opin Food Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Beekman J, MacMahon S. The impact of infant formula production on the concentrations of 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 37:48-60. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1672898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Beekman
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Shaun MacMahon
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA
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17
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Beekman JK, Granvogl M, MacMahon S. Analysis and Occurrence of MCPD and Glycidyl Esters in Infant Formulas and Other Complex Food Matrices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2019-1306.ch005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K. Beekman
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safetyand Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), 5001 Campus Drive,College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Michael Granvogl
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Chemistry, Chair for Food Chemistry, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Shaun MacMahon
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safetyand Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), 5001 Campus Drive,College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
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18
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Zwagerman R, Overman P. Optimized Analysis of MCPD‐ and Glycidyl Esters in Edible Oils and Fats Using Fast Alkaline Transesterification and13C‐Correction for Glycidol Overestimation: Validation Including Interlaboratory Comparison. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201800395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Zwagerman
- Bunge Loders Croklaan B.V.Hogeweg 1 1521 AZWormerveerThe Netherlands
| | - Pierre Overman
- Bunge Loders Croklaan B.V.Hogeweg 1 1521 AZWormerveerThe Netherlands
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19
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Goh KM, Wong YH, Ang MY, Yeo SCM, Abas F, Lai OM, Tan CP. Comparison assessment between SIM and MRM mode in the analysis of 3-MCPD ester, 2-MCPD ester and glycidyl ester. Food Res Int 2018; 121:553-560. [PMID: 31108780 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The detection of 3- and 2-MCPD ester and glycidyl ester was transformed from selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode to multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode by gas chromatography triple quadrupole spectrometry. The derivatization process was adapted from AOCS method Cd 29a-13. The results showed that the coefficient of determination (R2) of all detected compounds obtained from both detection mode was comparable, which falls between 0.997 and 0.999. The limit of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ) were improved in MRM mode as compared to SIM mode. In MRM mode, the LOD of 3- and 2-MCPD ester was achieved 0.01 mg/kg while the LOQ was 0.05 mg/kg. Besides, LOD and LOQ of glycidyl ester were 0.024 and 0.06 mg/kg respectively. A blank spiked with MCPD esters (0.03, 0.10 and 0.50 mg/kg) and GE (0.06, 0.24 and 1.20 mg/kg) were chosen for repeatability and recovery tests. MRM mode showed better repeatability in area ratio and recovery with relative standard deviation (RSD %) < 5% for 2-, 3-MCPD ester at 0.5 mg/kg and GE at 1.2 mg/kg. Quantification of 22 food samples from different category were performed by repeated injections in both detection modes. Briefly, the contaminants from crude palm oil, mustard and olive oil were present in minute amount which below the LOD or LOQ in both detection modes. Sample from chocolate and infant formula products showed certain level of MCPD esters and GE, and their detection was more precisely quantitated based on MRM mode. Besides, margarine products showed a higher level of contaminations due to the high fat content in these products. MRM mode detection was proven to provide precise data with low RSD % in different food matrices. MRM mode detection was robust and selective for MCPD esters and GE analyses, it should be applied to determine the concentration of MCPD esters and GE contaminations in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok Ming Goh
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Yu Hua Wong
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - May Yen Ang
- Shimadzu Malaysia CSC (Customer Support Centre) Analytical Laboratory, Shimadzu Malaysia Sdn Bhd, No.6 Lorong Teknologi 3/4A, Nouvelle Industrial Park 2, Taman Sains Selangor 1, Kota Damansara, 47810, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Samuel Chao Ming Yeo
- ADSC (Application Development and Support Centre) Shimadzu Asia Pacific, Shimadzu Asia Pacific Pte Ltd, 79 Science Park Drive, #02-01/08, Cintech IV, Singapore 118264, Singapore
| | - Faridah Abas
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Oi Ming Lai
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Chin Ping Tan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia.
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Spungen JH, MacMahon S, Leigh J, Flannery B, Kim G, Chirtel S, Smegal D. Estimated US infant exposures to 3-MCPD esters and glycidyl esters from consumption of infant formula. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1085-1092. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1459051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith H. Spungen
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), College Park, MD, USA
| | - Shaun MacMahon
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jessica Leigh
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), College Park, MD, USA
| | - Brenna Flannery
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), College Park, MD, USA
| | - Grace Kim
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), College Park, MD, USA
| | - Stuart Chirtel
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), College Park, MD, USA
| | - Deborah Smegal
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), College Park, MD, USA
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Leigh J, MacMahon S. Occurrence of 3-monochloropropanediol esters and glycidyl esters in commercial infant formulas in the United States. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:356-370. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1276304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Leigh
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), College Park, MD, USA
| | - Shaun MacMahon
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA), College Park, MD, USA
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