Endocrine-Independent Cytotoxicity of Bisphenol A Is Mediated by Increased Levels of Reactive Oxygen Species and Affects Cell Cycle Progression

Exploring the mechanism of intestinal injury induced by Bisphenol S in freshwater crayfish (Procambarus clarkii): Molecular and biochemical approaches

Bisphenol S (BPS) is extensively utilized in various industries such as plastic manufacturing, food packaging, and electronics. The release of BPS into aquatic environments has been observed to have negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Research has shown that exposure to BPS can have adverse effects on the health of aquatic animals. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress induced in freshwater crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) by exposure to BPS (0 µg/L, 1 µg/L, 10 µg/L, and 100 µg/L) for 14 days. The results showed that BPS exposure resulted in elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and severe intestinal histological damage. In addition, oxidative stress can occur in the body by inhibiting the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the expression of related genes. BPS exposure induced a significant increase in the relative mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (NF-κB and TNF-α) and key unfolded protein response (UPR) related genes (Bip, Ire1, and Xbp1). At the same time, BPS exposure also induced up-regulation of apoptosis genes (Cytc and Casp3), suggesting that UPR and Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathways may play a protective role in the process of apoptosis and oxidative stress. In conclusion, Our findings present the initial evidence that exposure to environmentally relevant levels of BPS can lead to intestinal injury through various pathways, highlighting concerns about the potential harm at a population level from BPS and other bisphenol analogs.

Janus ACSP Nanoparticle for Synergistic Chemodynamic Therapy and Radiosensitization

Protective autophagy and DNA damage repair lead to tumor radio-resistance. Some hypoxic tumors exhibit a low radiation energy absorption coefficient in radiation therapy. High doses of X-rays may lead to side effects in the surrounding normal tissues. In order to overcome the radio-resistance and improve the efficacy of radiotherapy based on the characteristics of the tumor microenvironment, the development of radiosensitizers has attracted much attention. In this study, a Janus ACSP nanoparticle (NP) was developed for chemodynamic therapy and radiosensitization. The reactive oxygen species generated by the Fenton-like reaction regulated the distribution of cell cycles from a radioresistant phase to a radio-sensitive phase. The high-Z element, Au, enhanced the production of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) under X-ray radiation, promoting DNA damage and cell apoptosis. The NP delayed DNA damage repair by interfering with certain proteins involved in the DNA repair signaling pathway. In vivo experiments demonstrated that the combination of the copper-ion-based Fenton-like reaction and low-dose X-ray radiation enhanced the effectiveness of radiotherapy, providing a novel approach for synergistic chemodynamic and radiosensitization therapy. This study provides valuable insights and strategies for the development and application of NPs in cancer treatment.

Futuristic advancements in phytoremediation of endocrine disruptor Bisphenol A: A step towards sustainable pollutant degradation for rehabilitated environment

Bisphenol A (BPA) accumulates in the environment at lethal concentrations because of its high production rate and utilization. BPA, originating from industrial effluent, plastic production, and consumer products, poses serious risks to both the environment and human health. The widespread aggregation of BPA leads to endocrine disruption, reactive oxygen species-mediated DNA damage, epigenetic modifications and carcinogenicity, which can disturb the normal homeostasis of the body. The living being in a population is subjected to BPA exposure via air, water and food. Globally, urinary analysis reports have shown higher BPA concentrations in all age groups, with children being particularly susceptible due to its occurrence in items such as milk bottles. The conventional methods are costly with a low removal rate. Since there is no proper eco-friendly and cost-effective degradation of BPA reported so far. The phytoremediation, green-biotechnology based method which is a cost-effective and renewable resource can be used to sequestrate BPA. Phytoremediation is observed in numerous plant species with different mechanisms to remove harmful contaminants. Plants normally undergo several improvements in genetic and molecular levels to withstand stress and lower levels of toxicants. But such natural adaptation requires more time and also higher concentration of contaminants may disrupt the normal growth, survival and yield of the plants. Therefore, natural or synthetic amendments and genetic modifications can improve the xenobiotics removal rate by the plants. Also, constructed wetlands technique utilizes the plant's phytoremediation mechanisms to remove industrial effluents and medical residues. In this review, we have discussed the limitations and futuristic advancement strategies for degrading BPA using phytoremediation-associated mechanisms.

Potentiation of Adipogenesis by Reactive Oxygen Species Is a Unifying Mechanism in the Proadipogenic Properties of Bisphenol A and Its New Structural Analogues

Aims: Structural analogues of bisphenol A (BPA), including bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF), are emerging environmental toxicants as their presence in the environment is rising since new regulatory restrictions were placed on BPA-containing infant products. The adipogenesis-enhancing effect of bisphenols may explain the link between human exposure and metabolic disease; however, underlying molecular pathways remain unresolved. Results: Exposure to BPS, BPF, BPA, or reactive oxygen species (ROS) generators enhanced lipid droplet formation and expression of adipogenic markers after induction of differentiation in adipose-derived progenitors isolated from mice. RNAseq analysis in BPS-exposed progenitors revealed modulation in pathways regulating adipogenesis and responses to oxidative stress. ROS were higher in bisphenol-exposed cells, while cotreatment with antioxidants attenuated adipogenesis and abolished the effect of BPS. There was a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in BPS-exposed cells and mitochondria-derived ROS contributed to the potentiation of adipogenesis by BPS and its analogues. Male mice exposed to BPS during gestation had higher whole-body adiposity, as measured by time domain nuclear magnetic resonance, while postnatal exposure had no impact on adiposity in either sex. Innovation: These findings support existing evidence showing a role for ROS in regulating adipocyte differentiation and are the first to highlight ROS as a unifying mechanism that explains the proadipogenic properties of BPA and its structural analogues. Conclusion: ROS act as signaling molecules in the regulation of adipocyte differentiation and mediate bisphenol-induced potentiation of adipogenesis. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 40, 1-15.

Evaluation of biotechnological processing through solid-state fermentation of oilseed cakes on extracts bioactive potential

Oilseed cakes (OC) are natural sources of lignocellulosic biomass, produced every year in large amounts. In addition to their main applications as animal feed, plant or soil fertilizer, and compost, they present enormous potential for being used in biotechnological processes for the obtainment and extraction of valuable bioactive compounds. This work evaluated the effect of solid-state fermentation on the bioactive properties of extracts obtained from the bioprocessing of OC and evaluated the effect of solvents on the recovery of compounds with higher bioactive potential. A general decrease of EC50 values was observed for fermented extracts obtained using a mixture of water/methanol (1:1) as extraction solvent. A decrease in the minimum inhibitory concentration was observed for fermented water extracts compared to non-fermented. Additionally, growth inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes was observed when using aqueous methanolic fermented extracts. These extracts also exhibited a higher percentage of growth reduction against phytopathogenic fungi, and some extracts exhibited increased protection against genotoxic agents such as camptothecin and bisphenol A. It was demonstrated that bioprocessing of OC through SSF is an effective approach to obtaining valuable compounds with bioactive properties for use in the food, pharmaceutical or cosmetic industries.

Effects of BPA Exposure and Recovery on the Expression of Genes Involved in the Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in Male Mice

Exposure to Bisphenol A (BPA) has led to an increased risk of obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLDs). However, it is as yet unclear if the damage caused by BPA is able to be repaired sufficiently after exposure has ceased. Therefore, this project aims to investigate the effects of BPA on the hepatic lipid metabolism function and its potential mechanisms in mice by comparing the BPA exposure model and the BPA exposure + cessation of drug treatment model. Herein, the male C57BL/6 mice were exposed in the dose of 50 μg/kg/day and 500 μg/kg/day BPA for 8 weeks, and then transferred to a standard chow diet for another 8 weeks to recover. Based on our previous RNA-seq study, we examined the expression patterns of some key genes. The results showed that the mice exposed to BPA manifested NAFLD features. Importantly, we also found that there was a significant expression reversion for SCD1, APOD, ANGPT4, PPARβ, LPL and G0S2 between the exposure and recovery groups, especially for SCD1 and APOD (p < 0.01). Notably, BPA could significantly decrease the level of APOD protein (p < 0.01) whereas there was an extremely significant increase after the exposure ceased. Meanwhile, APOD over-expression suppressed TG accumulation in the AML12 cells. In conclusion, the damage caused by BPA is able to be repaired by the upregulation of APOD and exposure to BPA should be carefully examined in chronic liver metabolic disorders or diseases.

Toxicity overview of endocrine disrupting chemicals interacting in vitro with the oestrogen receptor

The oestrogen receptor (ER) from the nuclear receptor family is involved in different physiological processes, which can be affected by multiple xenobiotics. Some of these compounds, such as bisphenols, pesticides, and phthalates, are widespread as consequence of human activities and are commonly present also in human organism. Xenobiotics able to interact with ER and trigger a hormone-like response, are known as endocrine disruptors. In this review, we aim to summarize the available knowledge on products derived from human industrial activity and other xenobiotics reported to interact with ER. ER-disrupting chemicals behave differently towards oestrogen-dependent cell lines than endogenous oestradiol. In low concentrations, they stimulate proliferation, whereas at higher concentrations, are toxic to cells. In addition, most of the knowledge on the topic is based on individual compound testing, and only a few studies assess xenobiotic combinations, which better resemble real circumstances. Confirmation from in vivo models is lacking also.

Genotoxic potential of bisphenol A: A review

Bisphenol A (BPA), as a major component of some plastic products, is abundant environmental pollutant. Due to its ability to bind to several types of estrogen receptors, it can trigger multiple cellular responses, which can contribute to various manifestations at the organism level. The most studied effect of BPA is endocrine disruption, but recently its prooxidative potential has been confirmed. BPA ability to induce oxidative stress through increased ROS production, altered activity of antioxidant enzymes, or accumulation of oxidation products of biomacromolecules is observed in a wide range of organisms - estrogen receptor-positive and -negative. Subsequently, increased intracellular oxidation can lead to DNA damage induction, represented by oxidative damage, single- and double-strand DNA breaks. Importantly, BPA shows several mechanisms of action and can trigger adverse effects on all organisms inhabiting a wide variety of ecosystem types. Therefore, the main aim of this review is to summarize the genotoxic effects of BPA on organisms across all taxa.

A critical review of presence, removal and potential impacts of endocrine disruptors bisphenol A

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic organic compound that is mainly used in the production of polymer materials polycarbonate and epoxy resin. Widespread use and irregular processing methods have led to BPA being detected globally, raising concerns about its environmental and health effects. This review outlines an overview of the presence and removal of BPA in the environment and consumer products. We also summarized the endocrine-disrupting toxicity of BPA, and the relatively less summarized neurotoxicity, cytotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. Human exposure data show that humans have been exposed to low concentrations of BPA for a long time, future research should focus on the long-term exposure and the migration of BPA from consumer products to humans and the possible health risks associated with human exposure to BPA. Exploring economical and effective methods to reduce and remove BPA from the environment is imperative. The development of safe, functional and reproducible BPA analogs and the study of its degradation products can be the focus of subsequent research.

Acute Exposure to Bisphenol A Causes Oxidative Stress Induction with Mitochondrial Origin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cells

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a major component of the most commonly used plastic products, such as disposable plastics, Tetra Paks, cans, sport protective equipment, or medical devices. Due to the accumulation of excessive amounts of plastic waste and the subsequent release of BPA into the environment, BPA is classified as a pollutant that is undesirable in the environment. To date, the most interesting finding is the ability of BPA to act as an endocrine disrupting compound due to its binding to estrogen receptors (ERs), and adverse physiological effects on living organisms may result from this action. Since evidence of the potential pro-oxidizing effects of BPA has accumulated over the last years, herein, we focus on the detection of oxidative stress and its origin following BPA exposure using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, flow cytometry, fluorescent microscopy, and Western blot analysis. Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells served as a model system, as these cells lack ERs allowing us to dissect the ER-dependent and -independent effects of BPA. Our data show that high concentrations of BPA affect cell survival and cause increased intracellular oxidation in yeast, which is primarily generated in the mitochondrion. However, an acute BPA exposure does not lead to significant oxidative damage to DNA or proteins.

Combined effect of fulvestrant and low dose BPA: comparative implications on EMT, apoptosis, and TGF-β1 signaling in HepG2 cells

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical utilized in the manufacture of food packaging, dental materials, medical devices, children's toys, and baby products. Numerous studies have indicated the role of BPA in the etiology of many diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, cancer, and chemotherapeutic resistance. However, the effects of BPA- chemotherapeutic combination remain to be investigated in different cell lines. Here, we demonstrate that low dose BPA and fulvestrant (estrogen receptor antagonist) combination synergistically decrease proliferation, promote cell migration and mesenchymal transition, switching from E-cadherin to N-cadherin expression Hepg2 cells. Moreover, we determined that low dose BPA may evoke susceptibility to apoptosis in HepG2 cells. The mechanism underlying these effects has been identified as increased TGF-β1 signaling. Our results provide an experimental basis for evaluating the potential health risks of low-dose BPA for fulvestrant therapy in hepatocytes.