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Steven S, Islam MS, Ghimire A, Methela NJ, Kwon EH, Yun BW, Lee IJ, Kim SH, Kim Y. Chitosan-GSNO Nanoparticles and Silicon Priming Enhance the Germination and Seedling Growth of Soybean ( Glycine max L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1290. [PMID: 38794361 PMCID: PMC11125586 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Soybean, a major legume crop, has seen a decline in its production owing to challenges in seed germination and the development of seedlings. Thus, in this study, we systematically investigated the influence of various chitosan-S-nitrosoglutathione (chitosan-GSNO) nanoparticle (0, 25, 50, and 100 µM) and Si (0, 0.5, and 1 mM) priming concentrations on soybean seed germination and seedling growth over five different priming durations (range: 1-5 h at each concentration). Significant differences were observed in all parameters, except seedling diameter, with both treatments. Seed germination was significantly enhanced after 3 h of priming in both treatments. The final germination percentage (FGP), peak germination percentage (PGP), vigor index (VI), seedling biomass (SB), hypocotyl length (HL), and radical length (RL) of 100 μM chitosan-GSNO-nanoparticle-primed seeds increased by 20.3%, 41.3%, 78.9%, 25.2%, 15.7%, and 65.9%, respectively, compared with those of the control; however, the mean germination time (MGT) decreased by 18.43%. Si priming at 0.5 mM increased the FGP, PGP, VI, SB, HL, and RL by 13.9%, 55.17%, 39.2%, 6.5%, 22.5%, and 25.1%, respectively, but reduced the MGT by 12.29% compared with the control treatment. Chitosan-GSNO and Si treatment up-regulated the relative expression of gibberellic acid (GA)-related genes (GmGA3ox3 and GmGA2ox1) and down-regulated that of abscisic acid (ABA)-related genes (GmABA2, GmAAO3, and GmNCED5). Chitosan-GSNO and Si application increased bioactive GA4 levels and simultaneously reduced ABA content. Hence, the use of exogenous chitosan-GSNO nanoparticles and Si as priming agents had a beneficial effect on seed germination and seedling growth because of the up-regulation in the expression of GA and down-regulation in the expression of ABA. Additional research is needed to understand the combined impact of Si and chitosan-GSNO nanoparticles, including their effects on the expression levels of other hormones and genes even in the later growth stage of the crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senabulya Steven
- Department of Food Security and Agricultural Development, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea;
| | - Mohammad Shafiqul Islam
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (M.S.I.); (A.G.); (N.J.M.); (E.-H.K.); (B.-W.Y.); (I.-J.L.)
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Amit Ghimire
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (M.S.I.); (A.G.); (N.J.M.); (E.-H.K.); (B.-W.Y.); (I.-J.L.)
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Nusrat Jahan Methela
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (M.S.I.); (A.G.); (N.J.M.); (E.-H.K.); (B.-W.Y.); (I.-J.L.)
| | - Eun-Hae Kwon
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (M.S.I.); (A.G.); (N.J.M.); (E.-H.K.); (B.-W.Y.); (I.-J.L.)
| | - Byung-Wook Yun
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (M.S.I.); (A.G.); (N.J.M.); (E.-H.K.); (B.-W.Y.); (I.-J.L.)
| | - In-Jung Lee
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (M.S.I.); (A.G.); (N.J.M.); (E.-H.K.); (B.-W.Y.); (I.-J.L.)
| | - Seong-Hoon Kim
- National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 5487, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yoonha Kim
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (M.S.I.); (A.G.); (N.J.M.); (E.-H.K.); (B.-W.Y.); (I.-J.L.)
- Department of Integrative Biology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Upland Field Machinery Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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de Carvalho LB, da Costa AC, Neta BDSM, Fonseca ASR, Vieira KPN, de Abreu MLC, E Pedreira BC, Galati RL, Guerra WD, Cabral LDS. Nutritive value of fermented soybean grains for ruminants. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:420. [PMID: 37999775 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03813-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Fermented soybean grain (FSBG) is considered improper to use as a protein source in animal nutrition, since it is assumed that defects cause changes on its chemical composition and favor mycotoxins production, but chemical composition data does not support this theory and in vivo studies are missing. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of FSBG in feedlot lamb diets. For that, two types of FSBG (partially fermented and completely fermented, PFSBG and CFSBG) and one standard soybean grain (SSBG) were obtained and evaluated alone or as a component of experimental diets by in vitro and in vivo studies, where FSBG totally replaced SSBG in feedlot lamb diets, which was included in the experimental diets in 17.4% on dry matter basis as protein source. Before the studies, both soybeans were sent to a specialized laboratory where no mycotoxins were detected. As a result, lower DM and carbohydrate contents but higher crude protein, fiber, and indigestible NDF contents were measured in CFSBG than in SSBG. Furthermore, both types of FSBG showed lower digestibility in vitro dry matter (IVDMD) than SSBG when evaluated separately; however, when evaluated in experimental diets, the substitution of SSBG for FSBG did not affect IVDMD. It was also observed that FSBG also had less rumen-degradable protein than SSBG (mean 47.9 vs 86.4%). In the in vivo study, FSBG did not affect nutrient intake, apparent digestibility, or animal performance (i.e., average daily gain and carcass gain). Thus, mycotoxins-free FSBG may be an alternative to totally replace SSBG in feedlot lamb diets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wanderlei Dias Guerra
- Association of Soybean and Corn Producers of the State of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
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Timm NDS, Coradi PC, Cañizares LDCC, Jappe SN, Ferreira CD, Lutz É. Effects of the storage temperature and time of corn from the center and extremities of corncob on quality parameters. J Cereal Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2023.103645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Privatti RT, Capellini MC, Thomazini M, Favaro-Trindade CS, Rodrigues CEC. Profile and content of isoflavones on flaked and extruded soybeans and okara submitted to different drying methods. Food Chem 2022; 380:132168. [PMID: 35121442 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Isoflavones (IFs) are biocompounds found in considerable amounts in soybean grains. However, to originate soybean-based materials, the grains must be subjected to numerous thermal and mechanical treatments, which can impair the IFs content. The influence of these treatments was investigated and a protocol for IFs extraction and quantification is proposed. Sequential extractions were performed on industrially pretreated soybean samples (broken, flakes, and collets), on okara submitted to different drying methods (freeze-drying, forced convection, and under vacuum), and on soybean oils extracted with hexane and ethanol. β-glucosides levels were decreased by the thermal processes of lamination, expansion, and drying, while the aglycone forms were not affected. Lyophilization was identified as the most viable drying method for the quantification of IFs in okara. Soybean oils extracted with ethanol presented significant amounts of aglycone. Furthermore, two stages of extraction were sufficient for the recovery of the IFs from different matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela T Privatti
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Separações (LES), Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos (ZEA), Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), 13635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria C Capellini
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Separações (LES), Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos (ZEA), Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), 13635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Thomazini
- Laboratório de Encapsulação e Alimentos Funcionais (LENALIS), Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos (ZEA), Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), 13635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carmen S Favaro-Trindade
- Laboratório de Encapsulação e Alimentos Funcionais (LENALIS), Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos (ZEA), Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), 13635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christianne E C Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Engenharia de Separações (LES), Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos (ZEA), Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZEA), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), 13635-900 Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Wang SY, Zhang YJ, Zhu GY, Shi XC, Chen X, Herrera-Balandrano DD, Liu FQ, Laborda P. Occurrence of isoflavones in soybean sprouts and strategies to enhance their content: A review. J Food Sci 2022; 87:1961-1982. [PMID: 35411587 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sprouting is a common strategy to enhance the nutritional value of seeds. Here, all the reports regarding the occurrence of isoflavones in soybean sprouts have been covered for the first time. Isoflavones were detected with concentrations ranging from 1 × 10-2 to 1 × 101 g/kg in soybean sprouts. Isoflavone concentration depends on the cultivar, germination time, part of the sprout, light, and temperature. Aglycon isoflavones increased during germination, especially in the hypocotyl, while 6″-O-malonyl-7-O-β-glucoside isoflavones decreased in the hypocotyl and increased in the cotyledon and root. Cooking reduced total isoflavone content. Regarding the strategies to enhance isoflavone contents, fermentation with Aspergillus sojae and external irradiation with UV-A or far-infrared were the methods that caused the greatest increases in aglycon, 7-O-β-glucoside, and total isoflavones. However, the largest increases in 6″-O-malonyl-7-O-β-glucoside and 6″-O-acetyl-7-O-β-glucosides isoflavones were detected after treatment with chitohexaose and calcium chloride, respectively. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Soybean sprouts are widely consumed and provide essential proteins, antioxidants, and minerals. They are rich in isoflavones, which exhibit numerous health benefits, and have been studied as alternative therapies for a range of hormone-dependent conditions, such as cancer, menopausal symptoms, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis. Despite numerous reports being published to date regarding the occurrence of isoflavones in soybean sprouts, the publications in this field are highly dispersed, and a review has not yet been published. This review aims to (1) highlight the particular isoflavones that have been detected in soybean sprouts and their concentrations, (2) compared the effects of temperature, light, cooking and soybean cultivar affect the isoflavone levels on the different parts of the sprout, and (3) discuss the efficacy of the methods to enhance isoflavone contents. This review will provide a better understanding of the current state of this field of research by comparing the general trends and the different treatments for soybean sprouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Yan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yun-Jiao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Gui-Yang Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xin-Chi Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | | | - Feng-Quan Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Pedro Laborda
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Lima RE, Coradi PC, Nunes MT, Bellochio SDC, da Silva Timm N, Nunes CF, de Oliveira Carneiro L, Teodoro PE, Campabadal C. Mathematical modeling and multivariate analysis applied earliest soybean harvest associated drying and storage conditions and influences on physicochemical grain quality. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23287. [PMID: 34857813 PMCID: PMC8640013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02724-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticipating the harvest period of soybean crops can impact on the post-harvest processes. This study aimed to evaluate early soybean harvest associated drying and storage conditions on the physicochemical soybean quality using of mathematical modeling and multivariate analysis. The soybeans were harvested with a moisture content of 18 and 23% (d.b.) and subjected to drying in a continuous dryer at 80, 100, and 120 °C. The drying kinetics and volumetric shrinkage modeling were evaluated. Posteriorly, the soybean was stored at different packages and temperatures for 8 months to evaluate the physicochemical properties. After standardizing the variables, the data were submitted to cluster analysis. For this, we use Euclidean distance and Ward's hierarchical method. Then defining the groups, we constructed a graph containing the dispersion of the values of the variables and their respective Pearson correlations for each group. The mathematical models proved suitable to describe the drying kinetics. Besides, the effective diffusivity obtained was 4.9 × 10-10 m2 s-1 promoting a volumetric shrinkage of the grains and influencing the reduction of physicochemical quality. It was observed that soybean harvested at 23% moisture, dried at 80 °C, and stored at a temperature below 23 °C maintained its oil content (25.89%), crude protein (35.69%), and lipid acidity (5.54 mL). In addition, it is to note that these correlations' magnitude was substantially more remarkable for the treatments allocated to the G2 group. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity was negatively correlated with all the physicochemical variables evaluated. Besides this, the correlation between crude protein and oil yield was positive and of high magnitude, regardless of the group formed. In conclusion, the early harvest of soybeans reduced losses in the field and increased the grain flow on the storage units. The low-temperature drying and the use of packaging technology close to environmental temperatures conserved the grain quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roney Eloy Lima
- Center of Rural Science, Department of Postgraduate Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenue Roraima, 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Carteri Coradi
- Center of Rural Science, Department of Postgraduate Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenue Roraima, 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105900, Brazil.
- Laboratory Postharvest, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Campus Cachoeira do Sul, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenue Taufik Germano, 3013 - Passo D'Areia, Cachoeira do Sul, RS, 96503-205, Brazil.
| | - Marcela Trojahn Nunes
- Center of Rural Science, Department of Postgraduate Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenue Roraima, 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105900, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Dalla Corte Bellochio
- Center of Rural Science, Department of Postgraduate Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenue Roraima, 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105900, Brazil
| | - Newiton da Silva Timm
- Center of Rural Science, Department of Postgraduate Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenue Roraima, 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105900, Brazil
| | - Camila Fontoura Nunes
- Center of Rural Science, Department of Postgraduate Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenue Roraima, 1000, Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105900, Brazil
| | - Letícia de Oliveira Carneiro
- Laboratory Postharvest, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Campus Cachoeira do Sul, Federal University of Santa Maria, Avenue Taufik Germano, 3013 - Passo D'Areia, Cachoeira do Sul, RS, 96503-205, Brazil
| | - Paulo Eduardo Teodoro
- Department of Agronomy, Campus de Chapadão do Sul, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Chapadão do Sul, MS, 79560-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Campabadal
- Grain Science and Industry, International Grain Program, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
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Olivoto T, Nardino M. MGIDI: toward an effective multivariate selection in biological experiments. Bioinformatics 2021; 37:1383-1389. [PMID: 33226063 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Multivariate data are common in biological experiments and using the information on multiple traits is crucial to make better decisions for treatment recommendations or genotype selection. However, identifying genotypes/treatments that combine high performance across many traits has been a challenger task. Classical linear multi-trait selection indexes are available, but the presence of multicollinearity and the arbitrary choosing of weighting coefficients may erode the genetic gains. RESULTS We propose a novel approach for genotype selection and treatment recommendation based on multiple traits that overcome the fragility of classical linear indexes. Here, we use the distance between the genotypes/treatment with an ideotype defined a priori as a multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index (MGIDI) to provide a selection process that is unique, easy-to-interpret, free from weighting coefficients and multicollinearity issues. The performance of the MGIDI index is assessed through a Monte Carlo simulation study where the percentage of success in selecting traits with desired gains is compared with classical and modern indexes under different scenarios. Two real plant datasets are used to illustrate the application of the index from breeders and agronomists' points of view. Our experimental results indicate that MGIDI can effectively select superior treatments/genotypes based on multi-trait data, outperforming state-of-the-art methods, and helping practitioners to make better strategic decisions toward an effective multivariate selection in biological experiments. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The source code is available in the R package metan (https://github.com/TiagoOlivoto/metan) under the function mgidi(). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Olivoto
- Department of Agronomy, Centro Universitário UNIDEAU, Getúlio Vargas, RS 99900-000, Brazil
| | - Maicon Nardino
- Department of Agronomy, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
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Ramos AH, Timm NDS, Ferreira CD, de Oliveira M. Effects of the intensification of soybean defects: consequences on the physicochemical, technological, protein and oil properties. Eur Food Res Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-021-03708-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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9
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Hirsch Ramos A, Silva Timm N, Dietrich Ferreira C, Antunes AC, Hoffmann JF, Oliveira Rios A, Oliveira M. Effects of the intensification of soybean defects: Degradation metabolism of carbohydrates, organic acids, proteins, lipids, and phenolics. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Hirsch Ramos
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas Brazil
| | - Newiton Silva Timm
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas Brazil
- Department of Agricultural Engineering Rural Sciences Center Federal University of Santa Maria Santa Maria Brazil
| | | | - Ana Clara Antunes
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas Brazil
| | | | - Alessandro Oliveira Rios
- Department of Food Science Institute of Food Science and Technology Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Maurício Oliveira
- Department of Agroindustrial Science and Technology Federal University of Pelotas Pelotas Brazil
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Kim IS, Kim CH, Yang WS. Physiologically Active Molecules and Functional Properties of Soybeans in Human Health-A Current Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4054. [PMID: 33920015 PMCID: PMC8071044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to providing nutrients, food can help prevent and treat certain diseases. In particular, research on soy products has increased dramatically following their emergence as functional foods capable of improving blood circulation and intestinal regulation. In addition to their nutritional value, soybeans contain specific phytochemical substances that promote health and are a source of dietary fiber, phospholipids, isoflavones (e.g., genistein and daidzein), phenolic acids, saponins, and phytic acid, while serving as a trypsin inhibitor. These individual substances have demonstrated effectiveness in preventing chronic diseases, such as arteriosclerosis, cardiac diseases, diabetes, and senile dementia, as well as in treating cancer and suppressing osteoporosis. Furthermore, soybean can affect fibrinolytic activity, control blood pressure, and improve lipid metabolism, while eliciting antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, and antibacterial effects. In this review, rather than to improve on the established studies on the reported nutritional qualities of soybeans, we intend to examine the physiological activities of soybeans that have recently been studied and confirm their potential as a high-functional, well-being food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Sup Kim
- Advanced Bio-resource Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, SungKyunKwan University, Gyunggi-Do 16419, Korea
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology, Gyunggi-Do 16419, Korea
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Production of Bovine Equol-Enriched Milk: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030735. [PMID: 33800327 PMCID: PMC7999515 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Milk and dairy products contain many substances beneficial to human health; moreover, the contents of some of these substances can be enhanced. This is also the case of isoflavones which are compounds of plant origin that can be ingested and metabolized by cattle and, subsequently, secreted into bovine milk. An especially healthful substance called equol is ranked among isoflavone metabolites, commonly produced in the digestive tract of cattle. Equol content in milk can be modified by using feedstuffs with different contents of isoflavones or by milk processing and storage. Abstract Milk and dairy products are important sources of nutrients in the human diet because they contain a number of essential substances and other biologically active components. Many of these substances can be modified, and thus offer opportunities to use milk and dairy products as functional food. Isoflavones are particularly important in human nutrition due to their diverse pharmacological and antioxidant properties. The clinical effectiveness of isoflavone-rich products is believed to be dependent on their ability to metabolize daidzein to equol, which may directly exert cancer preventive effects. However, only approximately 30–40% of humans are able to produce equol, while animals, in general, produce equol. Equol is the predominant product of bacterial metabolism of isoflavones and can be found in various amounts in some food of animal origin, especially in milk. Therefore, milk and dairy products can be considered to be sources of equol for humans who are not able to produce this metabolite. When the content of isoflavones in milk is to be modified, two groups of factors should be considered, i.e., dietary factors that include the source of isoflavones and the processing effects on feedstuffs and animal factors that include the intake of isoflavones, ruminal and postruminal changes, and the health and physiological status of animals. The approximate content of isoflavones in milk can be predicted using carry-over rates for different dietary sources or using a formula that describes the relationship between equol concentration in milk and formononetin intake. Processing and storage can affect the content and profile of isoflavones in milk and dairy products.
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12
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Coradi PC, Müller A, Souza GAC, Steinhaus JI, Wagner R. Quality of soybean cultivars in the drying and storage processes in real scale and experimental. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo C. Coradi
- Campus Cachoeira do Sul, Federal University of Santa Maria Cachoeira do Sul Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Amanda Müller
- Campus Cachoeira do Sul, Federal University of Santa Maria Cachoeira do Sul Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Guilherme A. C. Souza
- Campus Cachoeira do Sul, Federal University of Santa Maria Cachoeira do Sul Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Jontas I. Steinhaus
- Campus Cachoeira do Sul, Federal University of Santa Maria Cachoeira do Sul Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Roger Wagner
- Department of Food TechnologyFederal University of Santa Maria Santa Maria Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
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13
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Nkurunziza D, Pendleton P, Chun BS. Optimization and kinetics modeling of okara isoflavones extraction using subcritical water. Food Chem 2019; 295:613-621. [PMID: 31174803 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the soybean milk and tofu byproduct okara was subjected to subcritical water extraction with the intention of recovering isoflavones with minimal degradation. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) of the extraction variables indicated that optimized conditions would be T = 146.23 °C, P = 3.98 MPa, and α = 20 mg (solid)/mL (extractant). Mathematical models for the conversion and degradation of isoflavones were solved as a set of simultaneous equations leading to rate constants and time-dependent concentration profiles for each genistein- and daidzein-based compound. These kinetic analyses suggested that an optimum extraction time, under RSM-optimized conditions, would be 213.5 ± 8.7 min. The results of our study suggest that okara byproducts could be valorized efficiently, as a source of bioactive isoflavone aglycones, using subcritical water. The mathematical models and optimized extraction conditions that we established in this study could be employed, as process control-optimized variables, in the exploitation of okara, specifically in the isolation of genistein and daidzein.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Nkurunziza
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Phillip Pendleton
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Byung Soo Chun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-Gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea.
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