1
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Plett JM, Wojtalewicz D, Plett KL, Collin S, Kohler A, Jacob C, Martin F. Sesquiterpenes of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus microcarpus alter root growth and promote host colonization. MYCORRHIZA 2024; 34:69-84. [PMID: 38441669 PMCID: PMC10998793 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-024-01137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Trees form symbioses with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, maintained in part through mutual benefit to both organisms. Our understanding of the signaling events leading to the successful interaction between the two partners requires further study. This is especially true for understanding the role of volatile signals produced by ECM fungi. Terpenoids are a predominant class of volatiles produced by ECM fungi. While several ECM genomes are enriched in the enzymes responsible for the production of these volatiles (i.e., terpene synthases (TPSs)) when compared to other fungi, we have limited understanding of the biochemical products associated with each enzyme and the physiological impact of specific terpenes on plant growth. Using a combination of phylogenetic analyses, RNA sequencing, and functional characterization of five TPSs from two distantly related ECM fungi (Laccaria bicolor and Pisolithus microcarpus), we investigated the role of these secondary metabolites during the establishment of symbiosis. We found that despite phylogenetic divergence, these TPSs produced very similar terpene profiles. We focused on the role of P. microcarpus terpenes and found that the fungus expressed a diverse array of mono-, di-, and sesquiterpenes prior to contact with the host. However, these metabolites were repressed following physical contact with the host Eucalyptus grandis. Exposure of E. grandis to heterologously produced terpenes (enriched primarily in γ -cadinene) led to a reduction in the root growth rate and an increase in P. microcarpus-colonized root tips. These results support a very early putative role of fungal-produced terpenes in the establishment of symbiosis between mycorrhizal fungi and their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia.
| | - Dominika Wojtalewicz
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Krista L Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
| | - Sabrina Collin
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IMoPA, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Annegret Kohler
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Centre INRAE Grand Est-Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | | | - Francis Martin
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Centre INRAE Grand Est-Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
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2
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Wu X, Du Z, Liu L, Chen Z, Li Y, Fu S. Integrative Analysis of Transcriptome and Metabolome Sheds Light on Flavonoid Biosynthesis in the Fruiting Body of Stropharia rugosoannulata. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:254. [PMID: 38667925 PMCID: PMC11051051 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a diverse family of natural compounds that are widely distributed in plants and play a critical role in plant growth, development, and stress adaptation. In recent years, the biosynthesis of flavonoids in plants has been well-researched, with the successive discovery of key genes driving this process. However, the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in fungi remains unclear. Stropharia rugosoannulata is an edible mushroom known for its high nutritional and pharmacological value, with flavonoids being one of its main active components. To investigate the flavonoid content of S. rugosoannulata, a study was conducted to extract and determine the total flavonoids at four stages: young mushroom (Ym), gill (Gi), maturation (Ma), and parachute-opening (Po). The findings revealed a gradual increase in total flavonoid concentration as the fruiting body developed, with significant variations observed between the Ym, Gi, and Ma stages. Subsequently, we used UPLC-MS/MS and transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) to quantify the flavonoids and identify regulatory genes of Ym, Gi, and Ma. In total, 53 flavonoid-related metabolites and 6726 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Through KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, we identified 59 structural genes encoding flavonoid biosynthesis-related enzymes, most of which were up-regulated during the development of the fruiting body, consistent with the accumulation of flavonoids. This research led to the establishment of a comprehensive transcriptional metabolic regulatory network encompassing flavonoids, flavonoid synthases, and transcription factors (TFs). This represents the first systematic exploration of the molecular mechanism of flavonoids in the fruiting of fungi, offering a foundation for further research on flavonoid mechanisms and the breeding of high-quality S. rugosoannulata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China;
| | - Zhihui Du
- Guizhou Horticulture Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550009, China; (Z.D.); (L.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Lian Liu
- Guizhou Horticulture Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550009, China; (Z.D.); (L.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zhilin Chen
- Guizhou Horticulture Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550009, China; (Z.D.); (L.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Yurong Li
- Guizhou Horticulture Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550009, China; (Z.D.); (L.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Shaobin Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China;
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3
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Schäfer E, Seibold PS, Bartram S, Trottmann F, Haensch VG, Gressler M, Chadeayne AR, Hertweck C, O'Connor SE, Hoffmeister D. A "Magic Mushroom" Multi-Product Sesquiterpene Synthase. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300511. [PMID: 37614035 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Psilocybe "magic mushrooms" are chemically well understood for their psychotropic tryptamines. However, the diversity of their other specialized metabolites, in particular terpenoids, has largely remained an open question. Yet, knowledge on the natural product background is critical to understand if other compounds modulate the psychotropic pharmacological effects. CubA, the single clade II sesquiterpene synthase of P. cubensis, was heterologously produced in Escherichia coli and characterized in vitro, complemented by in vivo product formation assays in Aspergillus niger as a heterologous host. Extensive GC-MS analyses proved a function as multi-product synthase and, depending on the reaction conditions, cubebol, β-copaene, δ-cadinene, and germacrene D were detected as the major products of CubA. In addition, mature P. cubensis carpophores were analysed chromatographically which led to the detection of β-copaene and δ-cadinene. Enzymes closely related to CubA are encoded in the genomes of various Psilocybe species. Therefore, our results provide insight into the metabolic capacity of the entire genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike Schäfer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Winzerlaer Str. 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Paula S Seibold
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Winzerlaer Str. 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Neugasse 23, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Bartram
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department Natural Product Biosynthesis, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Felix Trottmann
- Department Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Veit G Haensch
- Department Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Gressler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Winzerlaer Str. 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Christian Hertweck
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Neugasse 23, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Department Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Neugasse 23, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah E O'Connor
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department Natural Product Biosynthesis, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Winzerlaer Str. 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Neugasse 23, 07743, Jena, Germany
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4
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Wang S, Chen R, Yuan L, Zhang C, Liang D, Qiao J. Molecular and Functional Analyses of Characterized Sesquiterpene Synthases in Mushroom-Forming Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1017. [PMID: 37888273 PMCID: PMC10608071 DOI: 10.3390/jof9101017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes are a type of abundant natural product with widespread applications in several industries. They are biosynthesized by sesquiterpene synthases (STSs). As valuable and abundant biological resources, mushroom-forming fungi are rich in new sesquiterpenes and STSs, which remain largely unexploited. In the present study, we collected information on 172 STSs from mushroom-forming fungi with experimentally characterized products from the literature and sorted them to develop a dataset. Furthermore, we analyzed and discussed the phylogenetic tree, catalytic products, and conserved motifs of STSs. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the STSs were clustered into four clades. Furthermore, their cyclization reaction mechanism was divided into four corresponding categories. This database was used to predict 12 putative STS genes from the edible fungi Flammulina velutipes. Finally, three FvSTSs were selected to experimentally characterize their functions. FvSTS03 predominantly produced Δ-cadinol and FvSTS08 synthesized β-barbatene as the main product; these findings were consistent with those of the functional prediction analysis. A product titer of 78.8 mg/L β-barbatene was achieved in Saccharomyces cerevisiae via metabolic engineering. Our study findings will help screen or design STSs from fungi with specific product profiles as functional elements for applications in synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (S.W.); (R.C.); (L.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China;
| | - Ruiqi Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (S.W.); (R.C.); (L.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China;
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (S.W.); (R.C.); (L.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China;
| | - Chenyang Zhang
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China;
| | - Dongmei Liang
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China;
| | - Jianjun Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; (S.W.); (R.C.); (L.Y.)
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University (Shaoxing), Shaoxing 312300, China;
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5
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Pukalski J, Latowski D. Secrets of Flavonoid Synthesis in Mushroom Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193052. [PMID: 36231014 PMCID: PMC9562910 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are chemical compounds that occur widely across the plant kingdom. They are considered valuable food additives with pro-health properties, and their sources have also been identified in other kingdoms. Especially interesting is the ability of edible mushrooms to synthesize flavonoids. Mushrooms are usually defined as a group of fungal species capable of producing macroscopic fruiting bodies, and there are many articles considering the content of flavonoids in this group of fungi. Whereas the synthesis of flavonoids was revealed in mycelial cells, the ability of mushroom fruiting bodies to produce flavonoids does not seem to be clearly resolved. This article, as an overview of the latest key scientific findings on flavonoids in mushrooms, outlines and organizes the current state of knowledge on the ability of mushroom fruiting bodies to synthesize this important group of compounds for vital processes. Putting the puzzle of the current state of knowledge on flavonoid biosynthesis in mushroom cells together, we propose a universal scheme of studies to unambiguously decide whether the fruiting bodies of individual mushrooms are capable of synthesizing flavonoids.
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6
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Wu J, Yang X, Duan Y, Wang P, Qi J, Gao JM, Liu C. Biosynthesis of Sesquiterpenes in Basidiomycetes: A Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090913. [PMID: 36135638 PMCID: PMC9501842 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes are common small-molecule natural products with a wide range of promising applications and are biosynthesized by sesquiterpene synthase (STS). Basidiomycetes are valuable and important biological resources. To date, hundreds of related sesquiterpenoids have been discovered in basidiomycetes, and the biosynthetic pathways of some of these compounds have been elucidated. This review summarizes 122 STSs and 2 fusion enzymes STSs identified from 26 species of basidiomycetes over the past 20 years. The biological functions of enzymes and compound structures are described, and related research is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Wu
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xiaoran Yang
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yingce Duan
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Pengchao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jianzhao Qi
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chengwei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Correspondence:
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7
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Improved Foods Using Enzymes from Basidiomycetes. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10040726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the kingdom of fungi, the division Basidiomycota represents more than 30,000 species, some with huge genomes indicating great metabolic potential. The fruiting bodies of many basidiomycetes are appreciated as food (“mushrooms”). Solid-state and submerged cultivation processes have been established for many species. Specifically, xylophilic fungi secrete numerous enzymes but also form smaller metabolites along unique pathways; both groups of compounds may be of interest to the food processing industry. To stimulate further research and not aim at comprehensiveness in the broad field, this review describes some recent progress in fermentation processes and the knowledge of fungal genetics. Processes with potential for food applications based on lipases, esterases, glycosidases, peptidases and oxidoreductases are presented. The formation and degradation of colourants, the degradation of harmful food components, the formation of food ingredients and particularly of volatile and non-volatile flavours serve as examples. In summary, edible basidiomycetes are foods—and catalysts—for food applications and rich donors of genes to construct heterologous cell factories for fermentation processes. Options arise to support the worldwide trend toward greener, more eco-friendly and sustainable processes.
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8
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Cao R, Wu X, Wang Q, Qi P, Zhang Y, Wang L, Sun C. Characterization of γ-Cadinene Enzymes in Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma sinensis from Basidiomycetes Provides Insight into the Identification of Terpenoid Synthases. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:7229-7239. [PMID: 35252713 PMCID: PMC8892675 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes boost protein engineering, directed evolution, and the biochemical industry and are also the cornerstone of metabolic engineering. Basidiomycetes are known to produce a large variety of terpenoids with unique structures. However, basidiomycetous terpene synthases remain largely untapped. Therefore, we provide a modeling method to obtain specific terpene synthases. Aided by bioinformatics analysis, three γ-cadinene enzymes from Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma sinensis were accurately predicted and identified experimentally. Based on the highly conserved amino motifs of the characterized γ-cadinene enzymes, the enzyme was reassembled as model 1. Using this model as a template, 67 homologous sequences of the γ-cadinene enzyme were screened from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). According to the 67 sequences, the same gene structure, and similar conserved motifs to model 1, the γ-cadinene enzyme model was further improved by the same construction method and renamed as model 2. The results of bioinformatics analysis show that the conservative regions of models 1 and 2 are highly similar. In addition, five of these sequences were verified, 100% of which were γ-cadinene enzymes. The accuracy of the prediction ability of the γ-cadinene enzyme model was proven. In the same way, we also reanalyzed the identified Δ6-protoilludene enzymes in fungi and (-)-α-bisabolol enzymes in plants, all of which have their own unique conserved motifs. Our research method is expected to be used to study other terpenoid synthases with a similar or the same function in basidiomycetes, ascomycetes, bacteria, and plants and to provide rich enzyme resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Cao
- School
of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Xinlong Wu
- College
of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- School
of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Pengyan Qi
- School
of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Yuna Zhang
- School
of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Lizhi Wang
- School
of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China
| | - Chao Sun
- Institute
of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese
Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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9
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Abstract
Hundreds of terpenoids have been isolated from Basidiomycota, among them are volatile mono- and sesquiterpenes with amazing sensory qualities, representing a promising alternative to essential oils from endangered plant species. Sesquiterpene synthases (STS) appear to be an abundant class of enzymes in these fungi. The basidiomycete Cerrena unicolor, a known sesquiterpene producer, was in silico screened for sesquiterpene cyclases via homology Basic Local Alignment Search Tool searches. Cyclase genes identified were cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli Bl21 using pCOLD I as the expression vector. Ten cyclases were successfully produced and purified, and their identity was confirmed using amino acid sequencing of tryptic peptides by nano-liquid chromatography-high resolution-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis was applied to characterize these cyclases according to the formation of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxidized terpenoids. Bioinformatic characterization and phylogenetic determination allowed for the classification of these diverse fungal enzymes. A representative single and a multi-product STS, respectively, were further analyzed for their dependency from divalent metal cations as a cofactor for the catalytic activity.
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10
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Yang LY, Gong Q, Guo JQ, Li GL. Microbes as a production host to produce natural activecompounds from mushrooms: biosynthetic pathway elucidationand metabolic engineering. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:580-590. [PMID: 34419258 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(21)60058-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mushrooms are abundant in bioactive natural compounds. Due to strict growth conditions and long fermentation-time, microbe as a production host is an alternative and sustainable approach for the production of natural compounds. This review focuses on the biosynthetic pathways of mushroom originated natural compounds and microbes as the production host for the production of the above natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yang Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Qiang Gong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Jian-Quan Guo
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China.
| | - Gui-Lan Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, China.
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11
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Rigling M, Liu Z, Hofele M, Prozmann J, Zhang C, Ni L, Fan R, Zhang Y. Aroma and catechin profile and in vitro antioxidant activity of green tea infusion as affected by submerged fermentation with Wolfiporia cocos (Fu Ling). Food Chem 2021; 361:130065. [PMID: 34023683 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In response to the increasing interest of western consumers in high antioxidant activity of green tea but their low acceptance of its green odor, we employed a new starter culture, Wolfiporia cocos to tune flavor of green tea infusion. After submerged fermentation for 17 h, W. cocos changed the characteristic green odor to an attractive floral, jasmine-like, and slightly citrus-like flavor while preserving most of in vitro antioxidant activity. By application of mSBSE-GC-MS-O combined with sensorial tests, the formed pleasant aroma was mainly attributed to methyl anthranilate (OAV 802), linalool (OAV 190), 2-phenylethanol (OAV165), and geraniol (OAV 118). Concurrently, the catechin profile determined by UHPLC-MS showed diverse reduction rates (10-50%) for the individual catechins after fermentation. Nevertheless, up to 80% of in vitro antioxidant activity in DPPH assay was preserved. Overall, our findings provide an innovative approach to naturally flavor green tea while retaining the antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Rigling
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Flavor Chemistry, Fruwirthstraße 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Zhibin Liu
- Fuzhou University, Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, 350108 Fuzhou, China
| | - Miriam Hofele
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Flavor Chemistry, Fruwirthstraße 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julia Prozmann
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Flavor Chemistry, Fruwirthstraße 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Chen Zhang
- Fuzhou University, Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, 350108 Fuzhou, China
| | - Li Ni
- Fuzhou University, Institute of Food Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Engineering, 350108 Fuzhou, China
| | - Rong Fan
- University of Applied Science Mittelhessen, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Wiesenstraße 14, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Flavor Chemistry, Fruwirthstraße 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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12
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Gressler M, Löhr NA, Schäfer T, Lawrinowitz S, Seibold PS, Hoffmeister D. Mind the mushroom: natural product biosynthetic genes and enzymes of Basidiomycota. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:702-722. [PMID: 33404035 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00077a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to September 2020 Mushroom-forming fungi of the division Basidiomycota have traditionally been recognised as prolific producers of structurally diverse and often bioactive secondary metabolites, using the methods of chemistry for research. Over the past decade, -omics technologies were applied on these fungi, and sophisticated heterologous gene expression platforms emerged, which have boosted research into the genetic and biochemical basis of the biosyntheses. This review provides an overview on experimentally confirmed natural product biosyntheses of basidiomycete polyketides, amino acid-derived products, terpenoids, and volatiles. We also present challenges and solutions particular to natural product research with these fungi. 222 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Gressler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Nikolai A Löhr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Tim Schäfer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Lawrinowitz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Paula Sophie Seibold
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans Knöll Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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13
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Liu X, Xia Y, Zhang Y, Yang C, Xiong Z, Song X, Ai L. Comprehensive transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of antroquinonol biosynthetic genes and enzymes in Antrodia camphorata. AMB Express 2020; 10:136. [PMID: 32748086 PMCID: PMC7399014 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antroquinonol (AQ) has several remarkable bioactivities in acute myeloid leukaemia and pancreatic cancer, but difficulties in the mass production of AQ hamper its applications. Currently, molecular biotechnology methods, such as gene overexpression, have been widely used to increase the production of metabolites. However, AQ biosynthetic genes and enzymes are poorly understood. In this study, an integrated study coupling RNA-Seq and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) were used to identify AQ synthesis-related genes and enzymes in Antrodia camphorata during coenzyme Q0-induced fermentation (FM). The upregulated genes related to acetyl-CoA synthesis indicated that acetyl-CoA enters the mevalonate pathway to form the farnesyl tail precursor of AQ. The metE gene for an enzyme with methyl transfer activity provided sufficient methyl groups for AQ structure formation. The CoQ2 and ubiA genes encode p-hydroxybenzoate polyprenyl transferase, linking coenzyme Q0 and the polyisoprene side chain to form coenzyme Q3. NADH is transformed into NAD+ and releases two electrons, which may be beneficial for the conversion of coenzyme Q3 to AQ. Understanding the biosynthetic genes and enzymes of AQ is important for improving its production by genetic means in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Xia
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Caiyun Yang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Xiong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Song
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianzhong Ai
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Kuang Y, Li B, Wang Z, Qiao X, Ye M. Terpenoids from the medicinal mushroom Antrodia camphorata: chemistry and medicinal potential. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 38:83-102. [PMID: 32720965 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00023j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to February 2020Antrodia camphorata is a medicinal mushroom endemic to Taiwan for the treatment of intoxication, liver injury, cancer, and inflammation. Owing to its rare occurrence and potent pharmacological activities, efforts have been devoted to identify its bioactive constituents, especially terpenoids. Since 1995, a total of 162 terpenoids including triterpenoids, meroterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, and steroids have been characterized. The ergostane-type triterpenoids (antcins) and meroterpenoids (antroquinonols) are characteristic constituents of A. camphorata. The terpenoids show anti-cancer, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotective activities. This review summarizes the research progress on terpenoids in A. camphorata during 1995-2020, including structural diversity, resources, biosynthesis, pharmacological activities, metabolism, and toxicity. The medicinal potential of the terpenoids is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China.
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15
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Ganesan N, Baskaran R, Velmurugan BK, Thanh NC. Antrodia cinnamomea-An updated minireview of its bioactive components and biological activity. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e12936. [PMID: 31368557 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antrodia cinnamomea or Antrodia camphorata is a distinctive mushroom of Taiwan, which is being used as a traditional medicine to treat various health-related conditions. More than 78 compounds have been identified in A. cinnamomea. Large numbers of phytochemical studies have been carried out in A. cinnamomea due to the high amount of terpenoids. Besides that, the extracts and active components of A. cinnamomea were reported to have various biological activities including hepatoprotective, antihypertensive, antihyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, and immunomodulatory activities. In this review article, we have summarized the recent findings of A. cinnamomea and its molecular mechanisms of action in various disease models. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: A. cinnamomea, medicinal fungus used in traditional medicine in Taiwan also possess high market value. Aim of the present review is to highlight the compounds present in A. cinnamomea and their different pharmacological activities in preventing/cure various diseases/disorders. A. cinnamomea can be potentially developed into health foods or drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarajan Ganesan
- Basic Sciences Department, Preparatory Year Deanship, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rathinasamy Baskaran
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Nguyen Chi Thanh
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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16
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Mischko W, Hirte M, Fuchs M, Mehlmer N, Brück TB. Identification of sesquiterpene synthases from the Basidiomycota Coniophora puteana for the efficient and highly selective β-copaene and cubebol production in E. coli. Microb Cell Fact 2018; 17:164. [PMID: 30348159 PMCID: PMC6198442 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-018-1010-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Terpenes are an important and extremely versatile class of secondary metabolites that are commercially used in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetics sectors. Genome mining of different fungal collections has revealed the genetic basis for a steadily increasing number of putative terpene synthases without any detailed knowledge about their biochemical properties. The analysis and research of this rich genetic source provides a precious basis for the advancing biotechnological production of an almost endless number of valuable natural metabolites. Results Three annotated terpene synthases from the little investigated Basidiomycota Coniophora puteana were studied in this work. For biochemical characterization, the heterologous expression in E. coli was conducted leading to the identification of two sesquiterpene synthases capable of the highly selective generation of β-copaene and cubebol. These compounds are commercially used as food and flavor additives. The new enzymes show the highest reported product selectivity for their main compounds and therefore represent the first exclusive synthases for β-copaene (62% product selectivity) and cubebol (75% product selectivity) generation. In combination with an optimized heterologous microbial production system, we obtained product titers of 215 mg/L β-copaene and 497 mg/L cubebol. Conclusion The reported product selectivity and our generated terpene titers exceed all published biotechnological data regarding the production of β-copaene and cubebol. This represents a promising and economic alternative to extraction from natural plant sources and the associated complex product purification. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-018-1010-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Mischko
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Max Hirte
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Monika Fuchs
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Norbert Mehlmer
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas B Brück
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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17
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Ichinose H, Kitaoka T. Insight into metabolic diversity of the brown-rot basidiomycete Postia placenta responsible for sesquiterpene biosynthesis: semi-comprehensive screening of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in protoilludene metabolism. Microb Biotechnol 2018; 11:952-965. [PMID: 30105900 PMCID: PMC6116744 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide variety of sesquiterpenoids have been isolated from basidiomycetes, and their bioactive properties have attracted significant attention in an effort to understand biosynthetic machineries. As both sesquiterpene synthases and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases play key roles in the diversification of sesquiterpenoids, it is important to widely and mutually understand their biochemical properties. In this study, we performed genome‐wide annotation and functional characterization of sesquiterpene synthases from the brown‐rot basidiomycete Postia placenta. Using RT‐PCR, we isolated 16 sesquiterpene synthases genes as full‐length cDNAs. Heterologous expression revealed that the sesquiterpene synthases could produce a series of sesquiterpene scaffolds with distinct metabolic profiles. Based on metabolic studies, we identified 25 sesquiterpene scaffolds including Δ6‐protoilludene produced by the sesquiterpene synthases. In particular, a protoilludene synthase from the brown‐rot basidiomycete was characterized for the first time. Furthermore, we conducted a semi‐comprehensive functional screening of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases from P. placenta to elucidate biosynthetic machineries involved in metabolisms of Δ6‐protoilludene. Coexpression of protoilludene synthase and 184 isoforms of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases enabled the identification of CYP5344B1, CYP5348E1 and CYP5348J3, which catalysed the hydroxylation reaction of Δ6‐protoilludene to produce Δ6‐protoilludene‐8‐ol and Δ6‐protoilludene‐5‐ol. Furthermore, structural isomers of Δ7‐protoilludene‐6‐ol were obtained from incubation of Δ6‐protoilludene‐8‐ol in acidic culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Ichinose
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Takuya Kitaoka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
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18
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Chen SY, Lee YR, Hsieh MC, Omar HA, Teng YN, Lin CY, Hung JH. Enhancing the Anticancer Activity of Antrodia cinnamomea in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via Cocultivation With Ginger: The Impact on Cancer Cell Survival Pathways. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:780. [PMID: 30072899 PMCID: PMC6058215 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Antrodia cinnamomea (AC) is a medicinal fungal species that has been widely used traditionally in Taiwan for the treatment of diverse health-related conditions including cancer. It possesses potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in addition to its ability to promote cancer cell death in several human tumors. Our aim was to improve the anticancer activity of AC in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through its cocultivation with ginger aiming at tuning the active ingredients. HCC cell lines, Huh-7 and HepG2 were used to study the in vitro anticancer activity of the ethanolic extracts of AC (EAC) alone or after the cocultivation in presence of ginger (EACG). The results indicated that the cocultivation of AC with ginger significantly induced the production of important triterpenoids and EACG was significantly more potent than EAC in targeting HCC cell lines. EACG effectively inhibited cancer cells growth via the induction of cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and induction of apoptosis in Huh-7 and HepG2 cells as indicated by MTT assay, cell cycle analysis, Annexin V assay, and the activation of caspase-3. In addition, EACG modulated cyclin proteins expression and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in favor of the inhibition of cancer cell survival. Taken together, the current study highlights an evidence that EACG is superior to EAC in targeting cancer cell survival and inducing apoptotic cell death in HCC. These findings support that EACG formula can serve as a potential candidate for HCC adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Yuan Chen
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ray Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chia Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Hany A Omar
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Yen-Ni Teng
- Department of Biological Sciences and Technology, National University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yen Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hsiang Hung
- Drug Discovery and Development Center, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
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Making Use of Genomic Information to Explore the Biotechnological Potential of Medicinal Mushrooms. MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS OF THE WORLD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5978-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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