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Hammerl R, Frank O, Hofmann T. Quantitative Proton NMR Spectroscopy for Basic Taste Recombinant Reconstitution Using the Taste Recombinant Database. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:14713-14721. [PMID: 34817998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The quantitative determination of putative taste active metabolites, the ranking of these compounds in their sensory impact based on dose-overthreshold (DoT) factors, followed by confirmation of their relevance by reconstitution and omission experiments enables the decoding of the non-volatile sensometabolome of certain foods. The identification and quantitation of target taste compounds by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet/visible (HPLC-UV/Vis) spectroscopy, or high-performance ion chromatography (HPIC) is often laborious and time-consuming. In this work, we present a novel quantitative 1H NMR approach for reconstituting basic taste recombinants of different foods, including apple juice, balsamic vinegar, golden chanterelles, process flavor, and shrimp. Compound identification using the taste recombinant database, followed by absolute quantitation via quantitative 1H NMR (qHNMR), enables a fast and direct reconstitution of basic taste recombinants. The taste profile analysis of basic taste recombinants was generated via qHNMR in less than 15 min and compared with literature data acquired by LC-MS/MS and/or HPLC-UV/Vis and revealed identical results for all taste qualities. A determination of limit of detection (LoD) values for S/N = 50 of various proton signals with different integrals and multiplicities demonstrated that taste recognition thresholds of all basic tastants are far above those of LoD concentrations under the chosen conditions. Therefore, our experimental setup is able to detect basic taste-active compounds well below their taste recognition thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hammerl
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München, Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Oliver Frank
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München, Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München, Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34, D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Phytotoxic Tryptoquialanines Produced In Vivo by Penicillium digitatum Are Exported in Extracellular Vesicles. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.03393-20. [PMID: 33563828 PMCID: PMC7885104 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03393-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During the postharvest period, citrus fruits can be affected by phytopathogens such as Penicillium digitatum, which causes green mold disease and is responsible for up to 90% of total citrus losses. Chemical fungicides are widely used to prevent green mold disease, leading to concerns about environmental and health risks. Penicillium digitatum is the most aggressive pathogen of citrus fruits. Tryptoquialanines are major indole alkaloids produced by P. digitatum. It is unknown if tryptoquialanines are involved in the damage of citrus fruits caused by P. digitatum. To investigate the pathogenic roles of tryptoquialanines, we initially asked if tryptoquialanines could affect the germination of Citrus sinensis seeds. Exposure of the citrus seeds to tryptoquialanine A resulted in a complete inhibition of germination and an altered metabolic response. Since this phytotoxic effect requires the extracellular export of tryptoquialanine A, we investigated the mechanisms of extracellular delivery of this alkaloid in P. digitatum. We detected extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by P. digitatum both in culture and during infection of citrus fruits. Compositional analysis of EVs produced during infection revealed the presence of a complex cargo, which included tryptoquialanines and the mycotoxin fungisporin. The EVs also presented phytotoxicity activity in vitro and caused damage to the tissues of citrus seeds. Through molecular networking, it was observed that the metabolites present in the P. digitatum EVs are produced in all of its possible hosts. Our results reveal a novel phytopathogenic role of P. digitatum EVs and tryptoquialanine A, implying that this alkaloid is exported in EVs during plant infection.
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Takahashi JA, Barbosa BVR, Martins BDA, P. Guirlanda C, A. F. Moura M. Use of the Versatility of Fungal Metabolism to Meet Modern Demands for Healthy Aging, Functional Foods, and Sustainability. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E223. [PMID: 33076336 PMCID: PMC7711925 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging-associated, non-transmissible chronic diseases (NTCD) such as cancer, dyslipidemia, and neurodegenerative disorders have been challenged through several strategies including the consumption of healthy foods and the development of new drugs for existing diseases. Consumer health consciousness is guiding market trends toward the development of additives and nutraceutical products of natural origin. Fungi produce several metabolites with bioactivity against NTCD as well as pigments, dyes, antioxidants, polysaccharides, and enzymes that can be explored as substitutes for synthetic food additives. Research in this area has increased the yields of metabolites for industrial applications through improving fermentation conditions, application of metabolic engineering techniques, and fungal genetic manipulation. Several modern hyphenated techniques have impressively increased the rate of research in this area, enabling the analysis of a large number of species and fermentative conditions. This review thus focuses on summarizing the nutritional, pharmacological, and economic importance of fungi and their metabolites resulting from applications in the aforementioned areas, examples of modern techniques for optimizing the production of fungi and their metabolites, and methodologies for the identification and analysis of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline A. Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Exact Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pres. Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (B.V.R.B.); (B.d.A.M.)
| | - Bianca V. R. Barbosa
- Department of Chemistry, Exact Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pres. Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (B.V.R.B.); (B.d.A.M.)
| | - Bruna de A. Martins
- Department of Chemistry, Exact Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pres. Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (B.V.R.B.); (B.d.A.M.)
| | - Christiano P. Guirlanda
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pres. Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (C.P.G.); (M.A.F.M.)
| | - Marília A. F. Moura
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pres. Antônio Carlos Avenue, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (C.P.G.); (M.A.F.M.)
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Penicillium roqueforti: an overview of its genetics, physiology, metabolism and biotechnological applications. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Khodadadi M, Pourfarzam M. A review of strategies for untargeted urinary metabolomic analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Metabolomics 2020; 16:66. [PMID: 32419109 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-020-01687-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human urine gives evidence of the metabolism in the body and contains different metabolites at various concentrations. A number of analytical techniques including mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) have been used to obtain metabolites levels in urine samples. However, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is one of the most widely used techniques for urinary metabolomics studies due to its higher sensitivity, resolution, reproducibility, reliability, relatively low cost and ease of operation compared to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and NMR. AIM OF REVIEW This review looks at various aspects of urine preparation prior to analysis by GC-MS including sample storage, urease pretreatment, derivatization, use of internal standard and quality control samples for data correction. In addition, most common types of inlet liners, ionization techniques and columns are discussed and a summary of mass analyzers are also highlighted. Lastly, the role of retention index in metabolite identification and data normalization methods are presented. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is summarizing methods of sample storage, pretreatment, and GC-MS analysis that are mostly used in urine metabolomics studies. Specific emphasis is given to the critical steps within the GC-MS urine metabolomics that those new to this field need to be aware of and the remaining challenges that require further attention and studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khodadadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Morteza Pourfarzam
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Costa JH, Wassano CI, Angolini CFF, Scherlach K, Hertweck C, Pacheco Fill T. Antifungal potential of secondary metabolites involved in the interaction between citrus pathogens. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18647. [PMID: 31819142 PMCID: PMC6901458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous postharvest diseases have been reported that cause substantial losses of citrus fruits worldwide. Penicillium digitatum is responsible for up to 90% of production losses, and represent a problem for worldwide economy. In order to control phytopathogens, chemical fungicides have been extensively used. Yet, the use of some artificial fungicides cause concerns about environmental risks and fungal resistance. Therefore, studies focusing on new approaches, such as the use of natural products, are getting attention. Co-culture strategy can be applied to discover new bioactive compounds and to understand microbial ecology. Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI) was used to screen for potential antifungal metabolites involved in the interaction between Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium citrinum. MSI revealed a chemical warfare between the fungi: two tetrapeptides, deoxycitrinadin A, citrinadin A, chrysogenamide A and tryptoquialanines are produced in the fungi confrontation zone. Antimicrobial assays confirmed the antifungal activity of the investigated metabolites. Also, tryptoquialanines inhibited sporulation of P. citrinum. The fungal metabolites reported here were never described as antimicrobials until this date, demonstrating that co-cultures involving phytopathogens that compete for the same host is a positive strategy to discover new antifungal agents. However, the use of these natural products on the environment, as a safer strategy, needs further investigation. This paper aimed to contribute to the protection of agriculture, considering health and ecological risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Henrique Costa
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, CP 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kirstin Scherlach
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany.,Chair of Natural Product Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Taícia Pacheco Fill
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, CP 6154, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Occurrence and Properties of Thiosilvatins. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17120664. [PMID: 31779089 PMCID: PMC6950259 DOI: 10.3390/md17120664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of studies on biodiversity in different environmental contexts is particularly fruitful for natural product discovery, with the finding of novel secondary metabolites and structural models, which are sometimes specific to certain organisms. Within the large class of the epipolythiodioxopiperazines, which are typical of fungi, thiosilvatins represent a homogeneous family that, so far, has been reported in low frequency in both marine and terrestrial contexts. However, recent observations indicate that these compounds have been possibly neglected in the metabolomic characterization of fungi, particularly from marine sources. Aspects concerning occurrence, bioactivities, structural, and biosynthetic properties of thiosilvatins are reviewed in this paper.
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Hammerl R, Frank O, Dietz M, Hirschmann J, Hofmann T. Tyrosine Induced Metabolome Alterations of Penicillium roqueforti and Quantitation of Secondary Key Metabolites in Blue-Mold Cheese. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:8500-8509. [PMID: 31298534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To map qualitative and quantitative metabolome alterations when Penicillium roqueforti is grown in an environment where l-tyrosine levels are perturbed, the recently established differential off-line LC-NMR (DOLC-NMR) approach was successfully applied in connection with an absolute metabolite quantitation using a quantitative 1H NMR protocol following the ERETIC 2 (Electronic REference To access In vivo Concentrations) methodology. Among the 23 influenced metabolites, amino acid degradation products like 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid and 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid underwent a tremendous upregulation in the amino acid perturbed approach. Moreover, the output of secondary metabolites like andrastin A, eremofortin B, and the tetrapeptide d-Phe-l-Val-d-Val-l-Tyr was affected in the case of the presence or absence of the added aromatic amino acid. Furthermore, the isolated secondary metabolites of P. roqueforti have been quantified for the first time in five divergent Penicillium isolates by means of a validated LC-ECHO-MS/MS method. This technique is used to compensate the effect of co-extracted matrix compounds during the analysis and to utilize quasi-internal standards to quantify all metabolites of interest accurately. This screening outlined the great variety between the different fungi of the same species. The metabolite spectra of wild-type fungi included more toxic intermediates compared to a selected fungi used as a starter culture for blue-mold cheese production. In addition, these secondary metabolites were quantified in commercially available white- and blue-mold cheese samples. The main differences between the analyte profiles of white and blue cheeses were linked to the impact of the used starter culture. Specific metabolites detected from P. roqueforti like andrastin A and B or roquefortine C could not be detected in white cheese. Among the blue cheese samples, different metabolite pattern could be observed regarding various P. roqueforti starter cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hammerl
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science , Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34 , D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan , Germany
| | - Oliver Frank
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science , Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34 , D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan , Germany
| | - Maximilian Dietz
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science , Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34 , D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan , Germany
| | - Julia Hirschmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science , Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34 , D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan , Germany
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science , Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34 , D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan , Germany
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich , Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34 , D-85354 Freising-Weihenstephan , Germany
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