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Maghsoudi S, Shuaib R, Van Bastelaere B, Dakshinamurti S. Adenylyl cyclase isoforms 5 and 6 in the cardiovascular system: complex regulation and divergent roles. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1370506. [PMID: 38633617 PMCID: PMC11021717 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1370506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) are crucial effector enzymes that transduce divergent signals from upstream receptor pathways and are responsible for catalyzing the conversion of ATP to cAMP. The ten AC isoforms are categorized into four main groups; the class III or calcium-inhibited family of ACs comprises AC5 and AC6. These enzymes are very closely related in structure and have a paucity of selective activators or inhibitors, making it difficult to distinguish them experimentally. AC5 and AC6 are highly expressed in the heart and vasculature, as well as the spinal cord and brain; AC6 is also abundant in the lungs, kidney, and liver. However, while AC5 and AC6 have similar expression patterns with some redundant functions, they have distinct physiological roles due to differing regulation and cAMP signaling compartmentation. AC5 is critical in cardiac and vascular function; AC6 is a key effector of vasodilatory pathways in vascular myocytes and is enriched in fetal/neonatal tissues. Expression of both AC5 and AC6 decreases in heart failure; however, AC5 disruption is cardio-protective, while overexpression of AC6 rescues cardiac function in cardiac injury. This is a comprehensive review of the complex regulation of AC5 and AC6 in the cardiovascular system, highlighting overexpression and knockout studies as well as transgenic models illuminating each enzyme and focusing on post-translational modifications that regulate their cellular localization and biological functions. We also describe pharmacological challenges in the design of isoform-selective activators or inhibitors for AC5 and AC6, which may be relevant to developing new therapeutic approaches for several cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Maghsoudi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Rabia Shuaib
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ben Van Bastelaere
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Shyamala Dakshinamurti
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Group, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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2
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Chandra Jena B, Flaherty DP, O'Brien VP, Watts VJ. Biochemical pharmacology of adenylyl cyclases in cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2024:116160. [PMID: 38522554 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Globally, despite extensive research and pharmacological advancement, cancer remains one of the most common causes of mortality. Understanding the signaling pathways involved in cancer progression is essential for the discovery of new drug targets. The adenylyl cyclase (AC) superfamily comprises glycoproteins that regulate intracellular signaling and convert ATP into cyclic AMP, an important second messenger. The present review highlights the involvement of ACs in cancer progression and suppression, broken down for each specific mammalian AC isoform. The precise mechanisms by which ACs contribute to cancer cell proliferation and invasion are not well understood and are variable among cancer types; however, AC overactivation, along with that of downstream regulators, presents a potential target for novel anticancer therapies. The expression patterns of ACs in numerous cancers are discussed. In addition, we highlight inhibitors of AC-related signaling that are currently under investigation, with a focus on possible anti-cancer strategies. Recent discoveries with small molecules regarding more direct modulation AC activity are also discussed in detail. A more comprehensive understanding of different components in AC-related signaling could potentially lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for personalized oncology and might enhance the efficacy of chemoimmunotherapy in the treatment of various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Chandra Jena
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Daniel P Flaherty
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Valerie P O'Brien
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | - Val J Watts
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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Song RX, Miao HT, Jia SY, Li WG, Liu JZ, Zhang W, Xing BR, Zhao JY, Zhang LM, Li XM. Hemorrhagic Shock and Resuscitation Causes Excessive Dopaminergic Signaling in the mPFC and Cognitive Dysfunction. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03804-y. [PMID: 38041715 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03804-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Peri-operative hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (HSR), a severe traumatic stress, is closely associated with post-operative anxiety, depression, and cognitive dysfunction, subsequently causing a serious burden on families and society. Following the co-release of corticotropin-releasing factor and catecholamine, traumatic stress activates dopaminergic neurons, increasing the addictive behavior and neurocognitive impairment risks. This study investigates the association between cognitive dysfunction and dopaminergic neurons in the mPFC under HSR conditions. This study established an HSR model by bleeding and re-transfusion in the mice. After HSR exposure, a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, SKF-83566, was administered intraperitoneally for three consecutive days. Novel object recognition (NOR), conditioned fearing (FC), and conditioned place preference (CPP) were used to assess cognitive changes 16 days after HSR exposure. Local field potential (LFP) in the mPFC was also investigated during the novel object exploration. Compared with the mice exposed to sham, there was a significant decrease in the object recognition index, a reduction in context- and tone-related freezing time, an increase in CPP values, a downregulation of β-power but upregulation of γ-power in the mPFC in the mice exposed to HSR. Moreover, the mice exposed to HSR showed significantly upregulated TH-positive cell number, cleaved caspase-1- and TH-positive cells, and interleukin (IL)-1β/18 expression in the mPFC compared with sham; SKF-83566 could partially reverse these alternations. The HSR caused excessive dopaminergic signaling and cognitive dysfunction in the mPFC, a condition that might be ameliorated using a dopamine D1 receptor inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Xin Song
- Anesthesia and Trauma Research Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine (Cangzhou No. 2 Hospital), Cangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Tao Miao
- Anesthesia and Trauma Research Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine (Cangzhou No. 2 Hospital), Cangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Yan Jia
- Anesthesia and Trauma Research Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine (Cangzhou No. 2 Hospital), Cangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Guang Li
- Graduate School, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ji-Zhen Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bao-Rui Xing
- Department of Orthopedics, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine (Cangzhou No. 2 Hospital), Cangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Yong Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine (Cangzhou No. 2 Hospital), Cangzhou, China
| | - Li-Min Zhang
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine in Neurological Rehabilitation, Cangzhou, China.
| | - Xiao-Ming Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine (Cangzhou No. 2 Hospital), Cangzhou, China.
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Nunes RS, Vila-Viçosa D, Costa PJ. Halogen Bonding: An Underestimated Player in Membrane–Ligand Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4253-4267. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Santana Nunes
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande, C8 bdg, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diogo Vila-Viçosa
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande, C8 bdg, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paulo J. Costa
- BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande, C8 bdg, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Nunes R, Vila-Viçosa D, Costa PJ. Tackling Halogenated Species with PBSA: Effect of Emulating the σ-Hole. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:4241-4251. [PMID: 31142112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To model halogen-bond phenomena using classical force fields, an extra point (EP) of charge is frequently introduced at a given distance from the halogen (X) to emulate the σ-hole. The resulting molecular dynamics (MD) trajectories can be used in subsequent molecular mechanics (MM) combined with Poisson-Boltzmann and surface area calculations (PBSA) to estimate protein-ligand binding free energies (Δ Gbind). While EP addition improves the MM/MD description of halogen-containing systems, its effect on the calculation of solvation free energies (Δ Gsolv) using the PBSA approach is yet to be assessed. As the PBSA calculations depend, among other parameters, on the empirical assignment of radii (PB radii), a problematic issue arises, since standard halogen radii are smaller than the typical X···EP distances, thus placing the EP within the solvent dielectric. Herein, we took a common literature EP parametrization scheme, which uses X···EP = Rmin and RESP charges in the context of GAFF, and performed a comprehensive study on the performance of PBSA (using three different setups) in the calculation of Δ Gsolv values for 142 halogenated compounds (bearing Cl, Br, or I) for which the experimental values are known. By conducting an optimization (minimizing the error against experimental values), we provide a new optimized set of halogen PB radii, for each PBSA setup, that should be used in the context of the aforementioned scenario. A simultaneous optimization of PB radii and X···EP distances shows that a wide range of distance/radius pairs can be used without significant loss of accuracy, therefore laying the basis for expanding this halogen radii optimization strategy to other force fields and EP implementations. As ligand Δ Gsolv estimation is an important term in the determination of protein-ligand Δ Gbind, this work is particularly relevant in the framework of structure-based virtual screening and related computer-aided drug design routines.
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Costa PJ, Nunes R, Vila-Viçosa D. Halogen bonding in halocarbon-protein complexes and computational tools for rational drug design. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:805-820. [PMID: 31131651 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1619692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Halogens have a prominent role in drug design. Often used as a mean to improve ADME properties, they are also becoming a tool in protein-ligand recognition given their ability to form a non-covalent interaction, termed halogen bond, where halogens act as electrophilic species interacting with electron-rich partners. Rational drug design of halogen-bonding lead molecules requires an accurate description of halocarbon-protein complexes by computational tools though not all methods are able to tackle this non-covalent interaction. Areas covered: The authors present a review of computational methodologies that can be used to properly describe halogen bonds in the context of protein-ligand complexes, providing also insights on how these methods can be used in the context of computer-aided drug design. Expert opinion: Although in the last few years many computational tools, ranging from fast screening methods to the more expensive QM calculations, have been developed to tackle the halogen bonding phenomenon, they are not yet standard in the literature. This will eventually change as official software distributions are including support for halogen bonding in their methods. Tackling desolvation of halogenated species seems to be a good strategy to improve the accuracy of computational methods, that will be more commonly used prior to laboratory work in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo J Costa
- a Centro de Quı́mica e Bioquı́mica, Departamento de Quı́mica e Bioquı́mica , Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande , Lisboa , Portugal.,b University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences , BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Rafael Nunes
- a Centro de Quı́mica e Bioquı́mica, Departamento de Quı́mica e Bioquı́mica , Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande , Lisboa , Portugal.,b University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences , BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Diogo Vila-Viçosa
- a Centro de Quı́mica e Bioquı́mica, Departamento de Quı́mica e Bioquı́mica , Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande , Lisboa , Portugal.,b University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences , BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute , Lisboa , Portugal
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Kaur J, Soto-Velasquez M, Ding Z, Ghanbarpour A, Lill MA, van Rijn RM, Watts VJ, Flaherty DP. Optimization of a 1,3,4-oxadiazole series for inhibition of Ca 2+/calmodulin-stimulated activity of adenylyl cyclases 1 and 8 for the treatment of chronic pain. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 162:568-585. [PMID: 30472604 PMCID: PMC6310635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases type 1 (AC1) and 8 (AC8) are group 1 transmembrane adenylyl cyclases (AC) that are stimulated by Ca2+/calmodulin. Studies have shown that mice depleted of AC1 have attenuated inflammatory pain response, while AC1/AC8 double-knockout mice display both attenuated pain response and opioid dependence. Thus, AC1 has emerged as a promising new target for treating chronic pain and opioid abuse. We discovered that the 1,3,4-oxadiazole scaffold inhibits Ca2+/calmodulin-stimulated cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) production in cells stably expressing either AC1 or AC8. We then carried out structure-activity relationship studies, in which we designed and synthesized 65 analogs, to modulate potency and selectivity versus each AC isoform in cells. Furthermore, molecular docking of the analogs into an AC1 homology model suggests the molecules may bind at the ATP binding site. Finally, a prioritized analog was tested in a mouse model of inflammatory pain and exhibited modest analgesic properties. In summary, our data indicate the 1,3,4-oxadiazoles represent a novel scaffold for the cellular inhibition of Ca2+/calmodulin-stimulated AC1- and AC8 cAMP and warrant further exploration as potential lead compounds for the treatment of chronic inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Kaur
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Monica Soto-Velasquez
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Zhong Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ahmadreza Ghanbarpour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Markus A Lill
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Richard M van Rijn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Daniel P Flaherty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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8
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Nunes R, Vila-Viçosa D, Machuqueiro M, Costa PJ. Biomolecular Simulations of Halogen Bonds with a GROMOS Force Field. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:5383-5392. [PMID: 30215528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Halogen bonds (XBs) are non-covalent interactions in which halogens (X), acting as electrophiles, interact with Lewis bases. XBs are able to mediate protein-ligand recognition and therefore play an important role in rational drug design. In this context, the development of molecular modeling tools that can tackle XBs is paramount. XBs are predominantly explained by the existence of a positive region on the electrostatic potential of X named the σ-hole. Typically, with molecular mechanics force fields, this region is modeled using a charged extra point (EP) linked to X along the R-X covalent bond axis. In this work, we developed the first EP-based strategy for GROMOS force fields (specifically GROMOS 54A7) using bacteriophage T4 lysozyme in complex with both iodobenzene and iodopentafluorobenzene as a prototype system. Several EP parametrization schemes were tested by adding a virtual interaction site to ligand topologies retrieved from the Automated Topology Builder (ATB) and Repository. Contrary to previous approaches using other force fields, our analysis is based on the capability of each parametrization scheme to sample XBs during MD simulations. Our results indicate that the implementation of an EP at a distance from iodine corresponding to Rmin provides a good qualitative description of XBs in MD simulations, supporting the compatibility of our approach with the GROMOS 54A7 force field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Nunes
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade de Lisboa , Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa , Portugal.,BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade de Lisboa , Campo Grande, C8 bdg, 1749-016 Lisboa , Portugal.,Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade de Lisboa , Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Diogo Vila-Viçosa
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade de Lisboa , Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa , Portugal.,BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade de Lisboa , Campo Grande, C8 bdg, 1749-016 Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Miguel Machuqueiro
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade de Lisboa , Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa , Portugal.,BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade de Lisboa , Campo Grande, C8 bdg, 1749-016 Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Paulo J Costa
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade de Lisboa , Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa , Portugal.,BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade de Lisboa , Campo Grande, C8 bdg, 1749-016 Lisboa , Portugal
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