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Yin X, Meng Y, Sun C, Zhao Y, Wang W, Zhao P, Wang M, Ren J, Yao J, Zhang L, Xia X. Investigation of anti-aging and anti-infection properties of Jingfang Granules using the Caenorhabditis elegans model. Biogerontology 2024; 25:433-445. [PMID: 37572203 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-023-10058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Jingfang Granule (JFG), a traditional Chinese medicine, is frequently employed in clinical settings for the treatment of infectious diseases. Nevertheless, the anti-aging and anti-infection effects of JFG remain uncertain. In the present study, these effects were evaluated using the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) N2 as a model organism. The results demonstrated that JFG significantly increased the median lifespan of C. elegans by 31.2% at a dosage of 10 mg/mL, without any discernible adverse effects, such as alterations in the pharyngeal pumping rate or nematode motility. Moreover, JFG notably increased oviposition by 11.3%. Subsequent investigations revealed that JFG enhanced oxidative stress resistance in C. elegans by reducing reactive oxygen species levels and significantly improved survival rates in nematodes infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027. These findings suggest that JFG delays reproductive senescence in C. elegans and protects them from oxidative stress, thereby extending their lifespan. Additionally, JFG improves the survival of P. aeruginosa-infected nematodes. Consequently, JFG has potential as a candidate for the development of anti-aging and anti-infection functional medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yin
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Yiwei Meng
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Chenghong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. LTD, Linyi, 276005, China
| | - Yanqiu Zhao
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Weitao Wang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Peipei Zhao
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Jingli Ren
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Jingchun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. LTD, Linyi, 276005, China.
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250013, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xuekui Xia
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250013, China.
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Yu D, Guo M, Tan M, Su W. Lipid-Lowering and Antioxidant Effects of Self-Assembled Astaxanthin-Anthocyanin Nanoparticles on High-Fat Caenorhabditis elegans. Foods 2024; 13:514. [PMID: 38397491 PMCID: PMC10887880 DOI: 10.3390/foods13040514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become a serious global public health risk threatening millions of people. In this study, the astaxanthin-anthocyanin nanoparticles (AXT-ACN NPs) were used to investigate their effects on the lipid accumulation and antioxidative capacity of the high-sugar-diet-induced high-fat Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). It can be found that the lifespan, motility, and reproductive capacity of the high-fat C. elegans were significantly decreased compared to the normal nematodes in the control group. However, treatment of high-fat C. elegans with AXT-ACN NPs resulted in a prolonged lifespan of 35 days, improved motility, and a 22.06% increase in total spawn production of the nematodes. Furthermore, AXT-ACN NPs were found to effectively extend the lifespan of high-fat C. elegans under heat and oxidative stress conditions. Oil-red O staining results also demonstrated that AXT-ACN NPs have a remarkable effect on reducing the fat accumulation in nematodes, compared with pure astaxanthin and anthocyanin nanoparticles. Additionally, AXT-ACN NPs can significantly decrease the accumulation of lipofuscin and the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The activities of antioxidant-related enzymes in nematodes were further measured, which revealed that the AXT-ACN NPs could increase the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxidase dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and decrease the malondialdehyde (MDA) content. The astaxanthin and anthocyanin in AXT-ACN NPs showed sound synergistic antioxidation and lipid-lowering effects, making them potential components in functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Meng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Mingqian Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Wentao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- Academy of Food Interdisciplinary Science, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
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3
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Xie J, Hou X, He W, Xiao J, Cao Y, Liu X. Astaxanthin reduces fat storage in a fat-6/ fat-7 dependent manner determined using high fat Caenorhabditis elegans. Food Funct 2023; 14:7347-7360. [PMID: 37490309 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo01403g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Although astaxanthin has been shown to have high potential for weight loss, the specific action site and signal pathway generally cannot be confirmed in other animal models. This prevents us from finding therapeutic targets. Hence, we further illuminated its efficacy and specific action sites by using Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). In this study, 60 μM astaxanthin supplementation reduced overall fat deposition and triglyceride levels by 21.47% and 22.00% (p < 0.01). The content of large lipid droplets was reversed after astaxanthin treatment, and the ratio of oleic acid/stearic acid (C18:1Δ9/C18:0) decreased significantly, which were essential substrates for triglyceride biosynthesis. In addition, astaxanthin prevented obesity caused by excessive energy accumulation and insufficient energy consumption. Furthermore, the above effects were induced by sbp-1/mdt-15 and insulin/insulin-like growth factor pathways, and finally co-regulated the specific site-fat-6 and fat-7 down-regulation. These results provided insight into therapeutic targets for future astaxanthin as a nutritional health product to relieve obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junting Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoning Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wanshi He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
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4
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Ciocan AG, Tecuceanu V, Enache-Preoteasa C, Mitoi EM, Helepciuc FE, Dimov TV, Simon-Gruita A, Cogălniceanu GC. Phenological and Environmental Factors' Impact on Secondary Metabolites in Medicinal Plant Cotinus coggygria Scop. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091762. [PMID: 37176820 PMCID: PMC10181090 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cotinus coggygria Scop. (smoketree) is a phytotherapeutically valuable shrub growing in specific areas in many Eurasian countries. Exploring the intrinsic and extrinsic (abiotic) factors that modulate its secondary metabolism has fundamental and applicative importance. Three smoketree plants from the same population were studied for a period of 4.5 months. Their extracts were characterized using LC-MS/MS, HPLC-UV-VIS-DAD and colorimetric assays to determine the chemical composition and antioxidant potential. Multivariate analysis was applied to correlate the metabolomic data with registered habitat variables and phenological stages. The identified and quantified compounds belonged to the flavonoids (myricetin-3-O-galactoside, myricitrin) and hydrolysable tannins groups (pentagalloyl glucose, methyl gallate, methyl digallate I). Phenolic compounds and tannins were synthesized abundantly in the flowering and fruit stages, whereas flavonoids and triterpenes accumulated during senescence. The antioxidant activities varied between detection methods, samplings and individuals and were only punctually correlated with the compound contents in certain phenological stages. Based on the HCAbp analysis, the samples clustered under four groups, according to their metabolic profile. The CCA analysis revealed that during the reproductive stages (flower, fruit or seed), the secondary metabolism of the plants' leaves is sensitive to the action of abiotic factors, while in senescence, the metabolic content is according to the phenological phase. This study provides a first attempt at understanding the interplay between the habitat and the metabolome of smoketree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra-Gabriela Ciocan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independenței Street, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Victorița Tecuceanu
- "C.D. Nenitzescu" Institute of Organic and Supramolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, 202 B Spl. Independentei, 060023 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Elena Monica Mitoi
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independenței Street, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florența Elena Helepciuc
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independenței Street, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tatiana Vassu Dimov
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra Simon-Gruita
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gina Carmen Cogălniceanu
- Department of Developmental Biology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independenței Street, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
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5
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Naringin Alleviates Glucose-Induced Aging by Reducing Fat Accumulation and Promoting Autophagy in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040907. [PMID: 36839265 PMCID: PMC9961211 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Naringin (Nar) is a dihydroflavonoid compound, widely found in citrus fruit and used in Chinese herbal medicine. As a phytochemical, it acts as a dietary supplement that can delay aging and prevent aging-related disease, such as obesity and diabetes. However, its exact mechanism remains unclear. In this study, the high-glucose-induced (HGI) Caenorhabditis elegans model was used to evaluate the anti-aging and anti-obesity effects of Nar. The mean lifespan and fast movement span of HGI worms were extended roughly 24% and 11%, respectively, by Nar treatment. Oil red O staining revealed a significant reduction in fat accumulation and dFP::LGG-labeled worms showed the promotion of autophagy. Additionally, whole transcriptome sequencing and gene set variation analysis suggested that Nar upregulated the lipid biosynthesis and metabolism pathways, as well as the TGF-β, Wnt and longevity signaling pathways. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis identified hub genes in these pathways for further analysis. Mutant worms and RNA interference were used to study mechanisms; the suppression of hlh-30, lgg-1, unc-51, pha-4, skn-1 and yap-1 disabled the fat-lowering, lifespan-prolonging, and health-promoting properties of Nar. Collectively, our findings indicate that Nar plays an important role in alleviating HGI-aging and anti-obesity effects by reducing fat accumulation and promoting autophagy.
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6
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Li Q, Xiao M, Li N, Cai W, Zhao C, Liu B, Zeng F. Application of
Caenorhabditis elegans
in the evaluation of food nutrition: A review. EFOOD 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/efd2.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Quancen Li
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Meifang Xiao
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Na Li
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Wenwen Cai
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Chao Zhao
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
- College of Marine Sciences Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
| | - Feng Zeng
- College of Food Science Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable Processing Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou China
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7
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Application of Caenorhabditis elegans in Lipid Metabolism Research. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021173. [PMID: 36674689 PMCID: PMC9860639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, the development and prevalence of obesity have posed a serious public health risk, which has prompted studies on the regulation of adiposity. With the ease of genetic manipulation, the diversity of the methods for characterizing body fat levels, and the observability of feeding behavior, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is considered an excellent model for exploring energy homeostasis and the regulation of the cellular fat storage. In addition, the homology with mammals in the genes related to the lipid metabolism allows many aspects of lipid modulation by the regulators of the central nervous system to be conserved in this ideal model organism. In recent years, as the complex network of genes that maintain an energy balance has been gradually expanded and refined, the regulatory mechanisms of lipid storage have become clearer. Furthermore, the development of methods and devices to assess the lipid levels has become a powerful tool for studies in lipid droplet biology and the regulation of the nematode lipid metabolism. Herein, based on the rapid progress of C. elegans lipid metabolism-related studies, this review outlined the lipid metabolic processes, the major signaling pathways of fat storage regulation, and the primary experimental methods to assess the lipid content in nematodes. Therefore, this model system holds great promise for facilitating the understanding, management, and therapies of human obesity and other metabolism-related diseases.
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8
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Pu'er raw tea extract alleviates lipid deposition in both LO2 cells and Caenorhabditis elegans. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Chen Y, Qin Q, Luo J, Dong Y, Lin C, Chen H, Cao Y, Chen Y, Su Z. Litchi flower essential oil balanced lipid metabolism through the regulation of DAF-2/IIS, MDT-15/SBP-1, and MDT-15/NHR-49 pathway. Front Nutr 2022; 9:934518. [PMID: 36337637 PMCID: PMC9627157 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.934518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Many litchi flowers are discarded in China every year. The litchi flower is rich in volatile compounds and exhibits strong anti-obesity activity. Litchi flower essential oil (LFEO) was extracted by the continuous phase transformation device (CPTD) independently developed by our research group to recycle the precious material resources in litchi flowers. However, its fat-reducing effect and mechanism remain unclear. Employing Caenorhabditis elegans as a model, we found that LFEO significantly reduced fat storage and triglyceride (TG) content in normal, glucose-feeding, and high-fat conditions. LFEO significantly reduced body width in worms and significantly decreased both the size and number of lipid droplets in ZXW618. LFEO treatment did not affect energy intake but increased energy consumption by enhancing the average speed of worms. Further, LFEO might balance the fat metabolism in worms by regulating the DAF-2/IIS, sbp-1/mdt-15, and nhr-49/mdt-15 pathways. Moreover, LFEO might inhibit the expression of the acs-2 gene through nhr-49 and reduce β-oxidation activity. Our study presents new insights into the role of LFEO in alleviating fat accumulation and provides references for the large-scale production of LFEO to promote the development of the litchi circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiao Qin
- South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingrui Luo
- South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yusi Dong
- South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunxiu Lin
- South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Houbin Chen
- South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Cao
- South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunjiao Chen
- South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuanxian Su
- South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Nobushi Y, Wada T, Koike Y, Kaneko H, Shimba S, Uchiyama T, Kishikawa Y. Inhibitory Effects of Hydrolysable Tannins on Lipid Accumulation in 3T3-L1 Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1458-1465. [PMID: 36184503 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is currently the most common cause of metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Obesity results from excess lipid accumulation in adipose tissue. Several studies have investigated the inhibitory effects of natural plant-derived products on adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation. In this study, we examined the effect of hydrolysable tannins composed of gallic acid and glucose on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. 1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose (PGG) (1), a representative gallotannin, inhibited lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells, whereas ellagitannins (tellimagrandin I, eugeniin and casuarictin) did not. The expression of adipocyte differentiation-related genes, including peroxisome proliferator activator γ2 (Pparγ2), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) and adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (aP2), was significantly suppressed in PGG (1)-treated 3T3-L1 cells beginning at day 2 after induction of differentiation. While PGG (1) did not directly reduce Pparγ2 expression, it reduced the expression of its target genes in mature adipocytes. In addition, PGG (1) treatment inhibited mitotic clonal expansion, one of earliest events of adipocyte differentiation. These findings indicate that PGG (1) has an inhibitory effect on adipocyte differentiation through the suppression of mitotic clonal expansion.
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11
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Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila Reduces Fat Accumulation via nhr-49-Mediated Nuclear Hormone Signaling Pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196159. [PMID: 36234692 PMCID: PMC9572206 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila (p-AKK) is related to lipid metabolism and helps control obesity. The main goal of this study was to investigate the role and mechanism of p-AKK in lipid metabolism using Caenorhabditis elegans. The results showed that p-AKK increased the healthy lifespan of nematodes and helped maintain exercise ability in aging, suggesting a potential increase in energy expenditure. The overall fat deposition and triglyceride level were significantly decreased and the p-AKK anti-oxidative stress helped to regulate fatty acid composition. Additionally, the transcriptome results showed that p-AKK increased the expression of lipo-hydrolase and fatty acid β-oxidation-related genes, including lipl-4, nhr-49, acs-2 and acdh-8, while it decreased the expression of fat synthesis-related genes, including fat-7, elo-2 and men-1. These results partially explain the mechanisms underlying the fact that p-AKK decreases fat accumulation of C. elegans via nhr-49/acs-2-mediated signaling involved in fatty acid β-oxidation and synthesis.
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12
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Chen X, Wang X, Shen M, Chen Y, Yu Q, Yang J, Xie J. Combined RNA-seq and molecular biology technology revealed the protective effect of Cyclocarya paliurus polysaccharide on H2O2-induced oxidative damage in L02 cells thought regulating mitochondrial function, oxidative stress and PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. Food Res Int 2022; 155:111080. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-d-glucose Interrupts the Early Adipocyte Lifecycle and Attenuates Adiposity and Hepatic Steatosis in Mice with Diet-Induced Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074052. [PMID: 35409415 PMCID: PMC8999501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals that interrupt adipocyte lifecycle can provide anti-obesity effects. 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-d-glucose (PGG) is a tannin with two isomers that occurs widely in plants and exhibits various pharmacological activities. The aim of the investigation is to comprehensively examine effects of PGG isomer(s) on adipocyte lifecycle and diet-induced obesity. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC), 3T3-L1 fibroblasts, and H4IIE hepatoma cells were used to determine the effects of PGG isomers on cell viability and adipogenesis. Mice with diet-induced obesity were generated from male C57/BL6 mice fed with a 45% high fat diet. Oral administration of β-PGG (0.1 and 5 mg/kg) lasted for 14 weeks. Viability was reduced by repeated PGG treatment in hMSC, preadipocytes, and cells under differentiation. PGG mainly induces apoptosis, and this effect is independent of its insulin mimetic action. In vivo, administration of β-PGG attenuated shortening of the colon, hyperlipidaemia, fat cells and islet hypertrophy in DIO mice. Hepatic steatosis and related gene expression were improved along with glucose intolerance. Increased serum adiponectin, leptin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 levels were also observed. In conclusion, repeated PGG treatment interrupts the adipocyte lifecycle. PGG administration reduces adiposity and fatty liver development in DIO mice, and therefore, PGG could aid in clinical management of obesity.
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14
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Hu R, Zhang Y, Qian W, Leng Y, Long Y, Liu X, Li J, Wan X, Wei X. Pediococcus acidilactici Promotes the Longevity of C. elegans by Regulating the Insulin/IGF-1 and JNK/MAPK Signaling, Fat Accumulation and Chloride Ion. Front Nutr 2022; 9:821685. [PMID: 35433778 PMCID: PMC9010657 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.821685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are known to contribute to the anti-oxidation, immunoregulation, and aging delay. Here, we investigated the extension of lifespan by fermented pickles-origin Pediococcus acidilactici (PA) in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), and found that PA promoted a significantly extended longevity of wild-type C. elegans. The further results revealed that PA regulated the longevity via promoting the insulin/IGF-1 signaling, JNK/MAPK signaling but not TOR signaling in C. elegans, and that PA reduced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and modulated expression of genes involved in fatty acids uptake and lipolysis, thus reducing the fat accumulation in C. elegans. Moreover, this study identified the nrfl-1 as the key regulator of the PA-mediated longevity, and the nrfl-1/daf-18 signaling might be activated. Further, we highlighted the roles of one chloride ion exchanger gene sulp-6 in the survival of C. elegans and other two chloride ion channel genes clh-1 and clh-4 in the prolonged lifespan by PA-feeding through the modulating expression of genes involved in inflammation. Therefore, these findings reveal the detailed and novel molecular mechanisms on the longevity of C. elegans promoted by PA.
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15
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Jiang S, Jiang CP, Cao P, Liu YH, Gao CH, Yi XX. Sonneradon A Extends Lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans by Modulating Mitochondrial and IIS Signaling Pathways. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20010059. [PMID: 35049915 PMCID: PMC8778700 DOI: 10.3390/md20010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is related to the lowered overall functioning and increased risk for various age-related diseases in humans. Sonneradon A (SDA), a new compound first extracted from the edible fruits of mangrove Sonneratia apetala, showed remarkable antiaging activity. However, the role of SDA in antiaging remains unclear. In this article, we studied the function of SDA in antiaging by using the animal model Caenorhabditis elegans. Results showed that SDA inhibited production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by 53%, and reduced the accumulation of aging markers such as lipids and lipofuscins. Moreover, SDA also enhanced the innate immune response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Genetic analysis of a series of mutants showed that SDA extended the lifespan of the mutants of eat-2 and glp-1. Together, this effect may be related to the enhanced resistance to oxidative stress via mitochondrial and insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling (IIS) pathways. The results of this study provided new evidence for an antiaging effect of SDA in C. elegans, as well as insights into the implication of antiaging activity of SDA in higher organisms.
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16
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Li Y, Zhu L, Guo C, Xue M, Xia F, Wang Y, Jia D, Li L, Gao Y, Shi Y, He Y, Yuan C. Dietary Intake of Hydrolyzable Tannins and Condensed Tannins to Regulate Lipid Metabolism. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:1789-1802. [PMID: 34967286 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666211229112223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism disorder is a multifactor issue, which contributes to several serious health consequences, such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver etc. Tannins, applied as natural derived plant, are commonly used in the study of lipid metabolism disease with excellent safety and effectiveness, while producing less toxic and side effects. Meanwhile, recognition of the significance of dietary tannins in lipid metabolism disease prevention has increased. As suggested by existing evidence, dietary tannins can reduce lipid accumulation, block adipocyte differentiation, enhance antioxidant capacity, increase the content of short-chain fatty acids, and lower blood lipid levels, thus alleviating lipid metabolism disorder. This study is purposed to sum up and analyze plenty of documents on tannins, so as to provide the information required to assess the lipid metabolism of tannins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyang Li
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Leiqi Zhu
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Chong Guo
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Mengzhen Xue
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Fangqi Xia
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Dengke Jia
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Luoying Li
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yan Gao
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yue Shi
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yuming He
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of China Three Gorges, Yichang, China
| | - Chengfu Yuan
- College of Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- Third-Grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Chinese Medicine Approved by State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Medical College of China Three Gorges, Yichang, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumour Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
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17
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Qin X, Wang W, Chu W. Antioxidant and reducing lipid accumulation effects of rutin in Caenorhabditis elegans. Biofactors 2021; 47:686-693. [PMID: 33988888 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of rutin on fatty acid metabolism and antioxidant activity were evaluated. We found that the antioxidant capacity of rutin-treated Caenorhabditis elegans was enhanced but the triglyceride content was significantly reduced. The reduction of fat accumulation by rutin was also confirmed by Oil Red O staining. RNA-seq analysis indicated that rutin significantly regulated the expression of seven genes related to lipid metabolism in C. elegans. Among the seven genes, acox-1.3, stdh-3, and fat-7 were associated with fatty acid metabolism. Rutin significantly reduced fat accumulation in both fat-6 and fat-7 mutant strains but did not affect the fat storage of fat-6/fat-7 double mutant, which indicated that the impact of rutin on fat storage depended on fat-6 and fat-7. These findings indicated that rutin reduced fat storage depending on the regulation of lipid metabolism-related genes expression and thereby regulating the biosynthesis of the corresponding unsaturated fatty acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjin Qin
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqian Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weihua Chu
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Guo X, Sun XT, Liang L, Shi LK, Liu RJ, Chang M, Wang XG. Physical Stability, Oxidative Stability, and Bioactivity of Nanoemulsion Delivery Systems Incorporating Lipophilic Ingredients: Impact of Oil Saturation Degree. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:5405-5415. [PMID: 33882671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is great interest in the application of a lipid-based delivery system (like nanoemulsion) to improve the bioavailability of lipophilic components. Although emulsion characteristics are believed to be influenced by oil types, there is still a lack of systematic research concentrating on the effect of oil saturation degree on the nanoemulsion quality, especially for evaluation of the bioactivity. Here, we aimed to test the effect of oil saturation degree on the physical stability, oxidative stability, and bioactivity of the designed nanoemulision system. Our findings suggest that the oxidative stability and bioactivity of a nanoemulsion incorporating tocopherol and sesamol highly depend on the oil saturation. A nanoemulsion with an oil with a high degree of unsaturation was more susceptible to oxidation, and addition of tocopherol and sesamol could retard the lipid oxidation. Sesamol exhibited better bioactivity during the experiment compared with tocopherol in the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model. The lipid-lowering effect of tocopherol and sesamol increased with lower saturation oil groups. The antioxidant activity of tocopherol and sesamol was higher in the high saturation oil groups. Overall, the obtained data is meaningful for applications using the designed systems to deliver lipophilic ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan, University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiao-Tian Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan, University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Li Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, 225127 Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Long-Kai Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan, University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Rui-Jie Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan, University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ming Chang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan, University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xing-Guo Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, International Joint Research Laboratory for Lipid Nutrition and Safety, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan, University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Immunomodulatory effect of pentagalloyl glucose in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and PAO1-induced Caenorhabditis elegans. Exp Gerontol 2021; 150:111388. [PMID: 33957261 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) is a valuable natural compound with an array of biological activities, but the immunomodulatory effect and mechanism have not been fully validated yet. In this study, to elucidate comprehensively the function of immunomodulation and its underlying mechanism of PGG in vitro and in vivo, two model systems were conducted, which including lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages cells and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAO1)-induced Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Current results showed that PGG significantly inhibited secretions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and mediator nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, the expression of genes nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in LPS- stimulated RAW264.7 cells was reduced by PGG. In vivo assay showed that lifespan of PAO1-induced C. elegans was enhanced significantly by 14.1% under the pre-treatment of PGG, which was abrogated in toxin sensitive mdt-15 mutant. Similarly, the PGG showed a benefit on 41.2% significant extension longevity in C. elegans under pathogenic PA14. And the nuclear localization of DAF-16 of strain TJ356 was significantly increased in PAO1-induced C. elegans by PGG. Further, PGG modulated several signaling pathways to enhance immunomodulation in C. elegans including DBL-1, DAF-2/DAF-16, and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways. Furthermore, other genes involved in immunomodulatory response in C. elegans were remarkably regulated such as lys-1, lys-2, spp-18, egl-9, and hif-1. Our study suggested that PGG have potential to develop into novel immunomodulatory nutraceutical.
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Antioxidant Peptides from Sepia esculenta Hydrolyzate Attenuate Oxidative Stress and Fat Accumulation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18100490. [PMID: 32993031 PMCID: PMC7599988 DOI: 10.3390/md18100490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hydrolysate of golden cuttlefish (Sepia esculenta) was prepared by using papain, and then, it was further separated by ultrafiltration, gel filtration chromatography, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The peptide components of the active fraction were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and then two novel peptides, SeP2 (DVEDLEAGLAK, 1159.27 Da) and SeP5 (EITSLAPSTM, 1049.22 Da), were obtained and displayed significant alleviation effects on oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans. Studies indicated that S. esculenta antioxidant peptides (SePs) increase superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity but reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levelsin oxidation-damaged nematodes. Using transgenic CF1553 nematodes, the sod-3p::GFP expression in the worms treated with SePs was significantly higher than that of the control nematodes. Real-time PCR also demonstrated that the expression of stress-related genes such as sod-3 is up-regulated by SePs. Furthermore, studies showed that SePs could obviously decrease fat accumulation as well as reduce the elevated ROS and MDA levels in high-fat nematodes. Taken together, these results indicated that SePs are capable of the activation of antioxidant defense and the inhibition of free radicals and lipid peroxidation, play important roles in attenuating oxidative stress and fat accumulation in C. elegans, and might have the potential to be used in nutraceutical and functional foods.
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21
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Farias-Pereira R, Park CS, Park Y. Kahweol Reduces Food Intake of Caenorhabditis elegans. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:9683-9689. [PMID: 32786849 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The coffee diterpene kahweol may contribute to the anti-obesity effects of coffee but its physiological effects have yet to be elucidated. Caenorhabditis elegans is used as an animal model in obesity research because its lipid metabolism is conserved in humans. The goal was to investigate kahweol's effects on lipid metabolism in C. elegans. Kahweol at 120 μM reduced fat accumulation by 17% compared to the control, which was associated with a reduced food intake. Kahweol did not reduce fat in eat-2 mutants, which have a disrupted pharynx contraction rate, suggesting that the fat-lowering effects of kahweol were dependent on food intake. Lipid metabolism-related gene homologues of tubby protein (tub-1), enoyl-CoA hydratase (ech-1.1), adipose triglyceride lipase (atgl-1), insulin/insulin-like growth receptor (daf-2), and forkhead box O transcription factor (daf-16) were also associated with changes in food intake by kahweol. Therefore, kahweol's fat-lowering effects are due to a reduction of food intake in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renalison Farias-Pereira
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Cheon-Seok Park
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
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Farias-Pereira R, Zhang Z, Park CS, Kim D, Kim KH, Park Y. Butein inhibits lipogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Biofactors 2020; 46:777-787. [PMID: 32663368 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Butein, a flavonoid found in annatto seeds and lacquer trees, may be used for many health benefits, including the prevention of obesity. However, its anti-obesity effects are not completely understood; in particular, the effects of butein on the regulation of lipid metabolism have not been explained. Thus, the goal of the current study was to determine the effects of butein on lipid metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans, which is a multi-organ nematode used as an animal model in obesity research. Butein at 70 μM reduced triglyceride content by 27% compared to the control without altering food intake and energy expenditure. The reduced triglyceride content by butein was associated with the downregulation of sbp-1, fasn-1, and fat-7, the lipogenesis-related homologs of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins, fatty acid synthase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase, respectively. Furthermore, fat-7 and skn-1, a homolog of nuclear respiratory factors, were identified as genetic requirements for butein's effects on triglyceride content in C. elegans. The effects of butein on sbp-1 and fasn-1 were dependent on skn-1, but the downregulation of fat-7 was independent of skn-1. These results suggest that the inhibitory effects of butein on lipogenesis are via SKN-1- and FAT-7-dependent pathways in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cheon-Seok Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeyoung Kim
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kee-Hong Kim
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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