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Wang Z, Qiu H, Chen Y, Chen X, Fu C, Yu L. Microbial metabolism of diosgenin by a novel isolated Mycolicibacterium sp. HK-90: A promising biosynthetic platform to produce 19-carbon and 21-carbon steroids. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14415. [PMID: 38381074 PMCID: PMC10880577 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Green manufacture of steroid precursors from diosgenin by microbial replacing multistep chemical synthesis has been elusive. It is currently limited by the lack of strain and degradation mechanisms. Here, we demonstrated the feasibility of this process using a novel strain Mycolicibacterium sp. HK-90 with efficiency in diosgenin degradation. Diosgenin degradation by strain HK-90 involves the selective removal of 5,6-spiroketal structure, followed by the oxygenolytic cleavage of steroid nuclei. Bioinformatic analyses revealed the presence of two complete steroid catabolic gene clusters, SCG-1 and SCG-2, in the genome of strain HK-90. SCG-1 cluster was found to be involved in classic phytosterols or cholesterol catabolic pathway through the deletion of key kstD1 gene, which promoted the mutant m-∆kstD1 converting phytosterols to intermediate 9α-hydroxyandrostenedione (9-OHAD). Most impressively, global transcriptomics and characterization of key genes suggested SCG-2 as a potential gene cluster encoding diosgenin degradation. The gene inactivation of kstD2 in SCG-2 resulted in the conversion of diosgenin to 9-OHAD and 9,16-dihydroxy-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione (9,16-(OH)2 -PG) in mutant m-ΔkstD2. Moreover, the engineered strain mHust-ΔkstD1,2,3 with a triple deletion of kstDs was constructed, which can stably accumulate 9-OHAD by metabolizing phytosterols, and accumulate 9-OHAD and 9,16-(OH)2 -PG from diosgenin. Diosgenin catabolism in strain mHust-ΔkstD1,2,3 was revealed as a progression through diosgenone, 9,16-(OH)2 -PG, and 9-OHAD to 9α-hydroxytestosterone (9-OHTS). So far, this work is the first report on genetically engineered strain metabolizing diosgenin to produce 21-carbon and 19-carbon steroids. This study presents a promising biosynthetic platform for the green production of steroid precursors, and provide insights into the complex biochemical mechanism of diosgenin catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikuan Wang
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Molecular BiophysicsMinistry of EducationWuhanChina
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Both Edible and Medicinal ResourcesWuhanChina
| | - Hailiang Qiu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Molecular BiophysicsMinistry of EducationWuhanChina
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Both Edible and Medicinal ResourcesWuhanChina
| | - Yulong Chen
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Molecular BiophysicsMinistry of EducationWuhanChina
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Both Edible and Medicinal ResourcesWuhanChina
| | - Xuemin Chen
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Molecular BiophysicsMinistry of EducationWuhanChina
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Both Edible and Medicinal ResourcesWuhanChina
| | - Chunhua Fu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Molecular BiophysicsMinistry of EducationWuhanChina
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Both Edible and Medicinal ResourcesWuhanChina
| | - Longjiang Yu
- Institute of Resource Biology and Biotechnology, Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Key Laboratory of Molecular BiophysicsMinistry of EducationWuhanChina
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Both Edible and Medicinal ResourcesWuhanChina
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Dang B, Jia W, Ma S, Zhang X, Huang Y, Huang W, Han D, Zhang K, Zhao F, Zhang Y, Xu Z. Characterization of a novel nornicotine-degrading strain Mycolicibacterium sp. SMGY-1XX from a nornicotine-degrading consortium and preliminary elucidation of its biodegradation pathway by multi-omics analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131777. [PMID: 37290356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine and nornicotine are all toxic alkaloids involved in the formation of carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines. Microbes play an important role in removing these toxic alkaloids and their derivatives from tobacco-polluted environments. By now, microbial degradation of nicotine has been well studied. However, limited information is available on the microbial catabolism of nornicotine. In the present study, a nornicotine-degrading consortium was enriched from a river sediment sample and characterized by metagenomic sequencing using a combination of Illumina and Nanopore technologies. The metagenomic sequencing analysis demonstrated that Achromobacter, Azospirillum, Mycolicibacterium, Terrimonas, and Mycobacterium were the dominant genera in the nornicotine-degrading consortium. A total of 7 morphologically distinct bacterial strains were isolated from the nornicotine-degrading consortium. These 7 bacterial strains were characterized by whole genome sequencing and examined for their ability to degrade nornicotine. Based on a combination of 16 S rRNA gene similarity comparisons, 16 S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic analysis, and ANI analysis, the accurate taxonomies of these 7 isolated strains were identified. These 7 strains were identified as Mycolicibacterium sp. strain SMGY-1XX, Shinella yambaruensis strain SMGY-2XX, Sphingobacterium soli strain SMGY-3XX, Runella sp. strain SMGY-4XX, Chitinophagaceae sp. strain SMGY-5XX, Terrimonas sp. strain SMGY-6XX, Achromobacter sp. strain SMGY-8XX. Among these 7 strains, Mycolicibacterium sp. strain SMGY-1XX, which has not been reported previously to have the ability to degrade nornicotine or nicotine, was found to be capable of degrading nornicotine, nicotine as well as myosmine. The degradation intermediates of nornicotine and myosmine by Mycolicibacterium sp. strain SMGY-1XX were determined and the nornicotine degradation pathway in strain SMGY-1XX was proposed. Three novel intermediates, myosmine, pseudooxy-nornicotine, and γ-aminobutyrate, were identified during the nornicotine degradation process. Further, the most likely candidate genes responsible for nornicotine degradation in Mycolicibacterium sp. strain SMGY-1XX were identified by integrating genomic analysis, transcriptomic analysis, and proteomic analysis. The findings in this study will help to expand our understanding on the microbial catabolism of nornicotine and nicotine and provide new insights into the nornicotine degradation mechanism by consortia and pure culture, laying a foundation for the application of strain SMGY-1XX for the removal, biotransformation, or detoxification of nornicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjun Dang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Wei Jia
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shuanglong Ma
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Flavors and Fragrance Engineering & Technology Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yao Huang
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Wuxing Huang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Dan Han
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- School of Geographic Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Fanchong Zhao
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zicheng Xu
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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Wu Y, Ma J, Shi J, Cao S, Luo J, Zheng T, Wang M. iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Arthrobacter simplex in Response to Cortisone Acetate and Its Mutants with Improved Δ 1-Dehydrogenation Efficiency. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:6376-6388. [PMID: 37043686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Arthrobacter simplex is extensively used for cortisone acetate (CA) biotransformation in industry, but the Δ1-dehydrogenation molecular fundamental remains unclear. Herein, the comparative proteome revealed several proteins with the potential role in this reaction, which were mainly involved in lipid or amino acid transport and metabolism, energy production and conversion, steroid degradation, and transporter. The influences of six proteins were further confirmed, where pps, MceGA, yrbE4AA, yrbE4BA, and hyp2 showed positive impacts, while hyp1 exhibited a negative effect. Additionally, KsdD5 behaved as the best catalytic enzyme. By the combined manipulation in multiple genes under the control of a stronger promoter, an optimal strain with better catalytic enzyme activity, substrate transportation, and cell stress tolerance was created. After biotechnology optimization, the production peak and productivity were, respectively, boosted by 4.1- and 4.0-fold relative to the initial level. Our work broadens the understanding of the Δ1-dehydrogenation mechanism, also providing effective strategies for excellent steroid-transforming strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Jianan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Jinghui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Shuting Cao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Jianmei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
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Liu K, Wang FQ, Liu K, Zhao Y, Gao B, Tao X, Wei D. Light-driven progesterone production by InP-(M. neoaurum) biohybrid system. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:93. [PMID: 38647746 PMCID: PMC10992907 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00575-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Progesterone is one of the classical hormone drugs used in medicine for maintaining pregnancy. However, its manufacturing process, coupled with organic reagents and poisonous catalysts, causes irreversible environmental pollution. Recent advances in synthetic biology have demonstrated that the microbial biosynthesis of natural products, especially difficult-to-synthesize compounds, from building blocks is a promising strategy. Herein, overcoming the heterologous cytochrome P450 enzyme interdependency in Mycolicibacterium neoaurum successfully constructed the CYP11A1 running module to realize metabolic conversion from waste phytosterols to progesterone. Subsequently, progesterone yield was improved through strategies involving electron transfer and NADPH regeneration. Mutant CYP11A1 (mCYP11A1) and adrenodoxin reductase (ADR) were connected by a flexible linker (L) to form the chimera mCYP11A1-L-ADR to enhance electron transfer. The chimera mCYP11A1-L-ADR, adrenodoxin (ADX), and ADR-related homolog ARH1 were expressed in M. neoaurum, showed positive activity and produced 45 mg/L progesterone. This electron transfer strategy increased progesterone production by 3.95-fold compared with M. neoaurum expressing mCYP11A1, ADR, and ADX. Significantly, a novel inorganic-biological hybrid system was assembled by combining engineered M. neoaurum and InP nanoparticles to regenerate NADPH, which was increased 84-fold from the initial progesterone titer to 235 ± 50 mg/L. In summary, this work highlights the green and sustainable potential of obtaining synthetic progesterone from sterols in M. neoaurum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Feng-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Ke Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yunqiu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Bei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xinyi Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Dongzhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Wang XX, Ke X, Liu ZQ, Zheng YG. Rational development of mycobacteria cell factory for advancing the steroid biomanufacturing. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:191. [PMID: 35974205 PMCID: PMC9381402 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Steroidal resource occupies a vital proportion in the pharmaceutical industry attributing to their important therapeutic effects on fertility, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities. Currently, microbial transformation from phytosterol has become the dominant strategy of steroidal drug intermediate synthesis that bypasses the traditional chemical route. Mycobacterium sp. serve as the main industrial microbial strains that are capable of introducing selective functional modifications of steroidal intermediate, which has become an indispensable platform for steroid biomanufacturing. By reviewing the progress in past two decades, the present paper concentrates mainly on the microbial rational modification aspects that include metabolic pathway editing, key enzymes engineering, material transport pathway reinforcement, toxic metabolic intermediates removal and byproduct reconciliation. In addition, progress on omics analysis and direct genetic manipulation are summarized and classified that may help reform the industrial hosts with more efficiency. The paper provides an insightful present for steroid biomanufacturing especially on the current trends and prospects of mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Ke
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Choral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
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Role of the Gene ndufs8 Located in Respiratory Complex I from Monascus purpureus in the Cell Growth and Secondary Metabolites Biosynthesis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070655. [PMID: 35887413 PMCID: PMC9319538 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous work revealed that the anabolism of Monascus secondary metabolites is closely related to cofactor metabolism. In this study, we have further investigated the regulation mechanisms of respiratory complex I in response to the cell growth and secondary metabolite biosynthesis of M. purpureus. The results showed that downregulating the mRNA level of gene ndufs8 in M. purpureus sharply increased the secondary metabolites biosynthesis, cell growth and glucose consumption rates at the fermentation metaphase; slightly increased the colony diameter and biomass, and dramatically changed the mycelia morphology; and decreased the tolerances to environmental factors (especially H2O2). It also significantly inhibited the enzymes activities of respiratory complex I, III and superoxide dismutase, but stimulated that of complex II, IV and peroxidase, leading to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and a decrease in ATP concentration. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis revealed that the mRNA levels of genes involved in respiratory chain, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and fatty acid degradation were downregulated, but those in the citrinin and monascus pigment biosynthesis and related pathways were upregulated. These data revealed that complex I plays a vital role in regulating the cell growth and secondary metabolism of Monascus via changing the intracellular ROS and ATP levels.
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Zhao N, Jiao L, Xu J, Zhang J, Qi Y, Qiu M, Wei X, Fan M. Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analysis reveals the response mechanisms of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris to heat stress. Food Res Int 2022; 151:110859. [PMID: 34980395 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris can survive pasteurization and is implicated in pasteurized fruit juice spoilage. However, the mechanisms underlying heat responses remain largely unknown. Herein, gene transcription changes of A. acidoterrestris under heat stress were detected by transcriptome, and an integrated analysis with proteomic and physiological data was conducted. A total of 911 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was observed. The majority of DEGs and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were exclusively regulated at the mRNA and protein level, respectively, whereas only 59 genes were regulated at both levels and had the same change trends. Comparative analysis of the functions of the specifically or commonly regulated DEGs and DEPs revealed that the heat resistance of A. acidoterrestris was primarily based on modulating peptidoglycan and fatty acid composition to maintain cell envelope integrity. Low energy consumption strategies were established with attenuated glycolysis, decreased ribosome de novo synthesis, and activated ribosome hibernation. Terminal oxidases, cytochrome bd and aa3, in aerobic respiratory chain were upregulated. Meanwhile, the MarR family transcriptional regulator was upregulated, reactive oxygen species (ROS) was discovered, and the concentration of superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased, indicating that the accompanied oxidative stress was induced by high temperature. Additionally, DNA and protein damage repair systems were activated. This study provided a global perspective on the response mechanisms of A. acidoterrestris to heat stress, with implications for better detection and control of its contamination in fruit juice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lingxia Jiao
- School of Food Science, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Junnan Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yiman Qi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mengzhen Qiu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xinyuan Wei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mingtao Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Mycolicibacterium cell factory for the production of steroid-based drug intermediates. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 53:107860. [PMID: 34710554 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Steroid-based drugs have been developed as the second largest medical category in pharmaceutics. The well-established route of steroid industry includes two steps: the conversion of natural products with a steroid framework to steroid-based drug intermediates and the synthesis of varied steroid-based drugs from steroid-based drug intermediates. The biosynthesis of steroid-based drug intermediates from phytosterols by Mycolicibacterium cell factories bypasses the potential undersupply of diosgenin in the traditional steroid chemical industry. Moreover, the biosynthesis route shows advantages on multiple steroid-based drug intermediate products, more ecofriendly processes, and consecutive reactions carried out in one operation step and in one pot. Androsta-4-ene-3,17-dione (AD), androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD) and 9-hydroxyandrostra-4-ene-3,17-dione (9-OH-AD) are the representative steroid-based drug intermediates synthesized by mycolicibacteria. Other steroid metabolites of mycolicibacteria, like 4-androstene-17β-ol-3-one (TS), 22-hydroxy-23,24-bisnorchol-4-ene-3-one (4-HBC), 22-hydroxy-23,24-bisnorchol-1,4-diene-3-one (1,4-HBC), 9,22-dihydroxy-23,24-bisnorchol-4-ene-3-one (9-OH-HBC), 3aα-H-4α-(3'-propionic acid)-7aβ-methylhexahydro-1,5-indanedione (HIP) and 3aα-H-4α-(3'-propionic acid)-5α-hydroxy-7aβ-methylhexahydro-1-indanone-δ-lactone (HIL), also show values as steroid-based drug intermediates. To improve the bio-production efficiency of the steroid-based drug intermediates, mycolicibacterial strains and biotransformation processes have been continuously studied in the past decades. Many mycolicibacteria that accumulate steroid drug intermediates have been isolated, and subsequently optimized by conventional mutagenesis and genetic engineering. Especially, with the clarification of the mycolicibacterial steroid metabolic pathway and the developments on gene editing technologies, rational design is becoming an important measure for the construction and optimization of engineered mycolicibacteria strains that produce steroid-based drug intermediates. Hence, by reviewing researches in the past two decades, this article updates the overall process of steroid metabolism in mycolicibacteria and provides comprehensive schemes for the rational construction of mycolicibacterial strains that accumulate steroid-based drug intermediates. In addition, the special strategies for the bioconversion of highly hydrophobic steroid in aqueous media are discussed as well.
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Wang Z, Liang Y, Wang Q, Jia H, Yue T, Yuan Y, Gao Z, Cai R. Integrated analysis of transcriptome and proteome for exploring the mechanism of guaiacol production by Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris. Food Res Int 2021; 148:110621. [PMID: 34507765 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Alicyclobacillus spp. can cause commercially pasteurized fruit juices/beverages to spoil and the spoilage is characterized by the formation of a distinct medicinal or antiseptic off-odor attributed to guaiacol. The aim of this study was to reveal the mechanism of guaiacol production in A. acidoterrestris by combining transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. RNA-sequencing and iTRAQ analyses were conducted to investigate differences in expression levels of genes and proteins in A. acidoterrestris when producing (with 500 μM vanillic acid) and not producing (without vanillic acid) guaiacol. A total of 225 differentially expressed genes and 77 differentially expressed proteins were identified. The transcription of genes vdcBCD encoding subunits of vanillic acid decarboxylase were 626.47, 185.01 and 52.81-fold up-regulated, respectively; they were the most up-regulated genes involved in guaiacol production. Expressions of the benzoate membrane transport protein, fusaric acid resistance protein, resistance-nodulation- division transporter, some ATP-binding cassette transporters and major facilitator superfamily transporters were increased at either mRNA, protein or both levels, indicating that they participated in the uptake of vanillic acid and extrusion of guaiacol. In the metabolic process of vanillic acid to guaiacol in A. acidoterrestris, genes related to the pathway of tricarboxylic acid cycle and ribosome were up-regulated, while the expression of some genes associated with valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis was decreased. These findings provide novel insight to understand the mechanism of guaiacol production in A. acidoterrestris, which will serve as an important guide for developing strategies for the control of A. acidoterrestris problems in the fruit juice industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouli Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (YangLing), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; National Engineering Research Center of Agriculture Integration Test (Yangling), Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yunhao Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hang Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (YangLing), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; National Engineering Research Center of Agriculture Integration Test (Yangling), Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yahong Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (YangLing), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; National Engineering Research Center of Agriculture Integration Test (Yangling), Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhenpeng Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (YangLing), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; National Engineering Research Center of Agriculture Integration Test (Yangling), Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Rui Cai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (YangLing), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; National Engineering Research Center of Agriculture Integration Test (Yangling), Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Genome-Wide Transcriptome Profiling Provides Insight on Cholesterol and Lithocholate Degradation Mechanisms in Nocardioides simplex VKM Ac-2033D. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11101229. [PMID: 33092158 PMCID: PMC7593942 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid microbial degradation plays a significant ecological role for biomass decomposition and removal/detoxification of steroid pollutants. In this study, the initial steps of cholesterol degradation and lithocholate bioconversion by a strain with enhanced 3-ketosteroid dehydrogenase (3-KSD) activity, Nocardioides simplex VKM Ac-2033D, were studied. Biochemical, transcriptomic, and bioinformatic approaches were used. Among the intermediates of sterol sidechain oxidation cholest-5-en-26-oic acid and 3-oxo-cholesta-1,4-dien-26-oic acid were identified as those that have not been earlier reported for N. simplex and related species. The transcriptomic approach revealed candidate genes of cholesterol and lithocholic acid (LCA) catabolism by the strain. A separate set of genes combined in cluster and additional 3-ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenase and 3-ketosteroid 9α-hydroxylases that might be involved in LCA catabolism were predicted. Bioinformatic calculations based on transcriptomic data showed the existence of a previously unknown transcription factor, which regulates cholate catabolism gene orthologs. The results contribute to the knowledge on diversity of steroid catabolism regulation in actinobacteria and might be used at the engineering of microbial catalysts for ecological and industrial biotechnology.
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Luo JM, Cui HL, Jia HC, Li F, Cheng HJ, Shen YB, Wang M. Identification, Biological Characteristics, and Active Site Residues of 3-Ketosteroid Δ 1-Dehydrogenase Homologues from Arthrobacter simplex. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:9496-9512. [PMID: 32786835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
3-Ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenase (KsdD) is the key enzyme responsible for Δ1-dehydrogenation, which is one of the most valuable reactions for steroid catabolism. Arthrobacter simplex has been widely used in the industry due to its superior bioconversion efficiency, but KsdD information is not yet fully clear. Here, five KsdD homologues were identified in A. simplex CGMCC 14539. Bioinformatic analysis indicated their distinct properties and structures. Each KsdD was functionally confirmed by transcriptional response, overexpression, and heterologous expression. The substantial difference in substrate profiles might be related to the enzyme loop structure. Two promising enzymes (KsdD3 and KsdD5) were purified and characterized, exhibiting strong organic solvent tolerance and clear preference for 4-ene-3-oxosteroids. KsdD5 seemed to be more versatile due to good activity on substrates with or without a substituent at C11 and high optimal temperature and also possessed unique residues. It is the first time that KsdDs have been comprehensively disclosed in the A. simplex industrial strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Mei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science & Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 89 P.O. Box, No. 29, Street No. 13, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 30057, P. R. China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Lin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science & Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 89 P.O. Box, No. 29, Street No. 13, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 30057, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Chen Jia
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science & Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 89 P.O. Box, No. 29, Street No. 13, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 30057, P. R. China
| | - Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science & Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 89 P.O. Box, No. 29, Street No. 13, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 30057, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Jin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science & Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 89 P.O. Box, No. 29, Street No. 13, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 30057, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Bing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science & Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 89 P.O. Box, No. 29, Street No. 13, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 30057, P. R. China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Tianjin University of Science & Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Microbial Metabolism and Fermentation Process Control, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, 89 P.O. Box, No. 29, Street No. 13, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 30057, P. R. China
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12
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Zhou X, Zhang Y, Shen Y, Zhang X, Zan Z, Xia M, Luo J, Wang M. Efficient repeated batch production of androstenedione using untreated cane molasses by Mycobacterium neoaurum driven by ATP futile cycle. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 309:123307. [PMID: 32315913 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The biotransformation of phytosterol to androstenedione (AD) by mycobacteria is a unique process accompanied by energy-producing. However, high intracellular ATP content can severely inhibit the efficient production of AD. In this study, a novel citrate-based ATP futile cycle (AFC) and pyruvate-based AFC were constructed for the first time. Application of AFCs reduced intracellular ATP and propionyl-CoA levels and increased NAD+/NADH ratios and cell viability. The forced consumption of ATP promotes the transcription of critical genes in propionyl-CoA metabolism. The synergistic effect of enhanced propionyl-CoA metabolism and AFC increased AD conversion yield from 60.6% to 97.3%. The AD productivity was further improved by repeated batch fermentation using untreated cane molasses. The maximum productivity was 181% higher than that of the original strain. Therefore, the strategy of combining AFC and repeated batch fermentation is a valuable tool for the efficient and low-cost production of AD and other steroidal pharmaceutical precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; College of Life Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China.
| | - Yanbing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zehui Zan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Menglei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jianmei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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13
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Uncovering mechanisms of greengage wine fermentation against acidic stress via genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolic analyses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:7619-7629. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10772-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Pratush A, Ye X, Yang Q, Kan J, Peng T, Wang H, Huang T, Xiong G, Hu Z. Biotransformation strategies for steroid estrogen and androgen pollution. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2385-2409. [PMID: 31993703 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The common steroid hormones are estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), and testosterone (T). These steroids are reported to contaminate the environment through wastewater treatment plants. Steroid estrogens are widespread in the aquatic environment and therefore pose a potential risk, as exposure to these compounds has adverse impacts on vertebrates. Excessive exposure to steroid estrogens causes endocrine disruption in aquatic vertebrates, which affects the normal sexual life of these animals. Steroid pollutants also cause several health problems in humans and other animals. Microbial degradation is an efficient method for removing hormone pollutants from the environment by remediation. Over the last two decades, microbial metabolism of steroids has gained considerable attention due to its higher efficiency to reduce pollutants from the environment. The present review is focused on the major causes of steroid pollution, concentrations of these pollutants in surface water, groundwater, drinking water, and wastewater, their effect on humans and aquatic animals, as well as recent efforts by various research groups that seek better ways to degrade steroids by aerobic and anaerobic microbial systems. Detailed overview of aerobic and anaerobic microbial biotransformation of steroid estrogens and testosterone present in the environment along with the active enzyme systems involved in these biotransformation reactions is described in the review article, which helps readers to understand the biotransformation mechanism of steroids in depth. Other measures such as co-metabolic degradation, consortia degradation, algal, and fungal steroid biotransformation are also discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Pratush
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Xueying Ye
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Jie Kan
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Tongwang Huang
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Guangming Xiong
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School, Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Zhong Hu
- Biology Department, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
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15
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Behra PRK, Pettersson BMF, Ramesh M, Dasgupta S, Kirsebom LA. Insight into the biology of Mycobacterium mucogenicum and Mycobacterium neoaurum clade members. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19259. [PMID: 31848383 PMCID: PMC6917791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55464-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontuberculous mycobacteria, NTM, are of growing concern and among these members of the Mycobacterium mucogenicum (Mmuc) and Mycobacterium neoaurum (Mneo) clades can cause infections in humans and they are resistant to first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. They can be isolated from different ecological niches such as soil, tap water and ground water. Mycobacteria, such as Mmuc and Mneo, are classified as rapid growing mycobacteria, RGM, while the most familiar, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, belongs to the slow growing mycobacteria, SGM. Modern “omics” approaches have provided new insights into our understanding of the biology and evolution of this group of bacteria. Here we present comparative genomics data for seventeen NTM of which sixteen belong to the Mmuc- and Mneo-clades. Focusing on virulence genes, including genes encoding sigma/anti-sigma factors, serine threonine protein kinases (STPK), type VII (ESX genes) secretion systems and mammalian cell entry (Mce) factors we provide insight into their presence as well as phylogenetic relationship in the case of the sigma/anti-sigma factors and STPKs. Our data further suggest that these NTM lack ESX-5 and Mce2 genes, which are known to affect virulence. In this context, Mmuc- and Mneo-clade members lack several of the genes in the glycopeptidolipid (GLP) locus, which have roles in colony morphotype appearance and virulence. For the M. mucogenicum type strain, MmucT, we provide RNASeq data focusing on mRNA levels for sigma factors, STPK, ESX proteins and Mce proteins. These data are discussed and compared to in particular the SGM and fish pathogen Mycobacterium marinum. Finally, we provide insight into as to why members of the Mmuc- and Mneo-clades show resistance to rifampin and isoniazid, and why MmucT forms a rough colony morphotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phani Rama Krishna Behra
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Box 596, BMC, Uppsala University, SE 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B M Fredrik Pettersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Box 596, BMC, Uppsala University, SE 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malavika Ramesh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Box 596, BMC, Uppsala University, SE 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Santanu Dasgupta
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Box 596, BMC, Uppsala University, SE 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leif A Kirsebom
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Box 596, BMC, Uppsala University, SE 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
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16
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Liu J, Chai X, Guo T, Wu J, Yang P, Luo Y, Zhao H, Zhao W, Nkechi O, Dong J, Bai J, Lin Q. Disruption of the Ergosterol Biosynthetic Pathway Results in Increased Membrane Permeability, Causing Overproduction and Secretion of Extracellular Monascus Pigments in Submerged Fermentation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13673-13683. [PMID: 31617717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Because Monascus pigments (MPs) predominantly accumulate in the cytoplasm during submerged fermentation, many biotechnologies are applied to enhance the production of extracellular MPs (exMPs) to reduce the downstream processing costs. In this study, the genes monascus_7017 and monascus_8018, identified as ERG4 genes, were knocked out to disrupt the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway and enhance the production of exMPs in Monascus purpureus LQ-6. Double-deletion of EGR4 in M. purpureus LQ-6 reduced ergosterol concentration by 57.14% and enhanced exMP production 2.06-fold. In addition, integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analyses were performed to elucidate the transmembrane secretion mechanism of exMPs based on the relationship between ergosterol synthesis and membrane permeability, which revealed that several metabolic pathways were noticeably dynamic, including fatty acid degradation, amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and transport. These findings therefore clarified the secretion mechanism of exMPs and provide a novel strategy for further enhancement of exMP production in submerged fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering , Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha , Hunan 410004 , China
| | - Xueying Chai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering , Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha , Hunan 410004 , China
| | - Ting Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering , Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha , Hunan 410004 , China
| | - Jingyan Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering , Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha , Hunan 410004 , China
| | - Pengpeng Yang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , No. 30, Puzhu South Road , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Yunchuan Luo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering , Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha , Hunan 410004 , China
| | - Hui Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering , Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha , Hunan 410004 , China
| | - Wen Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering , Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha , Hunan 410004 , China
| | - Omeoga Nkechi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering , Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha , Hunan 410004 , China
| | - Jie Dong
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering , Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha , Hunan 410004 , China
| | - Jie Bai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering , Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha , Hunan 410004 , China
| | - Qinlu Lin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, Hunan Key Laboratory of Grain-Oil Deep Process and Quality Control, Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, College of Food Science and Engineering , Central South University of Forestry and Technology , Changsha , Hunan 410004 , China
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17
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Characterization and engineering control of the effects of reactive oxygen species on the conversion of sterols to steroid synthons in Mycobacterium neoaurum. Metab Eng 2019; 56:97-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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18
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Bragin EY, Shtratnikova VY, Schelkunov MI, Dovbnya DV, Donova MV. Genome-wide response on phytosterol in 9-hydroxyandrostenedione-producing strain of Mycobacterium sp. VKM Ac-1817D. BMC Biotechnol 2019; 19:39. [PMID: 31238923 PMCID: PMC6593523 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-019-0533-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aerobic side chain degradation of phytosterols by actinobacteria is the basis for the industrial production of androstane steroids which are the starting materials for the synthesis of steroid hormones. A native strain of Mycobacterium sp. VKM Ac-1817D effectively produces 9α-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (9-OH-AD) from phytosterol, but also is capable of slow steroid core degradation. However, the set of the genes with products that are involved in phytosterol oxidation, their organisation and regulation remain poorly understood. Results High-throughput sequencing of the global transcriptomes of the Mycobacterium sp. VKM Ac-1817D cultures grown with or without phytosterol was carried out. In the presence of phytosterol, the expression of 260 genes including those related to steroid catabolism pathways significantly increased. Two of the five genes encoding the oxygenase unit of 3-ketosteroid-9α-hydroxylase (kshA) were highly up-regulated in response to phytosterol (55- and 25-fold, respectively) as well as one of the two genes encoding its reductase subunit (kshB) (40-fold). Only one of the five putative genes encoding 3-ketosteroid-∆1-dehydrogenase (KstD_1) was up-regulated in the presence of phytosterol (61-fold), but several substitutions in the conservative positions of its product were revealed. Among the genes over-expressed in the presence of phytosterol, several dozen genes did not possess binding sites for the known regulatory factors of steroid catabolism. In the promoter regions of these genes, a regularly occurring palindromic motif was revealed. The orthologue of TetR-family transcription regulator gene Rv0767c of M. tuberculosis was identified in Mycobacterium sp. VKM Ac-1817D as G155_05115. Conclusions High expression levels of the genes related to the sterol side chain degradation and steroid 9α-hydroxylation in combination with possible defects in KstD_1 may contribute to effective 9α-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione accumulation from phytosterol provided by this biotechnologically relevant strain. The TetR-family transcription regulator gene G155_05115 presumably associated with the regulation of steroid catabolism. The results are of significance for the improvement of biocatalytic features of the microbial strains for the steroid industry. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12896-019-0533-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugeny Y Bragin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Nauki, 5, Pushchino, Russian Federation, 142290. .,Pharmins Ltd., Institutskaya, 4, Pushchino, Russian Federation, 142290.
| | - Victoria Y Shtratnikova
- A.N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye gory, 1, building 40, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119992
| | - Mikhail I Schelkunov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobelya, 3, Moscow, Russian Federation, 121205.,Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy Karetny, 19, build. 1, Moscow, Russian Federation, 127051
| | - Dmitry V Dovbnya
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Nauki, 5, Pushchino, Russian Federation, 142290.,Pharmins Ltd., Institutskaya, 4, Pushchino, Russian Federation, 142290
| | - Marina V Donova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Nauki, 5, Pushchino, Russian Federation, 142290.,Pharmins Ltd., Institutskaya, 4, Pushchino, Russian Federation, 142290
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19
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Liu M, Xiong LB, Tao X, Liu QH, Wang FQ, Wei DZ. Metabolic Adaptation of Mycobacterium neoaurum ATCC 25795 in the Catabolism of Sterols for Producing Important Steroid Intermediates. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12141-12150. [PMID: 30362748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To understand the adaptation of Mycobacterium neoaurum ATCC25795 ( Mn) in sterol catabolism and steroid production, we used integrated transcriptome and proteome analysis to identify the biochemical pathways utilized in this process. Metabolic alterations during sterol catabolism center on propionyl-CoA pools. Generally, enhanced pathways for metabolizing propionyl-CoA were found in Mn, which were tightly coordinated with cell-envelope biosynthesis. The cells responded to sterol substrates and toxic steroid products by changing the composition of the cell envelope. This adaptive mechanism allowed Mn to use minimally water-soluble sterol as a carbon source. Several putative efflux proteins were found to be induced in Mn. They probably transported products to the extracellular environment, protecting the cells against high intracellular levels of toxic intermediates, inhibition of which also influenced sterol uptake. The work provided various targets for rational engineering of robust Mn with powerful sterol-uptake capacity and strong tolerance to toxic products for the steroid industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Liang-Bin Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Xinyi Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Qing-Hai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Feng-Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Dong-Zhi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
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