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Zhang Q, Shao X, Li W, Mi W, Pavanello M, Akimov AV. Nonadiabatic molecular dynamics with subsystem density functional theory: application to crystalline pentacene. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:385901. [PMID: 38866023 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad577d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we report the development and assessment of the nonadiabatic molecular dynamics approach with the electronic structure calculations based on the linearly scaling subsystem density functional method. The approach is implemented in an open-source embedded Quantum Espresso/Libra software specially designed for nonadiabatic dynamics simulations in extended systems. As proof of the applicability of this method to large condensed-matter systems, we examine the dynamics of nonradiative relaxation of excess excitation energy in pentacene crystals with the simulation supercells containing more than 600 atoms. We find that increased structural disorder observed in larger supercell models induces larger nonadiabatic couplings of electronic states and accelerates the relaxation dynamics of excited states. We conduct a comparative analysis of several quantum-classical trajectory surface hopping schemes, including two new methods proposed in this work (revised decoherence-induced surface hopping and instantaneous decoherence at frustrated hops). Most of the tested schemes suggest fast energy relaxation occurring with the timescales in the 0.7-2.0 ps range, but they significantly overestimate the ground state recovery rates. Only the modified simplified decay of mixing approach yields a notably slower relaxation timescales of 8-14 ps, with a significantly inhibited ground state recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States of America
| | - Xuecheng Shao
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07102, United States of America
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Mi
- Key Laboratory of Material Simulation Methods & Software of Ministry of Education, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Michele Pavanello
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07102, United States of America
| | - Alexey V Akimov
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States of America
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2
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Shakiba M, Akimov AV. Machine-Learned Kohn-Sham Hamiltonian Mapping for Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:2992-3007. [PMID: 38581699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we report a simple, efficient, and scalable machine-learning (ML) approach for mapping non-self-consistent Kohn-Sham Hamiltonians constructed with one kind of density functional to the nearly self-consistent Hamiltonians constructed with another kind of density functional. This approach is designed as a fast surrogate Hamiltonian calculator for use in long nonadiabatic dynamics simulations of large atomistic systems. In this approach, the input and output features are Hamiltonian matrices computed from different levels of theory. We demonstrate that the developed ML-based Hamiltonian mapping method (1) speeds up the calculations by several orders of magnitude, (2) is conceptually simpler than alternative ML approaches, (3) is applicable to different systems and sizes and can be used for mapping Hamiltonians constructed with arbitrary density functionals, (4) requires a modest training data, learns fast, and generates molecular orbitals and their energies with the accuracy nearly matching that of conventional calculations, and (5) when applied to nonadiabatic dynamics simulation of excitation energy relaxation in large systems yields the corresponding time scales within the margin of error of the conventional calculations. Using this approach, we explore the excitation energy relaxation in C60 fullerene and Si75H64 quantum dot structures and derive qualitative and quantitative insights into dynamics in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shakiba
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Alexey V Akimov
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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3
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Toldo JM, do Casal MT, Ventura E, do Monte SA, Barbatti M. Surface hopping modeling of charge and energy transfer in active environments. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:8293-8316. [PMID: 36916738 PMCID: PMC10034598 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00247k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
An active environment is any atomic or molecular system changing a chromophore's nonadiabatic dynamics compared to the isolated molecule. The action of the environment on the chromophore occurs by changing the potential energy landscape and triggering new energy and charge flows unavailable in the vacuum. Surface hopping is a mixed quantum-classical approach whose extreme flexibility has made it the primary platform for implementing novel methodologies to investigate the nonadiabatic dynamics of a chromophore in active environments. This Perspective paper surveys the latest developments in the field, focusing on charge and energy transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizete Ventura
- Departamento de Química, CCEN, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58059-900, João Pessoa, Brazil.
| | - Silmar A do Monte
- Departamento de Química, CCEN, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58059-900, João Pessoa, Brazil.
| | - Mario Barbatti
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, Marseille, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75231, Paris, France
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Li W, Akimov AV. How Good Is the Vibronic Hamiltonian Repetition Approach for Long-Time Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics? J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:9688-9694. [PMID: 36218389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Multiple applied studies of slow nonadiabatic processes in nanoscale and condensed matter systems have adopted the "repetition" approximation in which long trajectories for such simulations are obtained by concatenating shorter trajectories, directly available from ab initio calculations, many times. Here, we comprehensively assess this approximation using model Hamiltonians with parameters covering a wide range of regimes. We find that state transition time scales may strongly depend on the length of the repeated data, although the convergence is not monotonic and may be slow. The repetition approach may under- or overestimate the time scales by a factor of ≤7-8, does not directly depend on the dispersion of energy gap and nonadiabatic coupling (NAC) frequencies, but may depend on the magnitude of the NACs. We suggest that the repetition-based nonadiabatic dynamics may be inaccurate in simulations with very small NACs, where intrinsic transition times are on the order of ≥100 ps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha410128, China
| | - Alexey V Akimov
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York14260, United States
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5
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Shakiba M, Stippell E, Li W, Akimov AV. Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics with Extended Density Functional Tight-Binding: Application to Nanocrystals and Periodic Solids. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:5157-5180. [PMID: 35758936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we report a new methodology for nonadiabatic molecular dynamics calculations within the extended tight-binding (xTB) framework. We demonstrate the applicability of the developed approach to finite and periodic systems with thousands of atoms by modeling "hot" electron relaxation dynamics in silicon nanocrystals and electron-hole recombination in both a graphitic carbon nitride monolayer and a titanium-based metal-organic framework (MOF). This work reports the nonadiabatic dynamic simulations in the largest Si nanocrystals studied so far by the xTB framework, with diameters up to 3.5 nm. For silicon nanocrystals, we find a non-monotonic dependence of "hot" electron relaxation rates on the nanocrystal size, in agreement with available experimental reports. We rationalize this relationship by a combination of decreasing nonadiabatic couplings related to system size and the increase of available coherent transfer pathways in systems with higher densities of states. We emphasize the importance of proper treatment of coherences for obtaining such non-monotonic dependences. We characterize the electron-hole recombination dynamics in the graphitic carbon nitride monolayer and the Ti-containing MOF. We demonstrate the importance of spin-adaptation and proper sampling of surface hopping trajectories in modeling such processes. We also assess several trajectory surface hopping schemes and highlight their distinct qualitative behavior in modeling the excited-state dynamics in superexchange-like models depending on how they handle coherences between nearly parallel states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shakiba
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Elizabeth Stippell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Alexey V Akimov
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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Mališ M, Vandaele E, Luber S. Spin-Orbit Couplings for Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics at the ΔSCF Level. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:4082-4094. [PMID: 35666703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A procedure for the calculation of spin-orbit coupling (SOC) at the delta self-consistent field (ΔSCF) level of theory is presented. Singlet and triplet excited electronic states obtained with the ΔSCF method are expanded into a linear combination of singly excited Slater determinants composed of ground electronic state Kohn-Sham orbitals. This alleviates the nonorthogonality between excited and ground electronic states and introduces a framework, similar to the auxiliary wave function at the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) level, for the calculation of observables. The ΔSCF observables of the formaldehyde system were compared to reference TD-DFT values. Our procedure gives all components (energies, gradients, nonadiabatic couplings, and SOC terms) at the ΔSCF level of theory for conducting efficient, full-atomistic nonadiabatic molecular dynamics with intersystem crossing, particularly in condensed phase systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momir Mališ
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eva Vandaele
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Luber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Lavarda G, Labella J, Martínez-Díaz MV, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Osuka A, Torres T. Recent advances in subphthalocyanines and related subporphyrinoids. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9482-9619. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00280a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Subporphyrinoids constitute a class of extremely versatile and attractive compounds. Herein, a comprehensive review of the most recent advances in the fundamentals and applications of these cone-shaped aromatic macrocycles is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lavarda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Labella
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Victoria Martínez-Díaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Salomé Rodríguez-Morgade
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Uratani H, Nakai H. Scalable Ehrenfest Molecular Dynamics Exploiting the Locality of Density-Functional Tight-Binding Hamiltonian. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:7384-7396. [PMID: 34860019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
To explore the science behind excited-state dynamics in high-complexity chemical systems, a scalable nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (MD) technique is indispensable. In this study, by treating the electronic degrees of freedom at the density-functional tight-binding level, we developed and implemented a reduced scaling and multinode-parallelizable Ehrenfest MD method. To achieve this goal, we introduced a concept called patchwork approximation (PA), where the effective Hamiltonian for real-time propagation of the electronic density matrix is partitioned into a set of local parts. Numerical results for giant icosahedral fullerenes, which comprise up to 6000 atoms, suggest that the scaling of the present PA-based method is less than quadratic, which yields a significant advantage over the conventional cubic scaling method in terms of computational time. The acceleration by the parallelization on multiple nodes was also assessed. Furthermore, the electronic and structural dynamics resulting from the perturbation by the external electric field were accurately reproduced with the PA, even when the electronic excitation was spatially delocalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Uratani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.,Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering (WISE), 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.,Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8245, Japan
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9
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Li W, She Y, Vasenko AS, Prezhdo OV. Ab initio nonadiabatic molecular dynamics of charge carriers in metal halide perovskites. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:10239-10265. [PMID: 34031683 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01990b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced nonequilibrium processes in nanoscale materials play key roles in photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications. This review summarizes recent theoretical investigations of excited state dynamics in metal halide perovskites (MHPs), carried out using a state-of-the-art methodology combining nonadiabatic molecular dynamics with real-time time-dependent density functional theory. The simulations allow one to study evolution of charge carriers at the ab initio level and in the time-domain, in direct connection with time-resolved spectroscopy experiments. Eliminating the need for the common approximations, such as harmonic phonons, a choice of the reaction coordinate, weak electron-phonon coupling, a particular kinetic mechanism, and perturbative calculation of rate constants, we model full-dimensional quantum dynamics of electrons coupled to semiclassical vibrations. We study realistic aspects of material composition and structure and their influence on various nonequilibrium processes, including nonradiative trapping and relaxation of charge carriers, hot carrier cooling and luminescence, Auger-type charge-charge scattering, multiple excitons generation and recombination, charge and energy transfer between donor and acceptor materials, and charge recombination inside individual materials and across donor/acceptor interfaces. These phenomena are illustrated with representative materials and interfaces. Focus is placed on response to external perturbations, formation of point defects and their passivation, mixed stoichiometries, dopants, grain boundaries, and interfaces of MHPs with charge transport layers, and quantum confinement. In addition to bulk materials, perovskite quantum dots and 2D perovskites with different layer and spacer cation structures, edge passivation, and dielectric screening are discussed. The atomistic insights into excited state dynamics under realistic conditions provide the fundamental understanding needed for design of advanced solar energy and optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Chu W, Prezhdo OV. Concentric Approximation for Fast and Accurate Numerical Evaluation of Nonadiabatic Coupling with Projector Augmented-Wave Pseudopotentials. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3082-3089. [PMID: 33750138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We develop an efficient and accurate method for numerical evaluation of nonadiabatic (NA) coupling in the Kohn-Sham representation with projector augmented-wave (PAW) pseudopotentials that are commonly used in electronic structure calculations on nanoscale, condensed matter, and molecular systems. Without additional cost, the method provides an order of magnitude improvement in accuracy compared to the current technique, while it is 3-4 orders of magnitude faster than the exact evaluation. Atomic displacements over typical time steps in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are much smaller than the size of the PAW core region, and therefore, evaluation of the NA in the core is simplified. The accuracy is demonstrated with three condensed matter systems. The method is robust to variation in the MD time step. The accurate NA coupling evaluation also helps in maintaining phase-consistency of the NA coupling and identifying trivial crossings of adiabatic states. The approach stimulates NAMD applications to modeling of modern materials and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Chu
- Departments of Chemistry, and Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Oleg V Prezhdo
- Departments of Chemistry, and Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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11
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Temen S, Akimov AV. A Simple Solution to Trivial Crossings: A Stochastic State Tracking Approach. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:850-860. [PMID: 33427475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a new state tracking algorithm based on a stochastic state reassignment that reflects the quantum mechanical interpretation of the state time-overlaps. We assess the new method with a range of model Hamiltonians and demonstrate that it yields the results generally consistent with the deterministic min-cost algorithm. However, the stochastic state tracking algorithm reduces magnitudes of the state population fluctuations as the quantum system evolves toward its equilibrium. The new algorithm facilitates the thermalization of quantum state populations and suppresses the population revivals and oscillations near the equilibrium in many-state systems. The new stochastic algorithm has a favorable computational scaling, is easy to implement due to its conceptual transparency, and treats various types of state identity changes (trivial or avoided crossings and any intermediate cases) on equal footing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Story Temen
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Alexey V Akimov
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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12
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Smith B, Shakiba M, Akimov AV. Nonadiabatic Dynamics in Si and CdSe Nanoclusters: Many-Body vs Single-Particle Treatment of Excited States. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:678-693. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260 United States
| | - Mohammad Shakiba
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76169-14111, Iran
| | - Alexey V. Akimov
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260 United States
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13
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Yamijala SSRKC, Huo P. Direct Nonadiabatic Simulations of the Photoinduced Charge Transfer Dynamics. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:628-635. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c10151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharma S. R. K. C. Yamijala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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Chu W, Zheng Q, Akimov AV, Zhao J, Saidi WA, Prezhdo OV. Accurate Computation of Nonadiabatic Coupling with Projector Augmented-Wave Pseudopotentials. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:10073-10080. [PMID: 33179939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Synergy of nonadiabatic molecular dynamics with real-time time-dependent density functional theory has led to significant progress in modeling excited-state dynamics in nanoscale and condensed matter systems over the past decade. Nonadiabatic coupling (NAC) is the central quantity in such simulations, and its accurate and efficient evaluation is an enduring challenge in time-dependent Kohn-Sham theory, particularly in conjunction with planewave basis sets and projector augmented-wave (PAW) pseudopotentials because of the complexity of the PAW "all-electron" wave function. We report a method for rigorous evaluation of the NAC with PAW wave functions and demonstrate an efficient approximation to the rigorous NAC that gives comparable accuracy. As a validation, we intensely examine the NAC matrix elements calculated using both pseudo- and all-electron wave functions under the PAW formalism in six representative systems. The approximate NAC obtained with pseudowave functions is close to the exact all-electron NAC, with the largest deviations observed when subshell d-electrons are involved in the transitions. The developed approach provides a rigorous and convenient methodology for the numerical computation of NAC in the Kohn-Sham theory framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Chu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Qijing Zheng
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Alexey V Akimov
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- ICQD/Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Strongly Coupled Quantum Matter Physics, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Wissam A Saidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, United States
| | - Oleg V Prezhdo
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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15
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Mališ M, Luber S. Trajectory Surface Hopping Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics with Kohn–Sham ΔSCF for Condensed-Phase Systems. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:4071-4086. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Momir Mališ
- University of Zurich, Department of Chemistry, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Luber
- University of Zurich, Department of Chemistry, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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16
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Smith B, Akimov AV. Hot Electron Cooling in Silicon Nanoclusters via Landau-Zener Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics: Size Dependence and Role of Surface Termination. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:1456-1465. [PMID: 31958367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We develop a new express methodology for modeling excited-state dynamics occurring in dense manifolds of electronic states in atomistic systems. The approach leverages a modified Landau-Zener formula, the neglect of a back-reaction approximation, and the highly efficient density functional tight-binding method. We study the hot electron dynamics in a series of H- and F-terminated silicon nanocrystals (NCs) containing up to several hundred atoms. We explain the slower electron cooling dynamics in F-terminated NCs by the larger energy gaps between the adjacent electronic states in these systems as well as their slower fluctuations. We conclude that both the mass and chemical identity of the surface termination groups equally influence the electron dynamics, on average. However, the mass effect becomes dominant for higher-energy excitations. We find that the electron decay dynamics in F-terminated NCs has a greater sensitivity to the mass of the surface ligands than do the H-terminated NCs and explain this observation by the details of the electron-phonon coupling in the systems. We find that in the H-terminated NCs, electronic transitions in the cooling process occur predominantly between the surface states, whereas in F-terminated Si NCs, both surface and NC core states are coupled to the nuclear vibrations. We find that electron energy relaxation is accelerated in larger NCs and attribute this effect to the higher densities of states and smaller energy gaps in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Smith
- Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14260 , United States
| | - Alexey V Akimov
- Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14260 , United States
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Smith B, Akimov AV. Modeling nonadiabatic dynamics in condensed matter materials: some recent advances and applications. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:073001. [PMID: 31661681 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab5246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on recent developments in the field of nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NA-MD), with particular attention given to condensed-matter systems. NA-MD simulations for small molecular systems can be performed using high-level electronic structure (ES) calculations, methods accounting for the quantization of nuclear motion, and using fewer approximations in the dynamical methodology itself. Modeling condensed-matter systems imposes many limitations on various aspects of NA-MD computations, requiring approximations at various levels of theory-from the ES, to the ways in which the coupling of electrons and nuclei are accounted for. Nonetheless, the approximate treatment of NA-MD in condensed-phase materials has gained a spin lately in many applied studies. A number of advancements of the methodology and computational tools have been undertaken, including general-purpose methods, as well as those tailored to nanoscale and condensed matter systems. This review summarizes such methodological and software developments, puts them into the broader context of existing approaches, and highlights some of the challenges that remain to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States of America
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Nelson TR, White AJ, Bjorgaard JA, Sifain AE, Zhang Y, Nebgen B, Fernandez-Alberti S, Mozyrsky D, Roitberg AE, Tretiak S. Non-adiabatic Excited-State Molecular Dynamics: Theory and Applications for Modeling Photophysics in Extended Molecular Materials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:2215-2287. [PMID: 32040312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Optically active molecular materials, such as organic conjugated polymers and biological systems, are characterized by strong coupling between electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom. Typically, simulations must go beyond the Born-Oppenheimer approximation to account for non-adiabatic coupling between excited states. Indeed, non-adiabatic dynamics is commonly associated with exciton dynamics and photophysics involving charge and energy transfer, as well as exciton dissociation and charge recombination. Understanding the photoinduced dynamics in such materials is vital to providing an accurate description of exciton formation, evolution, and decay. This interdisciplinary field has matured significantly over the past decades. Formulation of new theoretical frameworks, development of more efficient and accurate computational algorithms, and evolution of high-performance computer hardware has extended these simulations to very large molecular systems with hundreds of atoms, including numerous studies of organic semiconductors and biomolecules. In this Review, we will describe recent theoretical advances including treatment of electronic decoherence in surface-hopping methods, the role of solvent effects, trivial unavoided crossings, analysis of data based on transition densities, and efficient computational implementations of these numerical methods. We also emphasize newly developed semiclassical approaches, based on the Gaussian approximation, which retain phase and width information to account for significant decoherence and interference effects while maintaining the high efficiency of surface-hopping approaches. The above developments have been employed to successfully describe photophysics in a variety of molecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammie R Nelson
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Alexander J White
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Josiah A Bjorgaard
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Andrew E Sifain
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States.,U.S. Army Research Laboratory , Aberdeen Proving Ground , Maryland 21005 , United States
| | - Yu Zhang
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Benjamin Nebgen
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | | | - Dmitry Mozyrsky
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Adrian E Roitberg
- Department of Chemistry , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Theoretical Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
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19
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Smith B, Akimov AV. A comparative analysis of surface hopping acceptance and decoherence algorithms within the neglect of back-reaction approximation. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:124107. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5122770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, USA
| | - Alexey V. Akimov
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, USA
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20
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Pradhan E, Sato K, Akimov AV. Non-adiabatic molecular dynamics with ΔSCF excited states. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:484002. [PMID: 30407924 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aae864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Accurate modelling of nonadiabatic transitions and electron-phonon interactions in extended systems is essential for understanding the charge and energy transfer in photovoltaic and photocatalytic materials. The extensive computational costs of the advanced excited state methods have stimulated the development of many approximations to study the nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NA-MD) in solid-state and molecular materials. In this work, we present a novel ▵SCF-NA-MD methodology that aims to account for electron-hole interactions and electron-phonon back-reaction critical in modelling photoinduced nuclear dynamics. The excited states dynamics is described using the delta self-consistent field (▵SCF) technique within the density functional formalism and the trajectory surface hopping. The technique is implemented in the open-source Libra-X package freely available on the Internet (https://github.com/Quantum-Dynamics-Hub/Libra-X). This work illustrates the general utility of the developed ▵SCF-NA-MD methodology by characterizing the excited state energies and lifetimes, reorganization energies, photoisomerization quantum yields, and by providing the mechanistic details of reactive processes in a number of organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekadashi Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260-3000, United States of America
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21
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Akimov AV. A Simple Phase Correction Makes a Big Difference in Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:6096-6102. [PMID: 30286602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The outcomes of nonadiabatic molecular dynamics (NA-MD) calculations are modulated by the parameters entering the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TD-SE). The adiabatic states are commonly used as the basis in which the TD-SE is integrated. However, the phase inconsistencies of such states along the nuclear trajectories obtained in NA-MD simulations may render the wave function and other relevant properties ill-behaving, adversely affecting the dynamics. This work illustrates the consequence of adiabatic state phase inconsistencies in nonadiabatic Ehrenfest dynamics. A simple phase-correction approach is proposed and is demonstrated to alter the dynamics to make it consistent with the reference calculations done in the phase-consistent diabatic representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Akimov
- Department of Chemistry , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14260 , United States
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22
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Carof A, Giannini S, Blumberger J. Detailed balance, internal consistency, and energy conservation in fragment orbital-based surface hopping. J Chem Phys 2018; 147:214113. [PMID: 29221382 DOI: 10.1063/1.5003820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently introduced an efficient semi-empirical non-adiabatic molecular dynamics method for the simulation of charge transfer/transport in molecules and molecular materials, denoted fragment orbital-based surface hopping (FOB-SH) [J. Spencer et al., J. Chem. Phys. 145, 064102 (2016)]. In this method, the charge carrier wavefunction is expanded in a set of charge localized, diabatic electronic states and propagated in the time-dependent potential due to classical nuclear motion. Here we derive and implement an exact expression for the non-adiabatic coupling vectors between the adiabatic electronic states in terms of nuclear gradients of the diabatic electronic states. With the non-adiabatic coupling vectors (NACVs) available, we investigate how different flavours of fewest switches surface hopping affect detailed balance, internal consistency, and total energy conservation for electron hole transfer in a molecular dimer with two electronic states. We find that FOB-SH satisfies detailed balance across a wide range of diabatic electronic coupling strengths provided that the velocities are adjusted along the direction of the NACV to satisfy total energy conservation upon a surface hop. This criterion produces the right fraction of energy-forbidden (frustrated) hops, which is essential for correct population of excited states, especially when diabatic couplings are on the order of the thermal energy or larger, as in organic semiconductors and DNA. Furthermore, we find that FOB-SH is internally consistent, that is, the electronic surface population matches the average quantum amplitudes, but only in the limit of small diabatic couplings. For large diabatic couplings, inconsistencies are observed as the decrease in excited state population due to frustrated hops is not matched by a corresponding decrease in quantum amplitudes. The derivation provided here for the NACV should be generally applicable to any electronic structure approach where the electronic Hamiltonian is constructed in a diabatic electronic state basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Carof
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Samuele Giannini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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23
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Crespo-Otero R, Barbatti M. Recent Advances and Perspectives on Nonadiabatic Mixed Quantum–Classical Dynamics. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7026-7068. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Crespo-Otero
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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24
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Mandal A, Yamijala SSRKC, Huo P. Quasi-Diabatic Representation for Nonadiabatic Dynamics Propagation. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:1828-1840. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b01178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arkajit Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Sharma SRKC Yamijala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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25
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Sato K, Pradhan E, Asahi R, Akimov AV. Charge transfer dynamics at the boron subphthalocyanine chloride/C60 interface: non-adiabatic dynamics study with Libra-X. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:25275-25294. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03841d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Libra-X software for non-adiabatic molecular dynamics is reported. It is used to comprehensively study the charge transfer dynamics at the boron subphtalocyanine chloride (SubPc)/fullerene (C60) interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Sato
- Toyota Central Research and Development Laboratories, Inc
- Nagakute
- Japan
| | - Ekadashi Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry
- University at Buffalo
- The State University of New York
- New York 14260-3000
- USA
| | - Ryoji Asahi
- Toyota Central Research and Development Laboratories, Inc
- Nagakute
- Japan
| | - Alexey V. Akimov
- Department of Chemistry
- University at Buffalo
- The State University of New York
- New York 14260-3000
- USA
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26
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Akimov AV. Stochastic and Quasi-Stochastic Hamiltonians for Long-Time Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:5190-5195. [PMID: 28985075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In the condensed-matter environments, the vibronic Hamiltonian that describes nonadiabatic dynamics often appears as an erratic entity, and one may assume it can be generated stochastically. This property is utilized to formulate novel stochastic and quasi-stochastic vibronic Hamiltonian methodologies, which open a new route to long-time excited state dynamics in atomistic solid-state systems at negligible computational cost. Using a model mimicking a typical solid-state material in noisy environment, general conclusions regarding the simulation of nonadiabatic dynamics are obtained: (1) including bath is critical to complete excited state relaxation; (2) a totally stochastic modulation of energies and couplings has a net effect of no bath and inhibits relaxation; (3) including a single or several dominant electron-phonon modes may be insufficient to complete the excited state relaxation; (4) only the multiple modes, even those that have negligible weights, can represent both the deterministic modulation of system's Hamiltonian and stochastic effects of bath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Akimov
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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27
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Giese TJ, York DM. Quantum mechanical force fields for condensed phase molecular simulations. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:383002. [PMID: 28817382 PMCID: PMC5821073 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa7c5c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular simulations are powerful tools for providing atomic-level details into complex chemical and physical processes that occur in the condensed phase. For strongly interacting systems where quantum many-body effects are known to play an important role, density-functional methods are often used to provide the model with the potential energy used to drive dynamics. These methods, however, suffer from two major drawbacks. First, they are often too computationally intensive to practically apply to large systems over long time scales, limiting their scope of application. Second, there remain challenges for these models to obtain the necessary level of accuracy for weak non-bonded interactions to obtain quantitative accuracy for a wide range of condensed phase properties. Quantum mechanical force fields (QMFFs) provide a potential solution to both of these limitations. In this review, we address recent advances in the development of QMFFs for condensed phase simulations. In particular, we examine the development of QMFF models using both approximate and ab initio density-functional models, the treatment of short-ranged non-bonded and long-ranged electrostatic interactions, and stability issues in molecular dynamics calculations. Example calculations are provided for crystalline systems, liquid water, and ionic liquids. We conclude with a perspective for emerging challenges and future research directions.
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28
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Ghosh S, Andersen A, Gagliardi L, Cramer CJ, Govind N. Modeling Optical Spectra of Large Organic Systems Using Real-Time Propagation of Semiempirical Effective Hamiltonians. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:4410-4420. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Ghosh
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Amity Andersen
- Environmental
Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99338, United States
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Christopher J. Cramer
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Niranjan Govind
- Environmental
Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99338, United States
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29
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Voityuk AA. Electronic Couplings for Photoinduced Electron Transfer and Excitation Energy Transfer Computed Using Excited States of Noninteracting Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:5414-5419. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b03924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Voityuk
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Universitat de Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain
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30
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Oberhofer H, Reuter K, Blumberger J. Charge Transport in Molecular Materials: An Assessment of Computational Methods. Chem Rev 2017. [PMID: 28644623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The booming field of molecular electronics has fostered a surge of computational research on electronic properties of organic molecular solids. In particular, with respect to a microscopic understanding of transport and loss mechanisms, theoretical studies assume an ever-increasing role. Owing to the tremendous diversity of organic molecular materials, a great number of computational methods have been put forward to suit every possible charge transport regime, material, and need for accuracy. With this review article we aim at providing a compendium of the available methods, their theoretical foundations, and their ranges of validity. We illustrate these through applications found in the literature. The focus is on methods available for organic molecular crystals, but mention is made wherever techniques are suitable for use in other related materials such as disordered or polymeric systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Oberhofer
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Karsten Reuter
- Chair for Theoretical Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Jochen Blumberger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.,Institute for Advanced Study, Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 2 a, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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