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Kato F, Ando Y, Tanaka A, Suzuki T, Takemoto D, Ojika M. Synthesis of aglycones, structure-activity relationships, and mode of action of lycosides as inhibitors of the asexual reproduction of Phytophthora. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:208-216. [PMID: 36367537 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Phytophthora are plant pathogens that damage agricultural products. Lycosides (1a-d), found in vegetable juice, have the potential to curb the rapid outbreak and crop damage caused by the asexual reproduction of Phytophthora. Here, aglycones 2a, b with slightly higher activity than lycosides were synthesized as a diastereomeric mixture (mix-2) possessing activity (IC50 = 4.1 µm) comparable with that of lycosides. The importance of the cyclohexanone structure and side-chain length was demonstrated via structure-activity relationship analysis using synthetic intermediates. In addition, the action mechanism of lycosides was investigated using transcriptome analysis, which revealed a contribution to proline biosynthesis inhibition, a process crucial for the asexual reproduction of Phytophthora. These findings indicate that lycosides (and aglycone) are environmentally benign agents that can be used for protecting agricultural products from Phytophthora pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumika Kato
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuka Ando
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Aiko Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Daigo Takemoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Makoto Ojika
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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Singh G, Sharma S, Rawat S, Sharma RK. Plant Specialised Glycosides (PSGs): their biosynthetic enzymatic machinery, physiological functions and commercial potential. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2022; 49:1009-1028. [PMID: 36038144 DOI: 10.1071/fp21294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants, the primary producers of our planet, have evolved from simple aquatic life to very complex terrestrial habitat. This habitat transition coincides with evolution of enormous chemical diversity, collectively termed as 'Plant Specialised Metabolisms (PSMs)', to cope the environmental challenges. Plant glycosylation is an important process of metabolic diversification of PSMs to govern their in planta stability, solubility and inter/intra-cellular transport. Although, individual category of PSMs (terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, phytohormones, glucosinolates and cyanogenic glycosides) have been well studied; nevertheless, deeper insights of physiological functioning and genomic aspects of plant glycosylation/deglycosylation processes including enzymatic machinery (CYPs, GTs, and GHs) and regulatory elements are still elusive. Therefore, this review discussed the paradigm shift on genomic background of enzymatic machinery, transporters and regulatory mechanism of 'Plant Specialised Glycosides (PSGs)'. Current efforts also update the fundamental understanding about physiological, evolutionary and adaptive role of glycosylation/deglycosylation processes during the metabolic diversification of PSGs. Additionally, futuristic considerations and recommendations for employing integrated next-generation multi-omics (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics), including gene/genome editing (CRISPR-Cas) approaches are also proposed to explore commercial potential of PSGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Singh
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India; and Present address: Department of Plant Functional Metabolomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Shikha Sharma
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Rawat
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; and Present address: G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Sikkim Regional Centre, Pangthang, Gangtok 737101, Sikkim, India
| | - Ram Kumar Sharma
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; and Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Kato F, Ando Y, Tanaka A, Suzuki T, Takemoto D, Ojika M. Inhibitors of Asexual Reproduction of the Plant Pathogen Phytophthora from Tomato Juice: Structure-Activity Relationships and Transcriptome Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:12878-12884. [PMID: 36190399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora is a genus of fungus-like microorganisms that damages important crops, such as potatoes and tomatoes. Its asexual reproduction, which results in the production of numerous motile zoospores, is the cause of quick and severe outbreaks and crop damage. The search for substances that selectively inhibit the asexual reproduction of Phytophthora led to the isolation of the known natural products naringenin and flazin from tomato juice. They inhibit the sporangia formation of Phytophthora capsici at IC50 values of 8.8 and 7.2 μM. The study of the structure-activity relationship of 11 flavonoids, including naringenin, demonstrated that genistein was the most active (IC50 = 4.6 μM) and flavonols/flavanonols possessing the 3-hydroxy function showed little activity (IC50 = from 100 to >1000 μM). To demonstrate the mechanism of asexual reproduction inhibition by genistein, transcriptome analysis was carried out, which revealed the downregulation of some genes related to cell differentiation. The results suggest that certain flavonoids are environmentally benign agents that could be used to protect agricultural products from Phytophthora pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumika Kato
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuka Ando
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Aiko Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 478-8501, Japan
| | - Daigo Takemoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Makoto Ojika
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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Ginkgonitroside, a new nitrophenyl glycoside and bioactive compounds from Ginkgo biloba leaves controlling adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 50:128322. [PMID: 34407463 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Eight compounds (1-8) including one novel nitrophenyl glycoside, ginkgonitroside (1) were isolated from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba, a popular medicinal plant. The structure of the new compound was characterized using extensive spectroscopic analyses via 1D and 2D NMR data interpretations, HR-ESIMS, and chemical transformation. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to report the presence of nitrophenyl glycosides, which are relatively unique phytochemicals in natural products, in G. biloba. The isolated compounds (1-8) were examined for their effects on the regulation of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation. Compounds 1-3 and 8 were able to suppress MSC differentiation toward adipocytes. In contrast, compounds 5 and 8 showed activity promoting osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. These findings demonstrate that the active compounds showed regulatory activity on MSC differentiation between adipocytes and osteocytes.
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