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Huang SH, Wang CC, Shen PC, Liu ZM, Chen SJ, Tien YC, Lu CC. Suramin enhances proliferation, migration, and tendon gene expression of human supraspinatus tenocytes. J Orthop Res 2024. [PMID: 39358851 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
Rotator cuff tendinopathy is a common musculoskeletal disorder with limited pharmacological treatment strategies. This study aimed to investigate tenocytes' functional in vitro response from a ruptured supraspinatus tendon to suramin administration and to elucidate whether suramin can enhance tendon repair and modulate the inflammatory response to injury. Tenocytes were obtained from human supraspinatus tendons (n = 6). We investigated the effect of suramin on LPS-induced inflammatory responses and the underlying molecular mechanisms in THP-1 macrophages. Suramin enhanced the proliferation, cell viability, and migration of tenocytes. It also increased the protein expression of PCNA and Ki-67. Suramin-treated tenocytes exhibited increased expression of COL1A1, COL3A1, TNC, SCX, and VEGF. Suramin significantly reduced LPS-induced iNOS, COX2 synthesis, inflammatory cytokine TNF-α production, and inflammatory signaling by influencing the NF-κB pathways in THP-1 cells. Our results suggest that suramin holds great promise as a therapeutic option for treating rotator cuff tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hao Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chien Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chih Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Miao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Jung Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Chun Tien
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chang Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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2
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Boniardi I, Corona A, Basquin J, Basquin C, Milia J, Nagy I, Tramontano E, Zinzula L. Suramin inhibits SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid phosphoprotein genome packaging function. Virus Res 2023; 336:199221. [PMID: 37704176 PMCID: PMC10514558 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is fading, however its etiologic agent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues posing - despite the availability of licensed vaccines - a global health threat, due to the potential emergence of vaccine-resistant SARS-CoV-2 variants. This makes the development of new drugs against COVID-19 a persistent urgency and sets as research priority the validation of novel therapeutic targets within the SARS-CoV-2 proteome. Among these, a promising one is the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) phosphoprotein, a major structural component of the virion with indispensable role in packaging the viral genome into a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, which also contributes to SARS-CoV-2 innate immune evasion by inhibiting the host cell type-I interferon (IFN-I) response. By combining miniaturized differential scanning fluorimetry with microscale thermophoresis, we found that the 100-year-old drug Suramin interacts with SARS-CoV-2 N-terminal domain (NTD) and C-terminal domain (CTD), thereby inhibiting their single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) binding function with low-micromolar Kd and IC50 values. Molecular docking suggests that Suramin interacts with basic NTD cleft and CTD dimer interface groove, highlighting three potentially druggable ssRNA binding sites. Electron microscopy shows that Suramin inhibits the formation in vitro of RNP complex-like condensates by SARS-CoV-2 N with a synthetic ssRNA. In a dose-dependent manner, Suramin also reduced SARS-CoV-2-induced cytopathic effect on Vero E6 and Calu-3 cells, partially reverting the SARS-CoV-2 N-inhibited IFN-I production in 293T cells. Our findings indicate that Suramin inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication by hampering viral genome packaging, thereby representing a starting model for design of new COVID-19 antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Boniardi
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato 09042, Italy
| | - Jerome Basquin
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Claire Basquin
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Jessica Milia
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato 09042, Italy
| | - István Nagy
- Center of Research and Development, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger 3300, Hungary
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato 09042, Italy.
| | - Luca Zinzula
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried 82152, Germany.
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Wang QJ, Wipf P. Small Molecule Inhibitors of Protein Kinase D: Early Development, Current Approaches, and Future Directions. J Med Chem 2023; 66:122-139. [PMID: 36538005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Now entering its fourth decade, research on the biological function, small molecule inhibition, and disease relevance of the three known isoforms of protein kinase D, PKD1, PKD2, and PKD3, has entered a mature development stage. This mini-perspective focuses on the medicinal chemistry that provided a structurally diverse set of mainly active site inhibitors, which, for a brief time period, moved through preclinical development stages but have yet to be tested in clinical trials. In particular, between 2006 and 2012, a rapid expansion of synthetic efforts led to several moderately to highly PKD-selective chemotypes but did not yet achieve PKD subtype selectivity or resolve general toxicity and pharmacokinetic challenges. In addition to cancer, other unresolved medical needs in cardiovascular, inflammatory, and metabolic diseases would, however, benefit from a renewed focus on potent and selective PKD modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Jane Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States.,School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
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Sammons R, Bohanon AL, Kowtha A, Dejong A, Cho EJ, Kaoud TS, Dalby KN. High-Throughput Assay for Identifying Diverse Antagonists of the Binding Interaction between the ACE2 Receptor and the Dynamic Spike Proteins of SARS-CoV-2. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:2259-2270. [PMID: 36315931 PMCID: PMC9673917 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, a coronavirus strain that started a worldwide pandemic in early 2020, attaches to human cells by binding its spike (S) glycoprotein to a host receptor protein angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Blocking the interaction between the S protein and ACE2 has emerged as an important strategy for preventing viral infection. We systematically developed and optimized an AlphaLISA assay to investigate binding events between ACE2 and the ectodomain of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein (S-614G: residues 1-1208 with a D614G mutation). Using S-614G permits discovering potential allosteric inhibitors that stabilize the S protein in a conformation that impedes its access to ACE2. Over 30,000 small molecules were screened in a high-throughput format for activity against S-614G and ACE2 binding using the AlphaLISA assay. A viral entry assay was used to validate hits using lentiviral particles pseudotyped with the full-length S protein of the Wuhan-1 strain. Two compounds identified in the screen, oleic acid and suramin, blocked the attachment of S-614G to ACE2 and S protein-driven cell entry into Calu-3 and ACE2-overexpressing HEK293T cells. Oleic acid inhibits S-614G binding to ACE2 far more potently than to the receptor-binding domain (RBD, residues 319-541 of SARS-CoV-2 S), potentially indicating a noncompetitive mechanism. The results indicate that using the full-length ectodomain of the S protein can be important for identifying allosteric inhibitors of ACE2 binding. The approach reported here represents a rapidly adaptable format for discovering receptor-binding inhibitors to S-proteins of future coronavirus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel
M. Sammons
- Targeted
Therapeutic Drug Discovery and Development Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Amanda L. Bohanon
- Department
of Molecular Biosciences, The University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Anvith Kowtha
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Audrey Dejong
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Eun Jeong Cho
- Targeted
Therapeutic Drug Discovery and Development Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Tamer S. Kaoud
- Targeted
Therapeutic Drug Discovery and Development Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kevin N. Dalby
- Targeted
Therapeutic Drug Discovery and Development Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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