1
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Li L, Zhou X, Gao Z, Xiong P, Liu X. Production of succinate with two CO 2 fixation reactions from fatty acids in Cupriavidus necator H16. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:194. [PMID: 38970033 PMCID: PMC11225152 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02470-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biotransformation of CO2 into high-value-added carbon-based products is a promising process for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. To realize the green transformation of CO2, we use fatty acids as carbon source to drive CO2 fixation to produce succinate through a portion of the 3-hydroxypropionate (3HP) cycle in Cupriavidus necator H16. RESULTS This work can achieve the production of a single succinate molecule from one acetyl-CoA molecule and two CO2 molecules. It was verified using an isotope labeling experiment utilizing NaH13CO3. This implies that 50% of the carbon atoms present in succinate are derived from CO2, resulting in a twofold increase in efficiency compared to prior methods of succinate biosynthesis that relied on the carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate or pyruvate. Meanwhile, using fatty acid as a carbon source has a higher theoretical yield than other feedstocks and also avoids carbon loss during acetyl-CoA and succinate production. To further optimize succinate production, different approaches including the optimization of ATP and NADPH supply, optimization of metabolic burden, and optimization of carbon sources were used. The resulting strain was capable of producing succinate to a level of 3.6 g/L, an increase of 159% from the starting strain. CONCLUSIONS This investigation established a new method for the production of succinate by the implementation of two CO2 fixation reactions and demonstrated the feasibility of ATP, NADPH, and metabolic burden regulation strategies in biological carbon fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linqing Li
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Extremophilic Bacteria and Biological Synthesis, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Xiuyuan Zhou
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Extremophilic Bacteria and Biological Synthesis, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Zhuoao Gao
- International Joint Laboratory on Extremophilic Bacteria and Biological Synthesis, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Peng Xiong
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China.
- International Joint Laboratory on Extremophilic Bacteria and Biological Synthesis, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China.
| | - Xiutao Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China.
- International Joint Laboratory on Extremophilic Bacteria and Biological Synthesis, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China.
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2
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Liu X, Li L, Zhao G, Xiong P. Optimization strategies for CO 2 biological fixation. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 73:108364. [PMID: 38642673 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Global sustainable development faces a significant challenge in effectively utilizing CO2. Meanwhile, CO2 biological fixation offers a promising solution. CO2 has the highest oxidation state (+4 valence state), whereas typical multi‑carbon chemicals have lower valence states. The Gibbs free energy (ΔG) changes of CO2 reductive reactions are generally positive and this renders it necessary to input different forms of energy. Although biological carbon fixation processes are friendly to operate, the thermodynamic obstacles must be overcome. To make this reaction occur favorably and efficiently, diverse strategies to enhance CO2 biological fixation efficiency have been proposed by numerous researchers. This article reviews recent advances in optimizing CO2 biological fixation and intends to provide new insights into achieving efficient biological utilization of CO2. It first outlines the thermodynamic characteristics of diverse carbon fixation reactions and proposes optimization directions for CO2 biological fixation. A comprehensive overview of the catalytic mechanisms, optimization strategies, and challenges encountered by common carbon-fixing enzymes is then provided. Subsequently, potential routes for improving the efficiency of biological carbon fixation are discussed, including the ATP supply, reducing power supply, energy supply, reactor design, and carbon enrichment system modules. In addition, effective artificial carbon fixation pathways were summarized and analyzed. Finally, prospects are made for the research direction of continuously improving the efficiency of biological carbon fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiutao Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, 255000 Zibo, China; International Joint Laboratory on Extremophilic Bacteria and Biological Synthesis, Shandong University of Technology, 255000 Zibo, China.
| | - Linqing Li
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, 255000 Zibo, China; International Joint Laboratory on Extremophilic Bacteria and Biological Synthesis, Shandong University of Technology, 255000 Zibo, China
| | - Guang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 266237 Qingdao, China.
| | - Peng Xiong
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, 255000 Zibo, China; International Joint Laboratory on Extremophilic Bacteria and Biological Synthesis, Shandong University of Technology, 255000 Zibo, China.
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3
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Intasian P, Sutthaphirom C, Bodeit O, Trisrivirat D, Kimprasoot N, Jaroensuk J, Bakker B, Klipp E, Chaiyen P. Enhancement of essential cofactors for in vivo biocatalysis. Faraday Discuss 2024. [PMID: 38836629 DOI: 10.1039/d4fd00013g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
A scarcity of cofactors, necessary metabolites or substrates for in vivo enzymatic reactions, is among the major barriers for product synthesis in metabolically engineered cells. This work compares our recently developed cofactor-boosting strategy, which uses xylose reductase (XR) and lactose to increase the intracellular levels of reduced or oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)H), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and acetyl coenzymeA (acetyl-CoA), with other previously reported methods. We demonstrated that the XR/lactose approach enhances levels of sugar alcohols and sugar phosphates, which leads to elevated levels of crucial cofactors required by specific metabolic pathways. The patterns of cofactor enhancement are not uniform and depend upon the specific pathway components that are overexpressed. We term this model the "user-pool" model. Here, we investigated metabolite alteration in the fatty-alcohol-producing system in the presence of XR/lactose within an early time frame (5 min after the bioconversion started). All metabolite data were analyzed using untargeted metabolomics. We found that the XR/lactose system could improve fatty-alcohol production as early as 5 min after the bioconversion started. The enhancement of key cofactors and intermediates, such as hexitol, NAD(P)H, ATP, 3-phosphoglycerate, acetyl-CoA, 6-phosphogluconate (6-PG) and glutathione, was consistent with those previously reported on a longer time scale (after 1 h). However, measurements performed at the early time reported here showed detectable differences in metabolite enhancement patterns, such as those of ATP, NADPH, acetyl-CoA and glutathione. These data could serve as a basis for future analysis of metabolic flux alteration by the XR/lactose system. Comparative analysis of the cofactor enhancement by XR and other methods suggests that XR/lactose can serve as a simple tool to increase levels of various cofactors for microbial cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattarawan Intasian
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong, Thailand.
| | - Chalermroj Sutthaphirom
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong, Thailand.
| | - Oliver Bodeit
- Theoretical Biophysics, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Duangthip Trisrivirat
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong, Thailand.
| | - Ninlapan Kimprasoot
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong, Thailand.
| | - Juthamas Jaroensuk
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong, Thailand.
| | - Barbara Bakker
- Department of Pediatrics and University of Groningen, Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edda Klipp
- Theoretical Biophysics, Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pimchai Chaiyen
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Wangchan Valley, Rayong, Thailand.
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4
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Wang L, Liu B, Meng Q, Yang C, Hu Y, Wang C, Wu P, Ruan C, Li W, Cheng S, Guo S. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cellular engineering for the production of FAME biodiesel. AMB Express 2024; 14:42. [PMID: 38658521 PMCID: PMC11043267 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-024-01702-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The unsustainable and widespread utilization of fossil fuels continues to drive the rapid depletion of global supplies. Biodiesel has emerged as one of the most promising alternatives to conventional diesel, leading to growing research interest in its production. Microbes can facilitate the de novo synthesis of a type of biodiesel in the form of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). In this study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolic activity was engineered to facilitate enhanced FAME production. Initially, free fatty acid concentrations were increased by deleting two acetyl-CoA synthetase genes (FAA1, FAA4) and an acyl-CoA oxidase gene (POX1). Intracellular S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) levels were then enhanced via the deletion of an adenosine kinase gene (ADO1) and the overexpression of a SAM synthetase gene (SAM2). Lastly, the S. cerevisiae strain overproducing free fatty acids and SAM were manipulated to express a plasmid encoding the Drosophila melanogaster Juvenile Hormone Acid O-Methyltransferase (DmJHAMT). Using this combination of engineering approaches, a FAME concentration of 5.79 ± 0.56 mg/L was achieved using these cells in the context of shaking flask fermentation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detailed study of FAME production in S. cerevisiae. These results will provide a valuable basis for future efforts to engineer S. cerevisiae strains for highly efficient production of biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiyou Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbial Resources and Fermentation Technology, Nanyang Institute of Technology, 473004, Nanyang, China
| | - Bingbing Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbial Resources and Fermentation Technology, Nanyang Institute of Technology, 473004, Nanyang, China
| | - Qingshan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunchun Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbial Resources and Fermentation Technology, Nanyang Institute of Technology, 473004, Nanyang, China
| | - Yiyi Hu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbial Resources and Fermentation Technology, Nanyang Institute of Technology, 473004, Nanyang, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbial Resources and Fermentation Technology, Nanyang Institute of Technology, 473004, Nanyang, China
| | - Pengyu Wu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbial Resources and Fermentation Technology, Nanyang Institute of Technology, 473004, Nanyang, China
| | - Chen Ruan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbial Resources and Fermentation Technology, Nanyang Institute of Technology, 473004, Nanyang, China
| | - Wenhuan Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbial Resources and Fermentation Technology, Nanyang Institute of Technology, 473004, Nanyang, China
| | - Shuang Cheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbial Resources and Fermentation Technology, Nanyang Institute of Technology, 473004, Nanyang, China.
| | - Shuxian Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbial Resources and Fermentation Technology, Nanyang Institute of Technology, 473004, Nanyang, China.
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5
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Lv Y, Chang J, Zhang W, Dong H, Chen S, Wang X, Zhao A, Zhang S, Alam MA, Wang S, Du C, Xu J, Wang W, Xu P. Improving Microbial Cell Factory Performance by Engineering SAM Availability. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:3846-3871. [PMID: 38372640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Methylated natural products are widely spread in nature. S-Adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) is the secondary abundant cofactor and the primary methyl donor, which confer natural products with structural and functional diversification. The increasing demand for SAM-dependent natural products (SdNPs) has motivated the development of microbial cell factories (MCFs) for sustainable and efficient SdNP production. Insufficient and unsustainable SAM availability hinders the improvement of SdNP MCF performance. From the perspective of developing MCF, this review summarized recent understanding of de novo SAM biosynthesis and its regulatory mechanism. SAM is just the methyl mediator but not the original methyl source. Effective and sustainable methyl source supply is critical for efficient SdNP production. We compared and discussed the innate and relatively less explored alternative methyl sources and identified the one involving cheap one-carbon compound as more promising. The SAM biosynthesis is synergistically regulated on multilevels and is tightly connected with ATP and NAD(P)H pools. We also covered the recent advancement of metabolic engineering in improving intracellular SAM availability and SdNP production. Dynamic regulation is a promising strategy to achieve accurate and dynamic fine-tuning of intracellular SAM pool size. Finally, we discussed the design and engineering constraints underlying construction of SAM-responsive genetic circuits and envisioned their future applications in developing SdNP MCFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkun Lv
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jinmian Chang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Weiping Zhang
- Bloomage Biotechnology Corporation Limited, 678 Tianchen Street, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
| | - Hanyu Dong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Song Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xian Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Anqi Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Shen Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Md Asraful Alam
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shilei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chaojun Du
- Nanyang Research Institute of Zhengzhou University, Nanyang Institute of Technology, No. 80 Changjiang Road, Nanyang 473004, China
| | - Jingliang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, No. 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Weigao Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
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6
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Fu X, Zuo X, Zhao X, Zhang H, Zhang C, Lu W. Characterization and designing of an SAM riboswitch to establish a high-throughput screening platform for SAM overproduction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:3622-3637. [PMID: 37691180 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
S-adenosyl- l-methionine (SAM) is a high-value compound widely used in the treatment of various diseases. SAM can be produced through fermentation, but further enhancing the microbial production of SAM requires novel high-throughput screening methods for rapid detection and screening of mutant libraries. In this work, an SAM-OFF riboswitch capable of responding to the SAM concentration was obtained and a high-throughput platform for screening SAM overproducers was established. SAM synthase was engineered by semirational design and directed evolution, which resulted in the SAM2S203F,W164R,T251S,Y285F,S365R mutant with almost twice higher catalytic activity than the parental enzyme. The best mutant was then introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741, and the resulting strain BSM8 produced a sevenfold higher SAM titer in shake-flask fermentation, reaching 1.25 g L-1 . This work provides a reference for designing biosensors to dynamically detect metabolite concentrations for high-throughput screening and the construction of effective microbial cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Fu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoru Zuo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huizhi Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuanbo Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenyu Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of System Bioengineering (Tianjin University), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
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7
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Zhou J, Horton JR, Kaur G, Chen Q, Li X, Mendoza F, Wu T, Blumenthal RM, Zhang X, Cheng X. Biochemical and structural characterization of the first-discovered metazoan DNA cytosine-N4 methyltransferase from the bdelloid rotifer Adineta vaga. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105017. [PMID: 37414145 PMCID: PMC10406627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Much is known about the generation, removal, and roles of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in eukaryote DNA, and there is a growing body of evidence regarding N6-methyladenine, but very little is known about N4-methylcytosine (4mC) in the DNA of eukaryotes. The gene for the first metazoan DNA methyltransferase generating 4mC (N4CMT) was reported and characterized recently by others, in tiny freshwater invertebrates called bdelloid rotifers. Bdelloid rotifers are ancient, apparently asexual animals, and lack canonical 5mC DNA methyltransferases. Here, we characterize the kinetic properties and structural features of the catalytic domain of the N4CMT protein from the bdelloid rotifer Adineta vaga. We find that N4CMT generates high-level methylation at preferred sites, (a/c)CG(t/c/a), and low-level methylation at disfavored sites, exemplified by ACGG. Like the mammalian de novo 5mC DNA methyltransferase 3A/3B (DNMT3A/3B), N4CMT methylates CpG dinucleotides on both DNA strands, generating hemimethylated intermediates and eventually fully methylated CpG sites, particularly in the context of favored symmetric sites. In addition, like DNMT3A/3B, N4CMT methylates non-CpG sites, mainly CpA/TpG, though at a lower rate. Both N4CMT and DNMT3A/3B even prefer similar CpG-flanking sequences. Structurally, the catalytic domain of N4CMT closely resembles the Caulobacter crescentus cell cycle-regulated DNA methyltransferase. The symmetric methylation of CpG, and similarity to a cell cycle-regulated DNA methyltransferase, together suggest that N4CMT might also carry out DNA synthesis-dependent methylation following DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jujun Zhou
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John R Horton
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gundeep Kaur
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xuwen Li
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Fabian Mendoza
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert M Blumenthal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Bioinformatics, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA.
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
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8
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Zhang P, Wei W, Shang Y, Ye BC. Metabolic engineering of Yarrowia lipolytica for high-level production of scutellarin. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023:129421. [PMID: 37392967 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Scutellarin drugs have been recognized as a key item in the national development of essential clinical emergency drugs for treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases; therefore, the market demand for scutellarin is growing rapidly. Microbial synthesis based on synthetic biology is a promising method for industrial production of scutellarin. In this study, the highest reported scutellarin titer in the shake flask of 703.01 ± 4.83 mg/L was achieved in Yarrowia lipolytica through the systematic metabolic engineering modifications, including screening for the optimal flavone-6-hydroxylase-cytochrome P450 reductase combination SbF6H-ATR2 to enhance P450 enzyme activity, increasing the copy numbers of rate-limiting enzyme genes, overexpressing ZWF1 and GND1 to increase NADPH supply, enhancing the supply of p-coumaric acid and uridine diphosphate glucose, and introducing the heterologous gene VHb to enhance oxygen supply. This study has significant implications for the industrial production of scutellarin and other valuable flavonoids in green economies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenping Wei
- Institute of Engineering Biology and Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanzhe Shang
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bang-Ce Ye
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Microanalysis, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Institute of Engineering Biology and Health, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
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9
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Song Z, Lin W, Duan X, Song L, Wang C, Yang H, Lu X, Ji X, Tian Y, Liu H. Increased Cordycepin Production in Yarrowia lipolytica Using Combinatorial Metabolic Engineering Strategies. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:780-787. [PMID: 36791366 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
As the first nucleoside antibiotic discovered in fungi, cordycepin, with its various biological activities, has wide applications. At present, cordycepin is mainly obtained from the natural fruiting bodies of Cordyceps militaris. However, due to long production periods, low yields, and low extraction efficiency, harvesting cordycepin from natural C. militaris is not ideal, making it difficult to meet market demands. In this study, an engineered Yarrowia lipolytica YlCor-18 strain, constructed by combining metabolic engineering strategies, achieved efficient de novo cordycepin production from glucose. First, the cordycepin biosynthetic pathway derived from C. militaris was introduced into Y. lipolytica. Furthermore, metabolic engineering strategies including promoter, protein, adenosine triphosphate, and precursor engineering were combined to enhance the synthetic ability of engineered strains of cordycepin. Fermentation conditions were also optimized, after which, the production titer and yields of cordycepin in the engineered strain YlCor-18 under fed-batch fermentation were improved to 4362.54 mg/L and 213.85 mg/g, respectively, after 168 h. This study demonstrates the potential of Y. lipolytica as a cell factory for cordycepin synthesis, which will serve as the model for the green biomanufacturing of other nucleoside antibiotics using artificial cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeqi Song
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Lin
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiyu Duan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Song
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Lu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Ji
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Tian
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Huhu Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, No. 1 Nongda Road, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China
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10
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Hu ZC, Zheng CM, Tao YC, Wang SN, Wang YS, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Improving ATP availability by sod1 deletion with a strategy of precursor feeding enhanced S-adenosyl-L-methionine accumulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 164:110189. [PMID: 36586225 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), used in diverse pharmaceutical applications, was biosynthesized from L-methionine (L-met) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This study aims to increase the accumulation of SAM in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by promoting ATP availability. Strain ΔSOD1 was obtained from the parent strain WT15-33 (CCTCC M 2021915) by deleting gene sod1, which improved the supply of ATP. The SAM content in strain ΔSOD1 exhibited a 22.3% improvement compared to the parent strain, which reached 93.6 mg g-1. The transformation of NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and the relative expression of ATPase essential genes were investigated, respectively. The results showed that the lack of gene sod1 benefited the generation of ATP, which positively regulated the synthesis of SAM. Besides that, the production of SAM was further enhanced by improving substrate assimilation. With the infusion of 1.44 g L-1L-met and 0.60 g L-1 adenosine at 24 h (h) and 0 h following fermentation, the optimum medium could produce 1.54 g L-1 SAM. Based on the regulations mentioned above, the SAM concentration of strain ΔSOD1 enhanced from 7.3 g L-1 to 10.1 g L-1 in a 5-L fermenter in 118 h. This work introduces a novel idea for the biosynthesis of ATP and SAM, and the strain ΔSOD1 has the potential for industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Ce Hu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Chui-Mu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Yun-Chao Tao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Shu-Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Yuan-Shan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
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11
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Chen Y, Zheng H, Yang J, Cao Y, Zhou H. Development of a synthetic transcription factor-based S-adenosylmethionine biosensor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnol Lett 2023; 45:255-262. [PMID: 36550338 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03338-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) is a crucial small-molecule metabolite widely used in food and medicine. The development of high-throughput biosensors for SAM biosynthesis can significantly improve the titer of SAM. This paper constructed a synthetic transcription factor (TF)-based biosensor for SAM detecting in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The synthetic TF, named MetJ-hER-VP16, consists of an Escherichia coli-derived DNA-binding domain MetJ, GS linker, the human estrogen receptor binding domain hER, and the viral activation domain VP16. The synthetic biosensor is capable of sensing SAM in a dose-dependent manner with fluorescence as the output. Additionally, it is tightly regulated by the inducer SAM and β-estradiol, which means that the fluorescence output is only available when both are present together. The synthetic SAM biosensor could potentially be applied for high-throughput metabolic engineering and is expected to improve SAM production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Chen
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huijie Zheng
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Yang
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiting Cao
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyun Zhou
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, People's Republic of China
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12
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Guo Y, Wang H, Wei X, Wang Z, Wang H, Chen J, Li J, Liu J. Utilization of high-K+-cane molasses for enhanced S-Adenosylmethionine production by manipulation of a K+ transport channel in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Eng J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2023.108846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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13
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Sun Y, Zhang T, Lu B, Li X, Jiang L. Application of cofactors in the regulation of microbial metabolism: A state of the art review. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1145784. [PMID: 37113222 PMCID: PMC10126289 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1145784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cofactors are crucial chemicals that maintain cellular redox balance and drive the cell to do synthetic and catabolic reactions. They are involved in practically all enzymatic activities that occur in live cells. It has been a hot research topic in recent years to manage their concentrations and forms in microbial cells by using appropriate techniques to obtain more high-quality target products. In this review, we first summarize the physiological functions of common cofactors, and give a brief overview of common cofactors acetyl coenzyme A, NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+, and ATP/ADP; then we provide a detailed introduction of intracellular cofactor regeneration pathways, review the regulation of cofactor forms and concentrations by molecular biological means, and review the existing regulatory strategies of microbial cellular cofactors and their application progress, to maximize and rapidly direct the metabolic flux to target metabolites. Finally, we speculate on the future of cofactor engineering applications in cell factories. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingqian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangfei Li
- Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Microbiology Molecular Beeding of Anhui Province, College of Biologic and Food Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangfei Li,
| | - Ling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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14
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The Effects of Catabolism Relationships of Leucine and Isoleucine with BAT2 Gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on High Alcohols and Esters. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071178. [PMID: 35885961 PMCID: PMC9321263 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study sought to provide a theoretical basis for effectively controlling the content of higher alcohols and esters in fermented foods. In this work, isoleucine (Ile) or leucine (Leu) at high levels was used as the sole nitrogen source for a BAT2 mutant and its parental Saccharomyces. cerevisiae 38 to investigate the effects of the addition of amounts of Ile or Leu and BAT2 on the aroma components in the flavor profile using gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The results showed that 2-methyl-butyraldehyde, 2-methyl-1-butanol, and 2-methylbutyl-acetate were the products positively correlated with the Ile addition amount. In addition, 3-methyl-butyraldehyde, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and 3-methylbutyl-acetate were the products positively correlated with Leu addition amount. BAT2 deletion resulted in a significant decline in the yields of 2-methyl-butyraldehyde, 3-methyl-butyraldehyde,2-methyl-1-butanol, and 3-methyl-1-butanol, but also an increase in the yields of 2-methylbutyl-acetate and 3-methylbutyl-acetate. We speculated that BAT2 regulated the front and end of this metabolite chain in a feedback manner. Improved metabolic chain analyses, including the simulated energy metabolism of Ile or Leu, indicated that reducing the added amount of branched-chain amino acids, BAT mutation, and eliminating the role of energy cofactors such as NADH/NAD+ were three important ways to control the content of high alcohols and esters in fermented foods.
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15
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Ren Y, Liu Q, Liu H, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Cai M. High-level living cell production of cytidine-5'-diphosphocholine in metabolically engineered yeast. J Biotechnol 2021; 341:129-136. [PMID: 34536458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Industrial production of neuroprotective drug CDP-choline is accomplished via permeabilized or lysed cell biotransformation because of the inefficient penetration of substrates into intact cells. We previously proposed a novel one-step living cell method for CDP-choline production by engineered yeast, but obtained low titer and molar yield. This study develops a high-production strain with improved molar yield by metabolic engineering strategies. The selective markers previously integrated into host cell were recovered for facilitating genetic modification, which however resulted a strain with improved CDP-choline titer and molar yield to CMP. Knockout of 5'-NT or CDA in CMP sinking pathway but not APY in CTP sinking pathway further improved CDP-choline titer and molar yield to CMP. However, overexpression of seven enzymes in CTP synthetic pathway showed no positive functions. Finally, optimization of CMP and choline phosphate levels for the optimized recombinant strains achieved a high-level CDP-choline of ~30 g/L, which was enhanced by 400% compared to the previous work. Also, the molar yield of CDP-choline to CMP increased from 40% to 84.7%. The titer and molar yield are comparable to the reported permeabilized or lysed cell based biotransformation methods. It represents a novel and competitive paradigm for the potential industrial production of CDP-choline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- China Resources Angde Biotech Pharma Co., Ltd., 78 E-jiao Street, Liaocheng, China
| | - Xiangshan Zhou
- China Resources Angde Biotech Pharma Co., Ltd., 78 E-jiao Street, Liaocheng, China; China Resources Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1301-84 Sightseeing Road, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Menghao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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16
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Tong T, Chen X, Hu G, Wang XL, Liu GQ, Liu L. Engineering microbial metabolic energy homeostasis for improved bioproduction. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 53:107841. [PMID: 34610353 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic energy (ME) homeostasis is essential for the survival and proper functioning of microbial cell factories. However, it is often disrupted during bioproduction because of inefficient ME supply and excessive ME consumption. In this review, we propose strategies, including reinforcement of the capacity of ME-harvesting systems in autotrophic microorganisms; enhancement of the efficiency of ME-supplying pathways in heterotrophic microorganisms; and reduction of unessential ME consumption by microbial cells, to address these issues. This review highlights the potential of biotechnology in the engineering of microbial ME homeostasis and provides guidance for the higher efficient bioproduction of microbial cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guipeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Gao-Qiang Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; International Cooperation Base of Science and Technology Innovation on Forest Resource Biotechnology of Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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17
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Ren S, Cheng X, Ma L. Identification of methionine adenosyltransferase with high diastereoselectivity for biocatalytic synthesis of (S)-S-adenosyl-l-methionine and exploring its relationship with fluorinated biosynthetic pathway. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 150:109881. [PMID: 34489034 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Natural fluorinated products are rare and attract great attention. The de novo fluorometabolites biosynthetic pathway in microbes has been studied. It is revealed that the carbon-fluorine (C-F) bond is formed by an exotic enzyme called fluorinase (FLA) when using fluorine ions and S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) as substrates. However, the resource of the precursor SAM is still elusive. To solve this, a novel methionine adenosyltransferase from Streptomyces xinghaiensis (SxMAT) was identified and characterized. We proved that SAM was enzymatically synthesized by SxMAT, an enzyme that mediated the reaction between adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and l-methionine (l-Met) with 99% diastereoisomeric excess (d.e.) and 80% yield. Such high diastereoselectivity had never been reported before. SxMAT was a Co2+-dependent metalloenzyme. The results showed that the metal cobalt ion contributes to the activity and selectivity of SxMAT. Molecular docking was performed to reveal its catalytic mechanism. The optimal temperature and pH were 55 °C and 8.5, respectively. Lastly, a two-step tandem enzymatic reaction using SxMAT and FLA both from S. xinghaiensis to generate 5'-fluoro-deoxyadenosine (5'-FDA) was performed. This implied that SxMAT may be present in this fluorometabolites biosynthetic route. These results suggested that SxMAT could be a useful biocatalyst for the synthesis of optically pure (S)-S-adenosyl-l-methionine, an important nutraceutical. In addition, SxMAT will probably play an important role in the biosynthetic pathway of fluorinated natural products in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinkuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China.
| | - Long Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China.
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18
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Yu F, Zhao X, Wang Z, Liu L, Yi L, Zhou J, Li J, Chen J, Du G. Recent Advances in the Physicochemical Properties and Biotechnological Application of Vitreoscilla Hemoglobin. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071455. [PMID: 34361891 PMCID: PMC8306070 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb), the first discovered bacterial hemoglobin, is a soluble heme-binding protein with a faster rate of oxygen dissociation. Since it can enhance cell growth, product synthesis and stress tolerance, VHb has been widely applied in the field of metabolic engineering for microorganisms, plants, and animals. Especially under oxygen-limited conditions, VHb can interact with terminal oxidase to deliver enough oxygen to achieve high-cell-density fermentation. In recent years, with the development of bioinformatics and synthetic biology, several novel physicochemical properties and metabolic regulatory effects of VHb have been discovered and numerous strategies have been utilized to enhance the expression level of VHb in various hosts, which greatly promotes its applications in biotechnology. Thus, in this review, the new information regarding structure, function and expressional tactics for VHb is summarized to understand its latest applications and pave a new way for the future improvement of biosynthesis for other products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; (F.Y.); (Z.W.); (L.L.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.L.); (J.C.)
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xinrui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; (F.Y.); (Z.W.); (L.L.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.L.); (J.C.)
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (G.D.)
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; (F.Y.); (Z.W.); (L.L.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Luyao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; (F.Y.); (Z.W.); (L.L.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Lingfeng Yi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; (F.Y.); (Z.W.); (L.L.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; (F.Y.); (Z.W.); (L.L.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.L.); (J.C.)
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; (F.Y.); (Z.W.); (L.L.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.L.); (J.C.)
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; (F.Y.); (Z.W.); (L.L.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.L.); (J.C.)
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China; (F.Y.); (Z.W.); (L.L.); (L.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.L.); (J.C.)
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (G.D.)
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19
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Enhanced glutathione production by bifunctional enzyme coupling with ydaO-based ATP regulating system in Escherichia coli. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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20
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Xing S, Shi L, Liu G, Zhu M, Xu Y, Liu D, He X, Wang Z. S-Adenosyl-l-Methionine Promotes Metabolism of Fungicides in Cabernet Sauvignon ( Vitis vinifera L.) Berries. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:12413-12420. [PMID: 33104344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fungicides are commonly used to prevent and treat grape (Vitis vinifera L.) diseases; however, they are potentially toxic to humans. Herein, we show that the application of S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) accelerated the metabolism of various fungicides in Cabernet Sauvignon berries. The substances and enzymes involved in the metabolism of fungicides were analyzed to elucidate the effects of SAM. Results showed that SAM improved the production rate of superoxide anion, the hydrogen peroxide content, and the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase in azoxystrobin-treated berries. Additionally, SAM had a positive effect on the content of reduced glutathione and on the activities of glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase. Importantly, the stimulatory effect of SAM on fungicide metabolism was also observed for metalaxyl and thiophanate-methyl. These results suggest that SAM can be used to improve food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Xing
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, P. R. China
| | - Ling Shi
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, P. R. China
| | - Guangjuan Liu
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, P. R. China
| | - Mingrui Zhu
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Xu
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, P. R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, P. R. China
| | - Xin He
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, P. R. China
| | - Zirong Wang
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, P. R. China
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21
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Zhao X, Zhou J, Du G, Chen J. Recent Advances in the Microbial Synthesis of Hemoglobin. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 39:286-297. [PMID: 32912649 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hemoglobin is a cofactor-containing protein with heme that plays important roles in transporting and storing oxygen. Hemoglobins have been widely applied as acellular oxygen carriers, bioavailable iron-supplying agents, and food-grade coloring and flavoring agents. To meet increasing demands and overcome the drawbacks of chemical extraction, the biosynthesis of hemoglobin has become an attractive alternative. Several hemoglobins have recently been synthesized by various microorganisms through metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. In this review, we summarize the novel strategies that have been used to biosynthesize hemoglobin. These strategies can also serve as references for producing other heme-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory of Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory of Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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Man Z, Guo J, Zhang Y, Cai Z. Regulation of intracellular ATP supply and its application in industrial biotechnology. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:1151-1162. [PMID: 32862717 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1813071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Efficient cell factories are the core of industrial biotechnology. In recent years, synthetic biology develops rapidly, and more and more modified microbial cell factories are employed in industrial biotechnology. ATP plays vital roles in biosynthesis, metabolism regulation, and cellular maintenance. Regulating cellular ATP supply can effectively modify cellular metabolism. This paper presents a review of recent studies on the regulation of the intracellular ATP supply and its application in industrial biotechnology. Detailed strategies for regulating the ATP supply and the resulting impact on bioproduction are introduced. It is observed that regulating the cellular ATP supply can provide great possibilities for making microbial cells into efficient factories. Future perspectives for further understanding the function of ATP are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiwei Man
- Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China.,Zaozhuang Key Laboratory of Corn Bioengineering, Zaozhuang Science and Technology Collaborative Innovation Center of Enzyme, Shandong Hengren Gongmao Co. Ltd, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yingyang Zhang
- Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Cai
- Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
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23
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Zhou X, Zhang Y, Shen Y, Zhang X, Zan Z, Xia M, Luo J, Wang M. Efficient repeated batch production of androstenedione using untreated cane molasses by Mycobacterium neoaurum driven by ATP futile cycle. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 309:123307. [PMID: 32315913 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The biotransformation of phytosterol to androstenedione (AD) by mycobacteria is a unique process accompanied by energy-producing. However, high intracellular ATP content can severely inhibit the efficient production of AD. In this study, a novel citrate-based ATP futile cycle (AFC) and pyruvate-based AFC were constructed for the first time. Application of AFCs reduced intracellular ATP and propionyl-CoA levels and increased NAD+/NADH ratios and cell viability. The forced consumption of ATP promotes the transcription of critical genes in propionyl-CoA metabolism. The synergistic effect of enhanced propionyl-CoA metabolism and AFC increased AD conversion yield from 60.6% to 97.3%. The AD productivity was further improved by repeated batch fermentation using untreated cane molasses. The maximum productivity was 181% higher than that of the original strain. Therefore, the strategy of combining AFC and repeated batch fermentation is a valuable tool for the efficient and low-cost production of AD and other steroidal pharmaceutical precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Life Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China.
| | - Yanbing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zehui Zan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Menglei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jianmei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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24
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Li X, Chen J, Andersen JM, Chu J, Jensen PR. Cofactor Engineering Redirects Secondary Metabolism and Enhances Erythromycin Production in Saccharopolyspora erythraea. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:655-670. [PMID: 32078772 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Saccharopolyspora erythraea is used for industrial erythromycin production. To explore the physiological role of intracellular energy state in metabolic regulation by S. erythraea, we initially overexpressed the F1 part of the endogenous F1F0-ATPase in the high yielding erythromycin producing strain E3. The F1-ATPase expression resulted in lower [ATP]/[ADP] ratios, which was accompanied by a strong increase in the production of a reddish pigment and a decreased erythromycin production. Subsequent transcriptional analysis revealed that the lower intracellular [ATP]/[ADP] ratios exerted a pleotropic regulation on the metabolism of S. erythraea. The lower [ATP]/[ADP] ratios induced physiological changes to restore the energy balance, mainly via pathways that tend to produce ATP or regenerate NADH. The F1-ATPase overexpression strain exhibited a state of redox stress, which was correlated to an alteration of electron transport at the branch of the terminal oxidases, and S. erythraea channeled the enhanced glycolytic flux toward a reddish pigment in order to reduce NADH formation. The production of erythromycin was decreased, which is in accordance with the net ATP requirement and the excess NADH formed through this pathway. Partial growth inhibition by apramycin increased the intracellular [ATP]/[ADP] ratios and demonstrated a positive correlation between [ATP]/[ADP] ratios and erythromycin synthesis. Finally, overexpression of the entire F1F0-ATPase complex resulted in 28% enhanced erythromycin production and markedly reduced pigment synthesis in E3. The work illustrates a feasible strategy to optimize the distribution of fluxes in secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 201, DK2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jun Chen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 201, DK2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Joakim M. Andersen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 201, DK2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ju Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peter R. Jensen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 201, DK2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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25
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Li G, Li H, Tan Y, Hao N, Yang X, Chen K, Ouyang P. Improved S-adenosyl-l-methionine production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using tofu yellow serofluid. J Biotechnol 2020; 309:100-106. [PMID: 31926980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) has been attracting increasing attention because of its significance in the pharmaceutical industry; however, the high cost of this compound limits its application. Tofu yellow serofluid exhibits high nutritional value and is not costly; therefore, it can be utilized as a substrate in the fermentation industry. In the current study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cultured in the tofu yellow serofluid fermentation medium for the SAM biosynthesis. The optimum tofu yellow serofluid fermentation medium contained 70 g/L of glucose, 30 % of yellow serofluid, 20 g/L of l-methionine, and 2.5 g/L of ammonium citrate. Under these conditions, the optimum feeding strategy was established. The results revealed that the dry cell weight (DCW) reached 123.1 g/L, the maximum production of SAM was 16.14 g/L, the highest SAM productivity reached 1.048 g/L/h, and SAM content was determined at 131.1 mg/g DCW. Furthermore, addition of tofu yellow serofluid reduced the average cost of SAM by 31.9 % to compare with the culture process without addition of tofu yellow serofluid. Thus, the tofu yellow serofluid fermentation medium improved the production of SAM and significantly reduced the production costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganlu Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yuyan Tan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Ning Hao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Xuelian Yang
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Kequan Chen
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
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26
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Ren Y, Liu Q, Liu H, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Cai M. Engineering substrate and energy metabolism for living cell production of cytidine-5'-diphosphocholine. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1426-1435. [PMID: 31997310 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytidine-5'-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) is a widely used neuroprotective drug for multiple indications. In industry, CDP-choline is synthesized by a two-step cell culture/permeabilized cell biotransformation method because substrates often do not enter cells in an efficient manner. This study develops a novel one-step living cell fermentation method for CDP-choline production. For this purpose, the feasibility of Pichia pastoris as a chassis was demonstrated by substrate feeding and CDP-choline production. Overexpression of choline phosphate cytidylyltransferase and choline kinase enhanced the choline transformation pathway and improved the biosynthesis of CDP-choline. Furthermore, co-overexpression of ScHnm1, which is a heterologous choline transporter, highly improved the utilization of choline substrates, despite its easy degradation in cells. This strategy increased CDP-choline titer by 55-folds comparing with the wild-type (WT). Overexpression of cytidine-5'-monophosphate (CMP) kinase and CDP kinase in the CMP transformation pathway showed no positive effects. An increase in the ATP production by citrate stimulation or metabolic pathway modification further improved CDP-choline biosynthesis by 120%. Finally, the orthogonal optimization of key substrates and pH was carried out, and the resulting CDP-choline titer (6.0 g/L) at optimum conditions increased 88 times the original titer in the WT. This study provides a new paradigm for CDP-choline bioproduction by living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- China Resources Angde Biotech Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Liaocheng, China
| | - Xiangshan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,China Resources Angde Biotech Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd, Liaocheng, China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, Shanghai, China
| | - Menghao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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