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Xie Q, Yin X, Wang Y, Qi Y, Pan C, Sulaymanov S, Qiu QS, Zhou Y, Jiang X. The signalling pathways, calcineurin B-like protein 5 (CBL5)-CBL-interacting protein kinase 8 (CIPK8)/CIPK24-salt overly sensitive 1 (SOS1), transduce salt signals in seed germination in Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:1486-1502. [PMID: 38238896 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
For plant growth under salt stress, sensing and transducing salt signals are central to cellular Na+ homoeostasis. The calcineurin B-like protein (CBL)-CBL-interacting protein kinase (CIPK) complexes play critical roles in transducing salt signals in plants. Here, we show that CBL5, an ortholog of CBL4 and CBL10 in Arabidopsis, interacts with and recruits CIPK8/CIPK24 to the plasma membrane. Yeast cells coexpressing CBL5, CIPK8/CIPK24 and SOS1 demonstrated lesser Na+ accumulation and a better growth phenotype than the untransformed or SOS1 transgenic yeast cells under salinity. Overexpression of CBL5 improved the growth of the cipk8 or cipk24 single mutant but not the cipk8 cipk24 double mutant under salt stress, suggesting that CIPK8 and CIPK24 were the downstream targets of CBL5. Interestingly, seed germination in cbl5 was severely inhibited by NaCl, which was recovered by the overexpression of CBL5. Furthermore, CBL5 was mainly expressed in the cotyledons and hypocotyls, which are essential to seed germination. Na+ efflux activity in the hypocotyls of cbl5 was reduced relative to the wild-type under salt stress, enhancing Na+ accumulation. These findings indicate that CBL5 functions in seed germination and protects seeds and germinating seedlings from salt stress through the CBL5-CIPK8/CIPK24-SOS1 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xie
- National Center for Technology Innovation of Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice/College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiaochang Yin
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry (School of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, School of Rural Revitalization), Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- National Center for Technology Innovation of Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice/College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuting Qi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations/School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chengcai Pan
- National Center for Technology Innovation of Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice/College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Sunnatulla Sulaymanov
- National Center for Technology Innovation of Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice/College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Quan-Sheng Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations/School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Quality Regulation of Tropical Horticultural Crops of Hainan Province, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry (School of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, School of Rural Revitalization), Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- National Center for Technology Innovation of Saline-Alkali Tolerant Rice/College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
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Wang Y, Li P, Zhu Y, Shang Y, Wu Z, Tao Y, Wang H, Li D, Zhang C. Transcriptome Profiling Reveals the Gene Network Responding to Low Nitrogen Stress in Wheat. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:371. [PMID: 38337903 PMCID: PMC10856819 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
As one of the essential nutrients for plants, nitrogen (N) has a major impact on the yield and quality of wheat worldwide. Due to chemical fertilizer pollution, it has become increasingly important to improve crop yield by increasing N use efficiency (NUE). Therefore, understanding the response mechanisms to low N (LN) stress is essential for the regulation of NUE in wheat. In this study, LN stress significantly accelerated wheat root growth, but inhibited shoot growth. Further transcriptome analysis showed that 8468 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) responded to LN stress. The roots and shoots displayed opposite response patterns, of which the majority of DEGs in roots were up-regulated (66.15%; 2955/4467), but the majority of DEGs in shoots were down-regulated (71.62%; 3274/4565). GO and KEGG analyses showed that nitrate reductase activity, nitrate assimilation, and N metabolism were significantly enriched in both the roots and shoots. Transcription factor (TF) and protein kinase analysis showed that genes such as MYB-related (38/38 genes) may function in a tissue-specific manner to respond to LN stress. Moreover, 20 out of 107 N signaling homologous genes were differentially expressed in wheat. A total of 47 transcriptome datasets were used for weighted gene co-expression network analysis (17,840 genes), and five TFs were identified as the potential hub regulatory genes involved in the response to LN stress in wheat. Our findings provide insight into the functional mechanisms in response to LN stress and five candidate regulatory genes in wheat. These results will provide a basis for further research on promoting NUE in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Wang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China;
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China; (P.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (Z.W.); (Y.T.); (H.W.)
| | - Pengfeng Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China; (P.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (Z.W.); (Y.T.); (H.W.)
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yiwang Zhu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China; (P.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (Z.W.); (Y.T.); (H.W.)
| | - Yuping Shang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China; (P.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (Z.W.); (Y.T.); (H.W.)
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China; (P.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (Z.W.); (Y.T.); (H.W.)
| | - Yongfu Tao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China; (P.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (Z.W.); (Y.T.); (H.W.)
| | - Hongru Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China; (P.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (Z.W.); (Y.T.); (H.W.)
| | - Dongxi Li
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China;
| | - Cuijun Zhang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China; (P.L.); (Y.Z.); (Y.S.); (Z.W.); (Y.T.); (H.W.)
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Li J, Liu X, Yao Q, Xu L, Li W, Tan W, Wang Q, Xing W, Liu D. Tolerance and adaptation characteristics of sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L.) to low nitrogen supply. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2159155. [PMID: 36567601 PMCID: PMC9794014 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2159155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an essential element required for sugar beet growth. Sugar beets with low N (LN) tolerance and high N use efficiency are excellent materials for breeding. Here, we comprehensively evaluated the morphological and physiological responses of nine sugar beet genotypes to LN supply. It was found that 0.5 mmol·L-1 N (LN) significantly influenced the performance of leaves and the topology of roots by reducing the bioproduction of chlorophyll a (Chl a) and soluble protein (SP) and the accumulation of N in leaves and roots (LNA and RNA), thus differentially restricting the growth (hypocotyl diameter, HD; root length, RL) and biomass (leaf and root fresh weight; LFW and RFW; leaf dry weight, LDW) of these sugar beets. Principal component and cluster analyses showed that 780016B/12 superior (F) exhibited excellent tolerance to LN; it had higher SOD activity (62.70%) and APX activity (188.92%) and a higher proline content (131.82%) than 92011 (G, LN sensitive). These attributes helped 780016B/12 superior (F) to better endure LN stress, and the morphology and N distribution changed to adapt to N deficiency, such that the root length increased by 112.48%, leaf area increased by 101.23%, and leaf nitrogen accumulation reached a peak of 14.13 g/plant. It seems that LN-tolerant genotypes increased their root length and surface area by reducing the difference in biomass, thereby expanding the contact between roots and soil, which was conducive to the absorption of nutrients (N) by sugar beets and helped distribute more assimilation products to the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Li
- National Beet Medium-Term Gene Bank, Heilongjiang University, Harbin150080, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Sugar Beet Genetics and Breeding, Heilongjiang Province Common College/College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin150080, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- National Beet Medium-Term Gene Bank, Heilongjiang University, Harbin150080, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin150080, P. R. China
| | - Qi Yao
- National Beet Medium-Term Gene Bank, Heilongjiang University, Harbin150080, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin150080, P. R. China
| | - Lingqing Xu
- National Beet Medium-Term Gene Bank, Heilongjiang University, Harbin150080, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Sugar Beet Genetics and Breeding, Heilongjiang Province Common College/College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin150080, P. R. China
| | - Wangsheng Li
- National Beet Medium-Term Gene Bank, Heilongjiang University, Harbin150080, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Sugar Beet Genetics and Breeding, Heilongjiang Province Common College/College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin150080, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Tan
- National Beet Medium-Term Gene Bank, Heilongjiang University, Harbin150080, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Sugar Beet Genetics and Breeding, Heilongjiang Province Common College/College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin150080, P. R. China
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sugar Beet Genetics and Breeding, Heilongjiang Province Common College/College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin150080, P. R. China
| | - Wang Xing
- National Beet Medium-Term Gene Bank, Heilongjiang University, Harbin150080, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Sugar Beet Genetics and Breeding, Heilongjiang Province Common College/College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin150080, P. R. China
| | - Dali Liu
- National Beet Medium-Term Gene Bank, Heilongjiang University, Harbin150080, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Sugar Beet Genetics and Breeding, Heilongjiang Province Common College/College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin150080, P. R. China
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Zhang W, Ni K, Long L, Ruan J. Nitrogen transport and assimilation in tea plant ( Camellia sinensis): a review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1249202. [PMID: 37810380 PMCID: PMC10556680 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1249202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients for tea plants, as it contributes significantly to tea yield and serves as the component of amino acids, which in turn affects the quality of tea produced. To achieve higher yields, excessive amounts of N fertilizers mainly in the form of urea have been applied in tea plantations where N fertilizer is prone to convert to nitrate and be lost by leaching in the acid soils. This usually results in elevated costs and environmental pollution. A comprehensive understanding of N metabolism in tea plants and the underlying mechanisms is necessary to identify the key regulators, characterize the functional phenotypes, and finally improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Tea plants absorb and utilize ammonium as the preferred N source, thus a large amount of nitrate remains activated in soils. The improvement of nitrate utilization by tea plants is going to be an alternative aspect for NUE with great potentiality. In the process of N assimilation, nitrate is reduced to ammonium and subsequently derived to the GS-GOGAT pathway, involving the participation of nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). Additionally, theanine, a unique amino acid responsible for umami taste, is biosynthesized by the catalysis of theanine synthetase (TS). In this review, we summarize what is known about the regulation and functioning of the enzymes and transporters implicated in N acquisition and metabolism in tea plants and the current methods for assessing NUE in this species. The challenges and prospects to expand our knowledge on N metabolism and related molecular mechanisms in tea plants which could be a model for woody perennial plant used for vegetative harvest are also discussed to provide the theoretical basis for future research to assess NUE traits more precisely among the vast germplasm resources, thus achieving NUE improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Xihu National Agricultural Experimental Station for Soil Quality, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lizhi Long
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Xihu National Agricultural Experimental Station for Soil Quality, Hangzhou, China
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Sunseri F, Aci MM, Mauceri A, Caldiero C, Puccio G, Mercati F, Abenavoli MR. Short-term transcriptomic analysis at organ scale reveals candidate genes involved in low N responses in NUE-contrasting tomato genotypes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1125378. [PMID: 36938018 PMCID: PMC10020590 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1125378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the complex regulatory network underlying plant nitrogen (N) responses associated with high Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) is one of the main challenges for sustainable cropping systems. Nitrate (NO3 -), acting as both an N source and a signal molecule, provokes very fast transcriptome reprogramming, allowing plants to adapt to its availability. These changes are genotype- and tissue-specific; thus, the comparison between contrasting genotypes is crucial to uncovering high NUE mechanisms. METHODS Here, we compared, for the first time, the spatio-temporal transcriptome changes in both root and shoot of two NUE contrasting tomato genotypes, Regina Ostuni (high-NUE) and UC82 (low-NUE), in response to short-term (within 24 h) low (LN) and high (HN) NO3 - resupply. RESULTS Using time-series transcriptome data (0, 8, and 24 h), we identified 395 and 482 N-responsive genes differentially expressed (DEGs) between RO and UC82 in shoot and root, respectively. Protein kinase signaling plant hormone signal transduction, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were the main enriched metabolic pathways in shoot and root, respectively, and were upregulated in RO compared to UC82. Interestingly, several N transporters belonging to NRT and NPF families, such as NRT2.3, NRT2.4, NPF1.2, and NPF8.3, were found differentially expressed between RO and UC82 genotypes, which might explain the contrasting NUE performances. Transcription factors (TFs) belonging to several families, such as ERF, LOB, GLK, NFYB, ARF, Zinc-finger, and MYB, were differentially expressed between genotypes in response to LN. A complementary Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) allowed the identification of LN-responsive co-expression modules in RO shoot and root. The regulatory network analysis revealed candidate genes that might have key functions in short-term LN regulation. In particular, an asparagine synthetase (ASNS), a CBL-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (CIPK1), a cytokinin riboside 5'-monophosphate phosphoribohydrolase (LOG8), a glycosyltransferase (UGT73C4), and an ERF2 were identified in the shoot, while an LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase (FEI1) and two TFs NF-YB5 and LOB37 were identified in the root. DISCUSSION Our results revealed potential candidate genes that independently and/or concurrently may regulate short-term low-N response, suggesting a key role played by cytokinin and ROS balancing in early LN regulation mechanisms adopted by the N-use efficient genotype RO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sunseri
- Dipartimento Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (CNR-IBBR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Meriem Miyassa Aci
- Dipartimento Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Antonio Mauceri
- Dipartimento Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Ciro Caldiero
- Dipartimento Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Puccio
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (CNR-IBBR), Palermo, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Mercati
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (CNR-IBBR), Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Abenavoli
- Dipartimento Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
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Genome-Wide Identification of AMT2-Type Ammonium Transporters Reveal That CsAMT2.2 and CsAMT2.3 Potentially Regulate NH 4+ Absorption among Three Different Cultivars of Camellia sinensis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415661. [PMID: 36555302 PMCID: PMC9779401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammonium (NH4+), as a major inorganic source of nitrogen (N) for tea plant growth, is transported and distributed across membranes by the proteins of ammonium transporters (AMTs). However, the AMT2-type AMTs from tea plants remain poorly understood. In this study, five CsAMT2 subfamily genes were identified in tea plant genomes, and their full-length coding sequences (CDS) were isolated from roots. Then, a NH4+ uptake kinetic comparison of Fudingdabaicha (FD), Huangdan (HD), and Maoxie (MX) showed that FD was a high N efficiency (HNE) cultivar that had a wide range of adaptability to NH4+, HD was a high N efficiency under high N conditions (HNEH) cultivar, in which it was easy to obtain higher yield in a high N environment, and MX was a high N efficiency under low N conditions (HNEL) cultivar, which had a higher affinity for NH4+ than the other two. Tissue-specific expression analysis suggested that CsAMT2.2 and CsAMT2.3 were highly expressed in the roots, indicating that these two members may be unique in the CsAMT2 subfamily. This is further supported by our findings from the temporal expression profiles in the roots among these three different N adaptation cultivars. Expression levels of CsAMT2.2 and CsAMT2.3 in FD and HD were upregulated by a short time (2 h) under high NH4+ treatment, while under low NH4+ treatment, CsAMT2.2 and CsAMT2.3 were highly expressed at 0 h and 2 h in the HNEL-type cultivar-MX. Furthermore, the functional analysis illustrated that CsAMT2.2 and CsAMT2.3 could make a functional complementation of NH4+-defective mutant yeast cells at low NH4+ levels, and the transport efficiency of CsAMT2.3 was higher than that of CsAMT2.2. Thus, we concluded that CsAMT2.2 and CsAMT2.3 might play roles in controlling the NH4+ uptake from the soil to the roots. These results will further the understanding of the NH4+ signal networks of AMT2-type proteins in tea plants.
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Wang Y, Ouyang JX, Fan DM, Wang SM, Xuan YM, Wang XC, Zheng XQ. Transcriptome analysis of tea ( Camellia sinensis) leaves in response to ammonium starvation and recovery. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:963269. [PMID: 36119592 PMCID: PMC9472221 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.963269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The tea plant is a kind of ammonium-preferring crop, but the mechanism whereby ammonium (NH4 +) regulate its growth is not well understood. The current study focused on the effects of NH4 + on tea plants. Transcriptomic analysis was performed to investigate the early- and late-stage NH4 + deprivation and resupply in tea plants shoots. Through short- and long-term NH4 + deficiency, the dynamic response to NH4 + stress was investigated. The most significant effects of NH4 + deficiency were found to be on photosynthesis and gene ontology (GO) enrichment varied with the length of NH4 + deprivation. Enriched KEGG pathways were also different when NH4 + was resupplied at different concentrations which may indicate reasons for tolerance of high NH4 + concentration. Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), modules related to significant tea components, tea polyphenols and free amino acids, were identified. Hence, NH4 + could be regarded as a signaling molecule with the response of catechins shown to be higher than that of amino acids. The current work represents a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of plant responses to NH4 + and reveals many potential genes regulated by NH4 + in tea plants. Such findings may lead to improvements in nitrogen efficiency of tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Xue Ouyang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Mei Fan
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Mao Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Min Xuan
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Chang Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Dafo Longjing, Xinchang, China
| | - Xin-Qiang Zheng
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Tea Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Isolation and Characterization of an LBD Transcription Factor CsLBD39 from Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis) and Its Roles in Modulating Nitrate Content by Regulating Nitrate-Metabolism-Related Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169294. [PMID: 36012559 PMCID: PMC9409460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrate nitrogen is an important nitrogen source for tea plants’ growth and development. LBD transcription factors play important roles in response to the presence of nitrate in plants. The functional study of LBD transcription factors in tea plants remains limited. In this study, the LBD family gene CsLBD39 was isolated and characterized from tea plants. Sequence analysis indicated that CsLBD39 contained a highly conserved CX2CX6CX3CX domain. The phylogenetic tree assay showed that CsLBD39 belonged to class II subfamily of the LBD family. CsLBD39 was highly expressed in flowers and root; we determined that its expression could be induced by nitrate treatment. The CsLBD39 protein was located in the nucleus and has transcriptional activation activity in yeast. Compared with the wild type, overexpression of CsLBD39 gene in Arabidopsis resulted in smaller rosettes, shorter main roots, reduced lateral roots and lower plant weights. The nitrate content and the expression levels of genes related to nitrate transport and regulation were decreased in transgenic Arabidopsis hosting CsLBD39 gene. Compared with the wild type, CsLBD39 overexpression in transgenic Arabidopsis had smaller cell structure of leaves, shorter diameter of stem cross section, and slender and compact cell of stem longitudinal section. Under KNO3 treatment, the contents of nitrate, anthocyanins, and chlorophyll in leaves, and the content of nitrate in roots of Arabidopsis overexpressing CsLBD39 were reduced, the expression levels of nitrate transport and regulation related genes were decreased. The results revealed that CsLBD39 may be involved in nitrate signal transduction in tea plants as a negative regulator and laid the groundwork for future studies into the mechanism of nitrate response.
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Wang Y, Pang D, Ruan L, Liang J, Zhang Q, Qian Y, Zhang Y, Bai P, Wu L, Cheng H, Cui Q, Wang L, Wei K. Integrated transcriptome and hormonal analysis of naphthalene acetic acid-induced adventitious root formation of tea cuttings (Camellia sinensis). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:319. [PMID: 35787241 PMCID: PMC9251942 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03701-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tea plant breeding or cultivation mainly involves propagation via cuttings, which not only ensures the inheritance of the excellent characteristics of the mother plant but also facilitates mechanized management. The formation of adventitious root (AR) determines the success of cutting-based propagation, and auxin is an essential factor involved in this process. To understand the molecular mechanism underlying AR formation in nodal tea cuttings, transcriptome and endogenous hormone analysis was performed on the stem bases of red (mature)- and green (immature)-stem cuttings of 'Echa 1 hao' tea plant as affected by a pulse treatment with naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). RESULTS In this study, NAA significantly promoted AR formation in both red- and green-stem cuttings but slightly reduced callus formation. External application of NAA reduced the levels of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and cytokinin (TZR, trans-zeatin riboside). The number of DEGs (NAA vs. CK) identified in the green-stem cuttings was significantly higher than that in the red-stem cuttings, which corresponded to a higher rooting rate of green-stem cuttings under the NAA treatment. A total of 82 common DEGs were identified as being hormone-related and involved in the auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid, ethylene, salicylic acid, brassinosteroid, and jasmonic acid pathways. The negative regulation of NAA-induced IAA and GH3 genes may explain the decrease of endogenous IAA. NAA reduced endogenous cytokinin levels and further downregulated the expression of cytokinin signalling-related genes. By the use of weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), several hub genes, including three [cellulose synthase (CSLD2), SHAVEN3-like 1 (SVL1), SMALL AUXIN UP RNA (SAUR21)] that are highly related to root development in other crops, were identified that might play important roles in AR formation in tea cuttings. CONCLUSIONS NAA promotes the formation of AR of tea cuttings in coordination with endogenous hormones. The most important endogenous AR inductor, IAA, was reduced in response to NAA. DEGs potentially involved in NAA-mediated AR formation of tea plant stem cuttings were identified via comparative transcriptome analysis. Several hub genes, such as CSLD2, SVL1 and SAUR21, were identified that might play important roles in AR formation in tea cuttings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Dandan Pang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou, 310008, China
- Tea Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Menghai, 666201, China
| | - Li Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Jinbo Liang
- Tea Research Institute of Enshi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Tea Research Institute of Enshi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Enshi, 445000, China
| | - Yinhong Qian
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Yazhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Peixian Bai
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Liyun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Qingmei Cui
- Tea Research Institute of Enshi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Enshi, 445000, China.
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou, 310008, China.
| | - Kang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRICAAS), Hangzhou, 310008, China.
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10
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Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA) of Arabidopsis Somatic Embryogenesis (SE) and Identification of Key Gene Modules to Uncover SE-Associated Hub Genes. Int J Genomics 2022; 2022:7471063. [PMID: 35837132 PMCID: PMC9274236 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7471063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis (SE), which occurs naturally in many plant species, serves as a model to elucidate cellular and molecular mechanisms of embryo patterning in plants. Decoding the regulatory landscape of SE is essential for its further application. Hence, the present study was aimed at employing Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA) to construct a gene coexpression network (GCN) for Arabidopsis SE and then identifying highly correlated gene modules to uncover the hub genes associated with SE that may serve as potential molecular targets. A total of 17,059 genes were filtered from a microarray dataset comprising four stages of SE, i.e., stage I (zygotic embryos), stage II (proliferating tissues at 7 days of induction), stage III (proliferating tissues at 14 days of induction), and stage IV (mature somatic embryos). This included 1,711 transcription factors and 445 EMBRYO DEFECTIVE genes. GCN analysis identified a total of 26 gene modules with the module size ranging from 35 to 3,418 genes using a dynamic cut tree algorithm. The module-trait analysis revealed that four, four, seven, and four modules were associated with stages I, II, III, and IV, respectively. Further, we identified a total of 260 hub genes based on the degree of intramodular connectivity. Validation of the hub genes using publicly available expression datasets demonstrated that at least 78 hub genes are potentially associated with embryogenesis; of these, many genes remain functionally uncharacterized thus far. In silico promoter analysis of these genes revealed the presence of cis-acting regulatory elements, “soybean embryo factor 4 (SEF4) binding site,” and “E-box” of the napA storage-protein gene of Brassica napus; this suggests that these genes may play important roles in plant embryo development. The present study successfully applied WGCNA to construct a GCN for SE in Arabidopsis and identified hub genes involved in the development of somatic embryos. These hub genes could be used as molecular targets to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying SE in plants.
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11
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Systematic Investigation and Expression Profiles of the Nitrate Transporter 1/Peptide Transporter Family (NPF) in Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126663. [PMID: 35743106 PMCID: PMC9223465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
NRT1/PTR FAMILY (NPF) genes are characterized as nitrate and peptide transporters that played important roles in various substrates transport in plants. However, little is known about the NPF gene in tea plants. Here, a total of 109 CsNPF members were identified from the tea plant genome, and divided into 8 groups according to their sequence characteristics and phylogenetic relationship. Gene structure and conserved motif analysis supported the evolutionary conservation of CsNPFs. Many hormone and stress response cis-acting elements and transcription factor binding sites were found in CsNPF promoters. Syntenic analysis suggested that multiple duplication types contributed to the expansion of NPF gene family in tea plants. Selection pressure analysis showed that CsNPF genes experienced strong purifying selective during the evolution process. The distribution of NPF family genes revealed that 8 NPF subfamilies were formed before the divergence of eudicots and monocots. Transcriptome analysis showed that CsNPFs were expressed differently in different tissues of the tea plant. The expression of 20 CsNPF genes at different nitrate concentrations was analyzed, and most of those genes responded to nitrate resupply. Subcellular localization showed that both CsNPF2.3 and CsNPF6.1 were localized in the plasma membrane, which was consistent with the characteristics of transmembrane proteins involved in NO3- transport. This study provides a theoretical basis for further investigating the evolution and function of NPF genes.
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12
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Kumar P, Eriksen RL, Simko I, Shi A, Mou B. Insights into nitrogen metabolism in the wild and cultivated lettuce as revealed by transcriptome and weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9852. [PMID: 35701518 PMCID: PMC9197935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13954-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Large amounts of nitrogen fertilizers applied during lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production are lost due to leaching or volatilization, causing severe environmental pollution and increased costs of production. Developing lettuce varieties with high nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is the eco-friendly solution to reduce nitrogen pollution. Hence, in-depth knowledge of nitrogen metabolism and assimilation genes and their regulation is critical for developing high NUE varieties. In this study, we performed comparative transcriptomic analysis of the cultivated lettuce (L. sativa L.) and its wild progenitor (L. serriola) under high and low nitrogen conditions. A total of 2,704 differentially expressed genes were identified. Key enriched biological processes included photosynthesis, oxidation-reduction process, chlorophyll biosynthetic process, and cell redox homeostasis. The transcription factors (TFs) belonging to the ethylene responsive factor family and basic helix-loop-helix family were among the top differentially expressed TFs. Using weighted gene co-expression network analysis we constructed nine co-expression modules. Among these, two modules were further investigated because of their significant association with total nitrogen content and photosynthetic efficiency of photosystem II. Three highly correlated clusters were identified which included hub genes for nitrogen metabolism, secondary metabolites, and carbon assimilation, and were regulated by cluster specific TFs. We found that the expression of nitrogen transportation and assimilation genes varied significantly between the two lettuce species thereby providing the opportunity of introgressing wild alleles into the cultivated germplasm for developing lettuce cultivars with more efficient use of nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA.
| | - Renee L Eriksen
- Forage Seed and Cereal Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Ivan Simko
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA
| | - Ainong Shi
- Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Beiquan Mou
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA
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13
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Zhang F, He W, Yuan Q, Wei K, Ruan L, Wang L, Cheng H. Transcriptome analysis identifies CsNRT genes involved in nitrogen uptake in tea plants, with a major role of CsNRT2.4. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 167:970-979. [PMID: 34571390 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tea trees have a high demand for nitrogen (N) fertilizer to improve the yield and quality of tea. In this research, transcriptome analysis revealed the effect of N starvation and resupply upon N uptake in tea plants. We identified 4098 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were significantly enriched in amino acid and N metabolism and were extensively mapped to the tea genome. The CsNRT gene family plays vital roles in the nitrogen uptake of tea plants. The full CDS sequences of CsNRT1.1, CsNRT1.2, CsNRT1.5, CsNRT1.7, CsNRT2.4, CsNRT2.5, CsNRT3.1 and CsNRT3.2 were cloned. One-year-old cutting seedlings of Zhongcha302 (ZC302) were selected for hydroponic culture and were used for gene expression analysis. The seedlings were resupplied with 0.2 and 2 mM N after N starvation. The results of the gene expression under different N treatments and in various tissues indicated that the expression of CsNRT2.4 was highly expressed in tea roots and was greatly induced by N. Overexpressed CsNRT2.4 in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana increased the root lengths and fresh weights and improved the NO3- uptake rate in the Arabidopsis roots at a low NO3- level. Thus, we inferred that CsNRT2.4 was a key gene for N uptake in tea plant roots. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of tea plant responses to N resupply and reveals hub genes for improving nitrogen usage efficiency (NUE) in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Qingyun Yuan
- Department of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Kang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Li Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Hao Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China.
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14
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Zhang X, Liu H, Pilon-Smits E, Huang W, Wang P, Wang M, Guo F, Wang Y, Li R, Zhao H, Ni D. Transcriptome-Wide Analysis of Nitrogen-Regulated Genes in Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis L. O. Kuntze) and Characterization of Amino Acid Transporter CsCAT9.1. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9091218. [PMID: 32957496 PMCID: PMC7569990 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vigor of tea plants (Camellia sinensis) and tea quality are strongly influenced by the abundance and forms of nitrogen, principally NO3−, NH4+, and amino acids. Mechanisms to access different nitrogen sources and the regulatory cues remain largely elusive in tea plants. A transcriptome analysis was performed to categorize differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in roots and young leaves during the early response to four nitrogen treatments. Relative to the continuously nitrogen-replete control, the three nitrogen-deprived and resupplied treatments shared 237 DEGs in the shoots and 21 DEGs in the root. Gene-ontology characterization revealed that transcripts encoding genes predicted to participate in nitrogen uptake, assimilation, and translocation were among the most differentially expressed after exposure to the different nitrogen regimes. Because of its high transcript level regardless of nitrogen condition, a putative amino acid transporter, TEA020444/CsCAT9.1, was further characterized in Arabidopsis and found to mediate the acquisition of a broad spectrum of amino acids, suggesting a role in amino acid uptake, transport, and deposition in sinks as an internal reservoir. Our results enhance our understanding of nitrogen-regulated transcript level patterns in tea plants and pinpoint candidate genes that function in nitrogen transport and metabolism, allowing tea plants to adjust to variable nitrogen environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (H.L.); (W.H.); (P.W.); (M.W.); (F.G.); (Y.W.); (D.N.)
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hongling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (H.L.); (W.H.); (P.W.); (M.W.); (F.G.); (Y.W.); (D.N.)
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | | | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (H.L.); (W.H.); (P.W.); (M.W.); (F.G.); (Y.W.); (D.N.)
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Pu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (H.L.); (W.H.); (P.W.); (M.W.); (F.G.); (Y.W.); (D.N.)
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mingle Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (H.L.); (W.H.); (P.W.); (M.W.); (F.G.); (Y.W.); (D.N.)
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (H.L.); (W.H.); (P.W.); (M.W.); (F.G.); (Y.W.); (D.N.)
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (H.L.); (W.H.); (P.W.); (M.W.); (F.G.); (Y.W.); (D.N.)
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ruiyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of information and computing science Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China;
| | - Hua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (H.L.); (W.H.); (P.W.); (M.W.); (F.G.); (Y.W.); (D.N.)
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Dejiang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (X.Z.); (H.L.); (W.H.); (P.W.); (M.W.); (F.G.); (Y.W.); (D.N.)
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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