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Yu X, Xing H, Sun J, Du X, Lu G, Zhu L. New insight into phytometabolism and phytotoxicity mechanism of widespread plasticizer di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in rice plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 880:163254. [PMID: 37019237 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) as widely utilized plasticizer has aroused increasing concerns since its endocrine disrupting effects and continuous accumulation in biota. To date, the interaction mechanism between DEHP and rice plants has not been clearly illustrated at molecular level. Here, we investigated biological transformation and response of rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) to DEHP at realistic exposure concentrations. Nontargeted screening by UPLC-QTOF-MS was used to verify 21 transformation products derived from phase I metabolism (hydroxylation and hydrolysis) and phase II metabolism (conjugation with amino acids, glutathione, and carbohydrates) in rice. MEHHP-asp, MEHHP-tyr, MEHHP-ala, MECPP-tyr and MEOHP-tyr as the conjugation products with amino acids are observed for the first time. Transcriptomics analyses unraveled that DEHP exposure had strong negative effects on genes associated with antioxidative components synthesis, DNA binding, nucleotide excision repair, intracellular homeostasis, and anabolism. Untargeted metabolomics revealed that metabolic network reprogramming in rice roots was induced by DEHP, including nucleotide metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid synthesis, lipid metabolism, synthesis of antioxidant component, organic acid metabolism and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. The integrated analyses of interaction between differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) endorsed that metabolic network regulated by DEGs was significantly interfered by DEHP, resulting in cell dysfunction of roots and visible growth inhibition. Overall, these finding generated fresh perspective for crops security caused by plasticizer pollution and enhanced the public focus on dietary risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China
| | - Huanhuan Xing
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China; School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianteng Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiaodong Du
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Guining Lu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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Gul T, Aslam MM, Khan AS, Iqbal T, Ullah F, Eldesoky GE, Aljuwayid AM, Akhtar MS. Phytotoxic responses of wheat to an imidazolium based ionic liquid in absence and presence of biochar. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 322:138080. [PMID: 36781001 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Research on ionic liquids (ILs) and biochars (BCs) is a novel site of scientific interest. An experiment was designed to assess the effect of 1-propanenitrile imidazolium trifluoro methane sulfonate ([C2NIM][CF3SO3]) ionic liquid (IL) and IL-BC combination on the wheat plant. Three working standards of the IL; 50, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/L, prepared in deionized water, were tested in the absence and presence of BC on wheat seedling. Results indicated significant decrease in seed germination (%), length, fresh weight, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents of wheat seedlings at 250, 500 and 1000 mg/L of the IL. An admirable increase in phenolic and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) contents of wheat seedlings was noted at 250, 500 and 1000 mg/L of the IL. The application of BC significantly ameliorated the negative effects of IL on the selected parameters of wheat. It is inferred that the undesirable effects of the IL on wheat growth can be positively restored by addition of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taza Gul
- Department of Botany, University of Science and Technology Bannu, Pakistan
| | | | - Amir Sada Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Bannu, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Iqbal
- Department of Botany, University of Science and Technology Bannu, Pakistan
| | - Faizan Ullah
- Department of Botany, University of Science and Technology Bannu, Pakistan
| | - Gaber E Eldesoky
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Muteb Aljuwayid
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Saeed Akhtar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 712-749, South Korea.
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3
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Zhu X, Min X, Zhu Y, Ma X, Meng X, Xu C. Effects of [C npy]Br (n=3,5) on the growth and physiology of rape seedlings. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:34741-34749. [PMID: 36520292 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24759-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
1-Alkylpyridinium bromide [Cnpy]Br is a common intermediate in chemical synthesis. With the discharge of industrial wastewater, it enters the environment and is toxic to plants. In this study, the impacts of two pyridine-based ionic liquids (ILs), [C3py]Br and [C5py]Br, on the growth and physiology of rape seedlings were investigated at concentrations of 10, 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/L. Within the concentration range (10-400 mg/L) of [C3py]Br and [C5py]Br treatment, the root length, plant height, activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, and CAT), and the contents of Chla and Chlb showed an increase at low concentrations and a decrease at high concentrations. [C3py]Br and [C5py]Br increased MDA content in rape seedlings leaves in a concentration-dependent manner. It was also found that [C5py]Br was more toxic to rape seedlings than [C3py]Br. The toxicity of pyridine ILs such as [C3py]Br and [C5py]Br to plants should be highly concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyue Min
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutong Zhu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiping Ma
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuelian Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengbin Xu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036, People's Republic of China.
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Khan AS, Sakina, Nasrullah A, Ullah S, Ullah Z, Khan Z, Khan NA, Khan SZ, Din IU. An Overview on Phytotoxic Perspective of Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents: The Role of Chemical Structure in the Phytotoxicity. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.202200033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sada Khan
- University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry 28100 Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Sakina
- University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry 28100 Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Asma Nasrullah
- University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry 28100 Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
- Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University Department of Chemistry 25000 Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Saadat Ullah
- Hazara University Department of Chemistry Mansehra Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Zahoor Ullah
- Baluchistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS) Department of Chemistry Takatu Campus 87100 Quetta Pakistan
| | - Zahid Khan
- American University of Sharjah Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering P.O. Box 26666 Sharjah United Arab Emirates
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- University of Sharjah Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine University City 27272 Sharjah Unites Arab Emirates
- Istinye University Istinye Faculty of Medicine 34396 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Shahan Zeb Khan
- University of Science and Technology Department of Chemistry 28100 Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Israf Ud Din
- Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities P.O. Box 173 Al-Kharj Saudi Arabia
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Madnay MMY, Obaid WA, Selim S, Mohamed Reyad A, Alsherif EA, Korany SM, Abdel-Mawgoud M, AbdElgawad H. Rhodospirillum sp. JY3: An innovative tool to mitigate the phytotoxic impact of galaxolide on wheat ( Triticum aestivum) and faba bean ( Vicia faba) plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1037474. [PMID: 36466263 PMCID: PMC9710512 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1037474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To date, several studies have considered the phytotoxic impact of cosmetics and personal care products on crop plants. Nonetheless, data are scarce about the toxic impact of galaxolide [hexahydro-hexamethyl cyclopentabenzopyran (HHCB)] on the growth, physiology, and biochemistry of plants from different functional groups. To this end, the impact of HHCB on biomass, photosynthetic efficiency, antioxidant production, and detoxification metabolism of grass (wheat) and legume (faba bean) plants has been investigated. On the other hand, plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can be effectively applied to reduce HHCB phytotoxicity. HHCB significantly reduced the biomass accumulation and the photosynthetic machinery of both crops, but to more extent for wheat. This growth reduction was concomitant with induced oxidative damage and decreased antioxidant defense system. To mitigate HHCB toxicity, a bioactive strain of diazotrophic plant growth-promoting Rhodospirillum sp. JY3 was isolated from heavy metal-contaminated soil in Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and applied to both crops. Overall, Rhodospirillum mitigated HHCB-induced stress by differently modulating the oxidative burst [malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and protein oxidation] in both wheat and faba beans. This alleviation was coincident with improvement in plant biomass and photosynthetic efficiency, particularly in wheat crops. Considering the antioxidant defense system, JY3 augmented the antioxidants in both wheat and faba beans and the detoxification metabolism under HHCB stress conditions. More interestingly, inoculation with JY3 further enhanced the tolerance level of both wheat and faba beans against contamination with HHCB via quenching the lignin metabolism. Overall, this study advanced our understanding of the physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying HHCB stress and mitigating its impact using Rhodospirillum sp. JY3, which may strikingly reduce the environmental risks on agriculture sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M. Y. Madnay
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Biology Department, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael A. Obaid
- Biology Department, College of Science, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Mohamed Reyad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni‒Suef, Egypt
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad A. Alsherif
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni‒Suef, Egypt
- Biology Department, College of Science and Arts at Khulis, University of Jeddah, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shereen Magdy Korany
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni‒Suef, Egypt
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Chen X, Sun H, Zhang T, Shang H, Han Z, Li Y. Effects of pyridinium-based ionic liquids with different alkyl chain lengths on the growth of maize seedlings. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 427:127868. [PMID: 34865901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The effects of four water-soluble pyridinium-based ionic liquids (ILs) differing in alkyl side chain length, namely, N-ethyl pyridinium bromide ([EPy]Br), N-butyl pyridinium bromide ([BPy]Br), N-hexyl pyridinium bromide ([HPy]Br), and N-octyl pyridinium bromide ([OPy]Br), on the growth of maize seedlings were investigated for the first time. The results revealed that the phytotoxicity of these ILs was significantly correlated with their concentration and alkyl side chain length. The 8-day 50% inhibition values indicated that the toxicity increased as the length of the alkyl chain increased: [EPy]Br < [BPy]Br < [HPy]Br < [OPy]Br. In addition, root growth was found to be more sensitive to ILs than stem growth. In response to exposure to ILs of increasing concentration, we observed different trends in the pigment contents and specific antioxidant enzyme activities in maize seedlings, whereas the contents of malondialdehyde were significantly increased. In addition, RNA sequencing analysis, performed to examine the gene expression profiles of maize leaves under [HPy]Br and [OPy]Br treatments, revealed that a larger number of genes were differentially expressed in response to [OPy]Br treatment. Furthermore, pathway enrichment analysis revealed that both [HPy]Br and [OPy]Br treatments, and particularly the latter, caused a down-regulation of genes involved in photosynthesis and carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism. Our findings thus indicate that pyridinium-based IL toxicity might be associated with oxidative stress and changes in gene expression profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Chen
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Huanxuan Sun
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tianyue Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hongyue Shang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhaoxue Han
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yajun Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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7
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Yan J, Yan X, Hu S, Zhu H, Yan B. Comprehensive Interrogation on Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition by Ionic Liquids Using Machine Learning and Molecular Modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:14720-14731. [PMID: 34636548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling can be used to predict the toxicity of ionic liquids (ILs), but most QSAR models have been constructed by arbitrarily selecting one machine learning method and ignored the overall interactions between ILs and biological systems, such as proteins. In order to obtain more reliable and interpretable QSAR models and reveal the related molecular mechanism, we performed a systematic analysis of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition by 153 ILs using machine learning and molecular modeling. Our results showed that more reliable and stable QSAR models (R2 > 0.85 for both cross-validation and external validation) were obtained by combining the results from multiple machine learning approaches. In addition, molecular docking results revealed that the cations and organic anions of ILs bound to specific amino acid residues of AChE through noncovalent interactions such as π interactions and hydrogen bonds. The calculation results of binding free energy showed that an electrostatic interaction (ΔEele < -285 kJ/mol) was the main driving force for the binding of ILs to AChE. The overall findings from this investigation demonstrate that a systematic approach is much more convincing. Future research in this direction will help design the next generation of biosafe ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachen Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiliang Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhu
- The Rutgers Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Camden, New Jersey 08102, United States
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
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8
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Pawłowska B, Telesiński A, Biczak R. Effect of diclofenac and naproxen and their mixture on spring barley seedlings and Heterocypris incongruens. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 88:103746. [PMID: 34536620 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a popular group of drugs used worldwide. These drugs are also available over the counter, which implies that their consumption is not strictly regulated. They are released through wastewater and feces and can have adverse effects on the environment. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of two NSAIDs, diclofenac (DCF) and naproxen (NAP), and their mixture (DCF + NAP) on spring barley seedlings and ostracods Heterocypris incongruens. The tested drugs had a negative impact on bivalve ostracods and the studied plants. DCF was the most toxic toward ostracods, while spring barley seedlings were affected the most by NAP. The application of the tested compounds and their mixture resulted in a decrease in fresh weight yield and the content of photosynthetic pigments. In addition, an increase in H2O2 and proline content and changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes (POD, APX, CAT, and SOD) were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pawłowska
- Jan Długosz University in Czestochowa, The Faculty of Science and Technology, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200, Czestochowa, Poland.
| | - Arkadiusz Telesiński
- West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, The Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, Juliusza Słowackiego st. 17, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Robert Biczak
- Jan Długosz University in Czestochowa, The Faculty of Science and Technology, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200, Czestochowa, Poland
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Chu L, Kang X, Li D, Song X, Zhao X. The toxicological mechanism of two typical imidazole ionic liquids in textile industry on Isatis tinctoria. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 275:130042. [PMID: 33647681 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs1) which are called "green solvents", are used widely in the textile industry as adjuvants due to their many advantages. However, their persistent residues may cause ecotoxicity. The aim of the study is to explore the toxicity of different anions on imidazole ILs and their toxicological mechanism. For the experiments 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole tetrafloroborate ([C4mim]BF4) and 1- butyl -3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4mim]Cl) were selected to study their toxic effects on Isatis tinctoria. ILs may affect the germination rate. Fresh weight, dry weight and Hill reaction activity decreased continuously with increasing of IL concentrations, showing an effect-dose relationship. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that cell walls were fuzzy, starch granules had accumulated and the chloroplast structure was damaged. These changes will affected the function and electron transport efficiency of photosystemⅡ. Superoxide anion accumulation stimulated the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, CAT) and caused lipid peroxidation as well as an increased malondialdehyde content. ILs also reduced indirubin and total flavonoids contents, which reduced the pharmacological efficacy of Isatis tinctoria. This is demonstrated by three-dimensional fluorescence chromatogram. [C4mim]Cl was more toxic than [C4mim]BF4. ILs caused toxic effects to Isatis tinctoria. The ecological toxicity of ILs should be considered when using them as additives in the textile industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglong Chu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Xin Kang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Dongpeng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Xinshan Song
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Xiaoxiang Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
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Magina S, Barros-Timmons A, Ventura SPM, Evtuguin DV. Evaluating the hazardous impact of ionic liquids - Challenges and opportunities. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125215. [PMID: 33951860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs), being related to the design of new environmentally friendly solvents, are widely considered for applications within the "green chemistry" concept. Due to their unique properties and wide diversity, ILs allow tailoring new separation procedures and producing new materials for advanced applications. However, despite the promising technical performance, environmental concerns highlighted in recent studies focused on the toxicity and biodegradability of ILs and their metabolites have revealed that ILs safety labels are not as benign as previously claimed. This review refers to the fundamentals about the properties and applications of ILs also in the context of their potential environmental effect. Toxicological issues and harmful effects related to the use of ILs are discussed, including the evaluation of their biodegradability and ecological impact on diverse organisms and ecosystems, also with respect to bacteria, fungi, and cell cultures. In addition, this review covers the tools used to assess the toxicity of ILs, including the predictive computational models and the results of studies involving cell membrane models and molecular simulations. Summing up the knowledge available so far, there are still no reliable criteria for unequivocal attribution of toxicity and environmental impact credentials for ILs, which is a challenging research task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Magina
- CICECO-Institute of Materials and Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro P-3810-193, Portugal
| | - Ana Barros-Timmons
- CICECO-Institute of Materials and Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro P-3810-193, Portugal
| | - Sónia P M Ventura
- CICECO-Institute of Materials and Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro P-3810-193, Portugal
| | - Dmitry V Evtuguin
- CICECO-Institute of Materials and Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro P-3810-193, Portugal.
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11
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Ma L, Lin Q, Song Y, Zhao B, Fan M. Toxic effect of three imidazole ionic liquids on two terrestrial plants. Open Life Sci 2020; 15:466-475. [PMID: 33817235 PMCID: PMC7874614 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2020-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the toxic effect of three imidazole ionic liquids (IILs) in terrestrial monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants, three IILs (1-butyl-3-methylimidazole tetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole hexafluorophosphate, and butyl-3-methylimidazolium bi-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide) were investigated using rice and capsicum as target toxicity models. In hydroponic experiments, increasing the concentration of the IILs led to a decrease in the seed germination rate, a decrease in the reduced stem and root lengths, and an increase in the inhibition rate of the stem and root lengths; in addition, as the concentration increased, the reducing sugar content of rice and capsicum seedling leaves and roots first increased and then decreased, while permeability of the cell membranes of the stems and roots of the two plants also gradually increased. In terms of the effects on these indices in rice, the ranking of these three IIL anions was [TF2N]- > [PF6]- > [BF4]-; in terms of the effects on capsicum, the sequence was [BF4]- > [TF2N]- > [PF6]-. These findings provide a theoretical reference for the next step in the synthesis and the use of green ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ma
- Institution Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Qirong Lin
- Institution Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Yuhua Song
- Institution Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Institution Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Mingjin Fan
- Institution Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China
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12
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Lin Q, Zhou C, Chen L, Li Y, Huang X, Wang S, Qiu R, Tang C. Accumulation and associated phytotoxicity of novel chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate in wheat seedlings. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126447. [PMID: 32208216 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Novel alternatives of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonates (Cl-PFAESs) are increasingly being detected in the aquatic and terrestrial environment. Previous studies mainly focused on aquatic biota; however, the knowledge about the ecotoxicological risk they pose to terrestrial plants was still lacking. In this study, the accumulation of two Cl-PFAES (6:2 and 8:2 Cl-PFAES) and PFOS in wheat seedlings at environmentally relevant levels (50 and 100 μg L-1) was investigated. Concentrations of Cl-PFAESs in the roots were an order of magnitude higher than those in shoots, indicating that they were primarily accumulated in the roots. The values of root and shoot bioconcentration factor was comparable between 6:2 Cl-PFAES and PFOS. However, these indexes of 8:2 Cl-PFAES were 42-91% higher and 70-76% lower than PFOS, respectively. As a result, 6:2 Cl-PFAES had a similar accumulation pattern as PFOS, whereas 8:2 Cl-PFAES was predominantly restricted to the roots, which might be attributed to their hydrophobicity and carbon chain length. In addition, at 250 mg L-1 of Cl-PFAESs, plant biomass and pigment content were 24-30% and 0.4-18%, respectively, which were lower than those of PFOS. As compared with PFOS, Cl-PFAESs induced higher levels of root membrane permeability, reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde content, as well as reduced the activities of antioxidant enzymes and glutathione content. These suggested the occurrence of a severer oxidative damage and the breakdown of the antioxidant defence system in wheat cells. Therefore, we conclude that Cl-PFAESs might pose a higher potential threat to the environment than PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqi Lin
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Can Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yafei Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiongfei Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, China
| | - Shizhong Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, China.
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture (South China Agriculture University), Guangzhou, China
| | - Changyuan Tang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation (Sun Yat-sen University), Guangzhou, China.
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13
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Pawłowska B, Telesiński A, Biczak R. Phytotoxicity of ionic liquids. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 237:124436. [PMID: 31356993 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have been one of the most interesting chemical entities over the last two decades and have been investigated by numerous scientists all over the world. However, during IL research, it has been shown that these compounds present toxicity to both terrestrial and aquatic plants, among others. The phytotoxicity of ILs depends on the type of cation, the length of the alkyl chain in the substituent or enantioselectivity, on the concentration used, and, it appears that the type of anion may also have an impact on toxicity. The toxic effects of ILs on plants also depend on the conditions under which such tests are conducted. The results may help facilitate the development of protective environmental measures against IL-induced negative effects, but they may also be used in various landscape-related areas, such as herbology, to design new substances with weed killing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pawłowska
- Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200, Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Telesiński
- The Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Juliusza Słowackiego St. 17, 71-434, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Robert Biczak
- Jan Dlugosz University in Czestochowa, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200, Częstochowa, Poland.
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14
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Tang R, Tang T, Tang G, Liang Y, Wang W, Yang J, Niu J, Tang J, Zhou Z, Cao Y. Pyrimethanil Ionic Liquids Paired with Various Natural Organic Acid Anions for Reducing Its Adverse Impacts on the Environment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11018-11024. [PMID: 31512873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, nine pyrimethanil ionic liquids (PILs) were synthesized through an acid-base reaction with nine naturally derived organic acid anions to improve the physicochemical properties and reduce the environmental adverse impacts. The PILs presented lower volatilization, higher photostability, better soil adsorption capacity, and improved fungicidal activity relative to pyrimethanil. When the length of the carbon chains in the anions was increased, the PILs showed better properties in terms of melting point, water solubility, volatility, and surface tension. The photostabilities and fungicidal activities of the PILs were significantly improved when cyclic compounds were used as the paired anion ions. With enhanced physicochemical properties and better fungicidal activity, PIL7 was selected as the best alternative to pyrimethanil. The intrinsic disadvantages of pyrimethanil could be surmounted using the system developed in the study; thus, ILs could have immense potential in the development of eco-friendly and efficient fungicides in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tang
- College of Plant Protection , China Agricultural University , Beijing , China 100193
| | - Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agricultural Products , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou , China 310021
| | - Gang Tang
- College of Plant Protection , China Agricultural University , Beijing , China 100193
| | - You Liang
- College of Plant Protection , China Agricultural University , Beijing , China 100193
| | - Weichen Wang
- College of Plant Protection , China Agricultural University , Beijing , China 100193
| | - Jiale Yang
- College of Plant Protection , China Agricultural University , Beijing , China 100193
| | - Junfan Niu
- College of Plant Protection , China Agricultural University , Beijing , China 100193
| | - Jingyue Tang
- College of Plant Protection , China Agricultural University , Beijing , China 100193
| | - Zhiyuan Zhou
- College of Plant Protection , China Agricultural University , Beijing , China 100193
| | - Yongsong Cao
- College of Plant Protection , China Agricultural University , Beijing , China 100193
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15
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Li Y, Zhou C, Wang S, Lin Q, Ni Z, Qiu H, Morel JL, Qiu R. Phytotoxicity and oxidative effects of typical quaternary ammonium compounds on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:25985-25999. [PMID: 31273661 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05822-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale use of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) in medicines or disinfectants can lead to their release into the environment, posing a potential risk to organisms. This study examined the effects of three typical QACs, dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC), dodecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (DBAC), and didodecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), on hydroponically cultured wheat seedlings. After 14 days of exposure, both hormesis and phytotoxicity were observed in the wheat seedlings. The shoot and root fresh weight gradually increased as QAC concentrations rose from 0.05 to 0.8 mg L-1. However, higher QAC concentrations severely inhibited plant growth by decreasing shoot and root fresh weight, total root length, and photosynthetic pigment content. Moreover, the increase in malondialdehyde and O2.- contents, as well as root membrane permeability, reflected an oxidative burst and membrane lipid peroxidation caused by QACs. However, the effects of QACs on the levels of these oxidative stress markers were compound-specific, and the changes in superoxide dismutase, peroxidases, and catalase activity were partly related to reactive oxygen species levels. Considering the order of median effective concentration values (EC50) and the levels of oxidative stress induced by the three tested QACs, their phytotoxicities in wheat seedlings increased in the following order: DDAC < DTAC < DBAC, which mainly depended on their characteristics and applied concentrations. These results, which illustrated the complexity of QAC toxicity to plants, could potentially be used to assess the risk posed by these compounds in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Can Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shizhong Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingqi Lin
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zhuobiao Ni
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jean Louis Morel
- Laboratoire Sols et Environnement INRA, Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-, Nancy Cédex, France
| | - Rongliang Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil Remediation (Sun Yat-Sen University), Guangzhou, China
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16
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Chen Z, Zhou Q, Guan W, Wang J, Li Y, Yu N, Wei J. Effects of imidazolium-based ionic liquids with different anions on wheat seedlings. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 194:20-27. [PMID: 29195090 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The effects of five imidazolium ionic liquids with different anions were studied in hydroponically grown wheat seedlings at concentrations of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 mg L-1. The results showed that shoots and roots grew shorter and dry weight decreased with increasing concentrations of ionic liquids. Moreover, the antioxidant enzyme activities decreased and malondialdehyde (MDA) content was greater in the leaves of wheat seedlings subjected to ionic liquid (IL) treatments. The order of influence of ionic liquids on these indexes was [C4mim][TfO]> [C4mim][Cl]> [C4mim][BF4]> [C4mim][Lact]> [C4mim][Ala]. A transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to observe leaf and root cellular structures, such as chloroplast, nucleus, mitochondria, and rough endoplasmic reticulum, in wheat exposed to ionic liquids at a concentration of 150 mg L-1. The results showed that the cellular structures of wheat were affected, and the degree of the effect of five ILs was consistent with the general trend of the measured indexes in this study. Ionic liquids influence the growth of plants by impeding growth, disrupting metabolic physiology and changing cellular structures. The degree of toxicity of imidazolium-based ionic liquids with different anions varies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglin Chen
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Qian Zhou
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Wei Guan
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China; College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Yue Li
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Ning Yu
- School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China
| | - Jie Wei
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, PR China.
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