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Yang J, Sun W, Sun M, Cui Y, Wang L. Current Research Status of Azaspiracids. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:79. [PMID: 38393050 PMCID: PMC10890026 DOI: 10.3390/md22020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The presence and impact of toxins have been detected in various regions worldwide ever since the discovery of azaspiracids (AZAs) in 1995. These toxins have had detrimental effects on marine resource utilization, marine environmental protection, and fishery production. Over the course of more than two decades of research and development, scientists from all over the world have conducted comprehensive studies on the in vivo metabolism, in vitro synthesis methods, pathogenic mechanisms, and toxicology of these toxins. This paper aims to provide a systematic introduction to the discovery, distribution, pathogenic mechanism, in vivo biosynthesis, and in vitro artificial synthesis of AZA toxins. Additionally, it will summarize various detection methods employed over the past 20 years, along with their advantages and disadvantages. This effort will contribute to the future development of rapid detection technologies and the invention of detection devices for AZAs in marine environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lianghua Wang
- Basic Medical College, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; (J.Y.); (W.S.); (M.S.); (Y.C.)
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Wright EJ, Meija J, McCarron P, Miles CO. Preparation of 18O-labelled azaspiracids for accurate quantitation using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5973-5983. [PMID: 37530793 PMCID: PMC10556123 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04868-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Azaspiracids (AZAs) are a group of polyether marine algal toxins known to accumulate in shellfish, posing a risk to human health and the seafood industry. Analysis of AZAs is typically performed using LC-MS, which can suffer from matrix effects that significantly impact the accuracy of measurement results. While the use of isotopic internal standards is an effective approach to correct for these effects, isotopically labelled standards for AZAs are not currently available. In this study, 18O-labelled AZA1, AZA2, and AZA3 were prepared by reaction with H218O under acidic conditions, and the reaction kinetics and sites of incorporation were studied using LC-HRMS/MS aided by mathematical analysis of their isotope patterns. Analysis of the isotopic incorporation in AZA1 and AZA3 indicated the presence of four exchangeable oxygen atoms. Excessive isomerization occurred during preparation of 18O-labelled AZA2, suggesting a role for the 8-methyl group in the thermodynamic stability of AZAs. Neutralized mixtures of 18O-labelled AZA1 and AZA3 were found to maintain their isotopic and isomeric integrities when stored at -20 °C and were used to develop an isotope-dilution LC-MS method which was applied to reference materials of shellfish matrices containing AZAs, demonstrating high accuracy and excellent reproducibility. Preparation of isotopically labelled compounds using the isotopic exchange method, combined with the kinetic analysis, offers a feasible way to obtain isotopically labelled internal standards for a wide variety of biomolecules to support reliable quantitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott J. Wright
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1 Canada
| | - Juris Meija
- National Research Council, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6 Canada
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1 Canada
| | - Christopher O. Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1 Canada
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Mudge EM, Robertson A, McCarron P, Miles CO. Selective and Efficient Capture and Release of vic-Diol-Containing Pacific and Caribbean Ciguatoxins from Fish Extracts with a Boronate Affinity Polymer. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:12946-12952. [PMID: 36191081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning can occur following the consumption of fish contaminated with trace levels of ciguatoxins (CTXs). These trace levels represent an analytical challenge for confirmation by LC-MS due to matrix interferences and the high instrument sensitivity required. Sample preparation procedures are laborious and require extensive cleanup procedures to address these issues. The application of a selective isolation technique employing boronate affinity polymers was therefore investigated for the capture of vic-diol-containing Caribbean and Pacific CTXs from fish extracts. A dispersive SPE procedure was developed where nearly complete binding of CTXs in fish extracts occurred with boric acid gel in less than 1 h. Release of the bound CTXs resulted in >95% recovery of C-CTX1/2, C-CTX3/4, CTX1B, 54-deoxyCTX1B, and 52-epi-54-deoxyCTX1B from the extracts. This selective extraction tool has the potential to greatly simplify both analytical sample preparation and preparative extraction and isolation of CTXs for structure elucidation and production of standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Mudge
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Alison Robertson
- School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, 600 Clinic Drive, Mobile, Alabama 36688, United States
- Marine Ecotoxicology, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528, United States
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Christopher O Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada
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Samdal IA, Sandvik M, Vu J, Sukenthirarasa MS, Kanesamurthy S, Løvberg KLE, Kilcoyne J, Forsyth CJ, Wright EJ, Miles CO. Preparation and characterization of an immunoaffinity column for the selective extraction of azaspiracids. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1207:123360. [PMID: 35839625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of azaspiracids (AZAs) in shellfish may cause food poisoning in humans. AZAs can accumulate in shellfish filtering seawater that contains marine dinoflagellates such as Azadinium and Amphidoma spp. More than 60 AZA analogues have been identified, of which AZA1, AZA2 and AZA3 are regulated in Europe. Shellfish matrices may complicate quantitation by ELISA and LC-MS methods. Polyclonal antibodies have been developed that bind specifically to the C-26-C-40 domain of the AZA structure and could potentially be used for selectively extracting compounds containing this substructure. This includes almost all known analogues of AZAs, including AZA1, AZA2 and AZA3. Here we report preparation of immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) columns for clean-up and concentration of AZAs. The IAC columns were prepared by coupling polyclonal anti-AZA IgG to CNBr-activated sepharose. The columns were evaluated using shellfish extracts, and the resulting fractions were analyzed by ELISA and LC-MS. The columns selectively bound over 300 ng AZAs per mL of gel without significant leakage, and did not retain the okadaic acid, cyclic imine, pectenotoxin and yessotoxin analogues that were present in the applied samples. Furthermore, 90-92% of the AZAs were recovered by elution with 90% MeOH, and the columns could be re-used without significant loss of performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn A Samdal
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway.
| | - Morten Sandvik
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Jennie Vu
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; Oslo Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 4, St. Olavs plass, N-0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Merii S Sukenthirarasa
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; Oslo Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 4, St. Olavs plass, N-0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sinthuja Kanesamurthy
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; Oslo Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 4, St. Olavs plass, N-0130 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Jane Kilcoyne
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore H91 R673, County Galway, Ireland
| | - Craig J Forsyth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220, United States
| | - Elliott J Wright
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Christopher O Miles
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, 1431 Ås, Norway; Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 3Z1, Canada
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Costa CQV, Afonso II, Lage S, Costa PR, Canário AVM, Da Silva JP. Quantitation Overcoming Matrix Effects of Lipophilic Toxins in Mytilus galloprovincialis by Liquid Chromatography-Full Scan High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Analysis (LC-HR-MS). Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20020143. [PMID: 35200672 PMCID: PMC8880440 DOI: 10.3390/md20020143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of marine lipophilic toxins in shellfish products still represents a challenging task due to the complexity and diversity of the sample matrix. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is the technique of choice for accurate quantitative measurements in complex samples. By combining unambiguous identification with the high selectivity of tandem MS, it provides the required high sensitivity and specificity. However, LC-MS is prone to matrix effects (ME) that need to be evaluated during the development and validation of methods. Furthermore, the large sample-to-sample variability, even between samples of the same species and geographic origin, needs a procedure to evaluate and control ME continuously. Here, we analyzed the toxins okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxins (DTX-1 and DTX-2), pectenotoxin (PTX-2), yessotoxin (YTX) and azaspiracid-1 (AZA-1). Samples were mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), both fresh and processed, and a toxin-free mussel reference material. We developed an accurate mass-extracted ion chromatogram (AM-XIC) based quantitation method using an Orbitrap instrument, evaluated the ME for different types and extracts of mussel samples, characterized the main compounds co-eluting with the targeted molecules and quantified toxins in samples by following a standard addition method (SAM). An AM-XIC based quantitation of lipophilic toxins in mussel samples using high resolution and accuracy full scan profiles (LC-HR-MS) is a good alternative to multi reaction monitoring (MRM) for instruments with HR capabilities. ME depend on the starting sample matrix and the sample preparation. ME are particularly strong for OA and related toxins, showing values below 50% for fresh mussel samples. Results for other toxins (AZA-1, YTX and PTX-2) are between 75% and 110%. ME in unknown matrices can be evaluated by comparing their full scan LC-HR-MS profiles with those of known samples with known ME. ME can be corrected by following SAM with AM-XIC quantitation if necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Q. V. Costa
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR/CIMAR LA), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (C.Q.V.C.); (I.I.A.); (S.L.); (P.R.C.); (A.V.M.C.)
| | - Inês I. Afonso
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR/CIMAR LA), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (C.Q.V.C.); (I.I.A.); (S.L.); (P.R.C.); (A.V.M.C.)
| | - Sandra Lage
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR/CIMAR LA), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (C.Q.V.C.); (I.I.A.); (S.L.); (P.R.C.); (A.V.M.C.)
| | - Pedro Reis Costa
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR/CIMAR LA), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (C.Q.V.C.); (I.I.A.); (S.L.); (P.R.C.); (A.V.M.C.)
- Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Adelino V. M. Canário
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR/CIMAR LA), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (C.Q.V.C.); (I.I.A.); (S.L.); (P.R.C.); (A.V.M.C.)
| | - José P. Da Silva
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR/CIMAR LA), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (C.Q.V.C.); (I.I.A.); (S.L.); (P.R.C.); (A.V.M.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Mudge EM, Robertson A, Leynse AK, McCarron P, Miles CO. Selective extraction of gambierone and related metabolites in Gambierdiscus silvae using m-aminophenylboronic acid-agarose gel and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1188:123014. [PMID: 34856502 PMCID: PMC9175239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.123014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gambierdiscus spp. are epi-benthic dinoflagellates that have been associated with ciguatera poisoning. These microalgae can have complex secondary metabolite profiles including ciguatoxins, maitotoxins, and gambierones, with varying compositions and toxicities across species and strains. Given this chemical diversity there is a need to develop selective and sensitive methods for secondary metabolite profiling. In this study, we used a cultured Caribbean strain of Gambierdiscus silvae to develop sample preparation and analysis strategies for characterizing vic-diol containing secondary metabolites. A pooled cellular extract was first screened by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) for ciguatoxin-related compounds, which resulted in the confirmation of gambierone (1) and a novel isomer of 44-methylgambierone (3). Treatment of the extract with periodate confirmed that the gambierones each contained one reactive vic-diol, which was exploited for the development of a selective extraction procedure using m-aminophenylboronic acid gel and the non-aqueous binding solvent chloroform. Using this non-traditional boronate affinity procedure, LC-HRMS also revealed the presence of additional sulfated polycyclic ethers in the gambierone-containing vic-diol fraction, while pigments and other contaminants were removed. The developed tools could be applied to screen collections of Gambierdiscus and other benthic algae to provide additional chemical characterization of gambierone-related compounds. The selective extraction procedure may also prove useful as a step in the isolation of these sulfated polyethers for structural, toxicological and biotransformation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Mudge
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada.
| | - Alison Robertson
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama, 5871 University Drive North, Mobile, AL 36688, United States; Marine Ecotoxicology, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, United States
| | - Alexander K Leynse
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of South Alabama, 5871 University Drive North, Mobile, AL 36688, United States; Marine Ecotoxicology, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, United States
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Christopher O Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada
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Sandvik M, Miles CO, Løvberg KLE, Kryuchkov F, Wright EJ, Mudge EM, Kilcoyne J, Samdal IA. In Vitro Metabolism of Azaspiracids 1-3 with a Hepatopancreatic Fraction from Blue Mussels ( Mytilus edulis). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11322-11335. [PMID: 34533950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Azaspiracids (AZAs) are a group of biotoxins produced by the marine dinoflagellates Azadinium and Amphidoma spp. that can accumulate in shellfish and cause food poisoning in humans. Of the 60 AZAs identified, levels of AZA1, AZA2, and AZA3 are regulated in shellfish as a food safety measure based on occurrence and toxicity. Information about the metabolism of AZAs in shellfish is limited. Therefore, a fraction of blue mussel hepatopancreas was made to study the metabolism of AZA1-3 in vitro. A range of AZA metabolites were detected by liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry analysis, most notably the novel 22α-hydroxymethylAZAs AZA65 and AZA66, which were also detected in naturally contaminated mussels. These appear to be the first intermediates in the metabolic conversion of AZA1 and AZA2 to their corresponding 22α-carboxyAZAs (AZA17 and AZA19). α-Hydroxylation at C-23 was also a prominent metabolic pathway, producing AZA8, AZA12, and AZA5 as major metabolites of AZA1-3, respectively, and AZA67 and AZA68 as minor metabolites via double-hydroxylation of AZA1 and AZA2, but only low levels of 3β-hydroxylation were observed in this study. In vitro generation of algal toxin metabolites, such as AZA3, AZA5, AZA6, AZA8, AZA12, AZA17, AZA19, AZA65, and AZA66 that would otherwise have to be laboriously purified from shellfish, has the potential to be used for the production of standards for analytical and toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Sandvik
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Christopher O Miles
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, N-1431 Ås, Norway
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | | | - Fedor Kryuchkov
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, N-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Elliott J Wright
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Elizabeth M Mudge
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada
| | - Jane Kilcoyne
- Marine Institute, Rinville, Oranmore, County Galway H91 R673, Ireland
| | - Ingunn A Samdal
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 64, N-1431 Ås, Norway
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Sakaguchi Y, Kawamura R, Nakayama E, Ako K, Kawasue S, Koga R, Yoshida H, Nohta H. Selective analysis of the okadaic acid group in shellfish samples using fluorous derivatization coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1173:122681. [PMID: 33878533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Okadaic acid (OA) group are diarrheal shellfish poison that accumulates in the midgut glands of shellfish. It is difficult to remove these poisons by normal cooking because they are thermally stable and hydrophobicity. Therefore, in order to prevent foodborne disease due to shellfish poison, analysis by liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) before shipment is necessary. Herein the selective analytical method for OA group in shellfish sample using fluorous derivatization coupled with LC-MS/MS was developed. OA group were derivatized with the fluorous alkylamine reagent by condensing agent, and the obtained derivatives were separated with fluorous LC column (Fluofix-II 120E, 250 × 2.0 mm i.d., 5 μm, Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical). The derivatized OA group were selective retained by fluorous LC column and accurate analysis was enabled. The present method was applied to the analysis of OA and dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX-1) in scallop midgut gland which is the certified reference material provided by national metrology institute of Japan. As a result of analysis using the present method with DTX-2 as the internal standard, the quantitative value were in agreement with the certified value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Sakaguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Johnan, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Rina Kawamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Johnan, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Erina Nakayama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Johnan, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kenta Ako
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Johnan, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Shimba Kawasue
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Johnan, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Reiko Koga
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Johnan, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yoshida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Johnan, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nohta
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Johnan, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
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Chen Y, Huang A, Zhang Y, Bie Z. Recent advances of boronate affinity materials in sample preparation. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1076:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Molognoni L, Dos Santos JN, Kleemann CR, Costa ACO, Hoff RB, Daguer H. Cost-Effective and High-Reliability Analytical Approach for Multitoxin Screening in Bivalve Mollusks by Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2691-2699. [PMID: 30753780 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A fast, less expensive, analytical approach with high metrologic reliability was developed to assist an official program for 21 marine biotoxins, monitoring in bivalve mollusks. The simultaneous analysis of lipophilic and hydrophilic marine biotoxins was achieved using a sample preparation protocol based on solid-liquid extraction and low-temperature cleanup, followed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Samples were extracted with acidified methanol/water (90:10), followed by low-temperature cleanup. Chromatographic separation was obtained using a cyano-bonded silica phase. The mobile phase was composed of water and acetonitrile, with both 0.1% formic acid and 2.5 mmol L-1 ammonium formate. Electrospray ionization was used in both negative and positive modes. The single-laboratory validation approach enabled method performance assessment, and the necessary data to design a model for result expression were yielded. With this purpose, a systematic study of errors and uncertainties was performed. This new analytical approach aimed to minimize the use of highly expensive analytical standards, promoting economic viability to be applied by high-throughput routine laboratories. After its implementation on the Brazilian official monitoring program, positive results near the regulatory limits were obtained, demonstrating the fit for purpose of the method as a surveillance tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Molognoni
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário , Seção Laboratorial Avançada de São José (SLAV/SC/LANAGRO/RS) , Rua João Grumiché, 117 , São José , Santa Catarina 88102-600 , Brazil
- Instituto Catarinense de Sanidade Agropecuária (ICASA) , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina 88034-100 , Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência dos Alimentos (PPGCAL) , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina 88034-100 , Brazil
| | - Jacson Nascimento Dos Santos
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário , Seção Laboratorial Avançada de São José (SLAV/SC/LANAGRO/RS) , Rua João Grumiché, 117 , São José , Santa Catarina 88102-600 , Brazil
- Instituto Catarinense de Sanidade Agropecuária (ICASA) , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina 88034-100 , Brazil
| | - Cristian Rafael Kleemann
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário , Seção Laboratorial Avançada de São José (SLAV/SC/LANAGRO/RS) , Rua João Grumiché, 117 , São José , Santa Catarina 88102-600 , Brazil
- Instituto Catarinense de Sanidade Agropecuária (ICASA) , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina 88034-100 , Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Oliveira Costa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência dos Alimentos (PPGCAL) , Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) , Florianópolis , Santa Catarina 88034-100 , Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Barcellos Hoff
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário , Seção Laboratorial Avançada de São José (SLAV/SC/LANAGRO/RS) , Rua João Grumiché, 117 , São José , Santa Catarina 88102-600 , Brazil
| | - Heitor Daguer
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento, Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário , Seção Laboratorial Avançada de São José (SLAV/SC/LANAGRO/RS) , Rua João Grumiché, 117 , São José , Santa Catarina 88102-600 , Brazil
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