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Gharibi A, Eslami H, Müller-Plathe F. Self-Assembly of Model Three- and Four-Patch Colloidal Particles in Two Dimensions. J Chem Theory Comput 2024. [PMID: 39066701 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
A coarse-grained effective solvent model of two-patch particles is extended to study the self-assembly of three- and four-patch particles to two-dimensional honeycomb and square lattices, respectively. Employing this model, grand canonical ensemble simulations are done to calculate vapor-liquid equilibria and the critical temperatures for patchy particles of various patch widths. The range of stability of the liquid, although very limited compared to isotropic particles, which interact through a longer-range potential, depends on the patch width and on the number of patches. Biased sampling and unbiased simulations are also done to investigate the mechanism of nucleation and crystal growth for honeycomb and square lattices, self-assembled from three- and four-patch particles, respectively. A two-step mechanism governs the nucleation of both lattices. In the first step, the particles form a dense amorphous network, and in the second step, the particles inside the amorphous network reorient to form crystalline nuclei. Barrier heights for the nucleation of honeycomb and square lattices are 7.8 kBT and 7.4 kBT, which are close to the reported values for the nucleation of the kagome lattice. In agreement with confocal microscopy experiments, the self-assembly in a honeycomb lattice involves the formation of 5- to 7-membered rings. The 5- and 7-membered rings hamper the nucleation of the honeycomb lattice, through defect formation and rotation of the symmetry planes of crystals that form at their surfaces. With the progress of self-assembly, a substantial amount of restructuring of the defects and crystals in their vicinity is needed to heal the defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Gharibi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Persian Gulf University, Boushehr 75168, Iran
| | - Hossein Eslami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Persian Gulf University, Boushehr 75168, Iran
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Florian Müller-Plathe
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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2
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Eslami H, Müller-Plathe F. Self-Assembly Pathways of Triblock Janus Particles into 3D Open Lattices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306337. [PMID: 37990935 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of triblock Janus particles is simulated from a fluid to 3D open lattices: pyrochlore, perovskite, and diamond. The coarse-grained model explicitly takes into account the chemical details of the Janus particles (attractive patches at the poles and repulsion around the equator) and it contains explicit solvent particles. Hydrodynamic interactions are accounted for by dissipative particle dynamics. The relative stability of the crystals depends on the patch width. Narrow, intermediate, and wide patches stabilize the pyrochlore-, the perovskite-, and the diamond-lattice, respectively. The nucleation of all three lattices follows a two-step mechanism: the particles first agglomerate into a compact and disordered liquid cluster, which does not crystallize until it has grown to a threshold size. Second, the particles reorient inside this cluster to form crystalline nuclei. The free-energy barriers for the nucleation of pyrochlore and perovskite are ≈10 kBT, which are close to the nucleation barriers of previously studied 2D kagome lattices. The barrier height for the nucleation of diamond, however, is much larger (>20 kBT), as the symmetry of the triblock Janus particles is not perfect for a diamond structure. The large barrier is associated with the reorientation of particles, i.e., the second step of the nucleation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Eslami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Persian Gulf University, Boushehr, 75168, Iran
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Florian Müller-Plathe
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
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3
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Zhang H, Wang F, Nestler B. Janus Droplet Formation via Thermally Induced Phase Separation: A Numerical Model with Diffusion and Convection. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6882-6895. [PMID: 35617199 PMCID: PMC9178917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Microscale Janus particles have versatile potential applications in many physical and biomedical fields, such as microsensor, micromotor, and drug delivery. Here, we present a phase-field approach of multicomponent and multiphase to investigate the Janus droplet formation via thermally induced phase separation. The crucial kinetics for the formation of Janus droplets consisting of two polymer species and a solvent component via an interplay of both diffusion and convection is considered in the Cahn-Hilliard-Navier-Stokes equation. The simulation results of the phase-field model show that unequal interfacial tensions between the two polymer species and the solvent result in asymmetric phase separation in the formation process of Janus droplets. This asymmetric phase separation plays a vital role in the establishment of the so-called core-shell structure that has been observed in previous experiments. By varying the droplet size, the surface tension, and the molecular interaction between the polymer species, several novel droplet morphologies are predicted in the development process of Janus droplets. Moreover, we stress that the hydrodynamics should be reckoned as a non-negligible mechanism that not only accelerates the Janus droplet evolution but also has great impacts on the coarsening and coalescence of the Janus droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodong Zhang
- Institute
of Applied Materials-Microstructure Modelling and Simulation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Straße am Forum 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Fei Wang
- Institute
of Applied Materials-Microstructure Modelling and Simulation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Straße am Forum 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Britta Nestler
- Institute
of Applied Materials-Microstructure Modelling and Simulation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Straße am Forum 7, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Digital Materials Science, Karlsruhe
University of Applied Sciences, Moltkestraße 30, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
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4
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Wang Y, Ma R, Li H, Hu S, Gao Y, Liu L, Zhao X, Zhang L. Effect of the content and strength of hard segment on the viscoelasticity of the polyurethane elastomer: insights from molecular dynamics simulation. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4090-4101. [PMID: 35575258 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00463a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to the wide application, it is very crucial to understand the viscoelasticity of the polyurethane elastomer (PU, denoted by soft-hard block copolymer), which contains the soft segments (SS) and hard segments (HS). Thus, in this work, the effect of the content and strength of HS on the viscoelasticity of PU is explored in detail by adopting a coarse-grained model. First, the phase morphology of PU is characterized where both the single continuous phase and the bicontinuous phase are observed by varying the content of HS. Then, the viscoelasticity of PU is calculated by analyzing the storage modulus, the loss modulus, and the loss factor, which depends on the content and strength of HS. To further elucidate the mechanism for the storage modulus, the normalized interaction energy, the order parameter, and the formation probability of the HS or SS phase are characterized with the shear strain amplitude, which reflects the deformation of the phase structure. Then, the energy dissipation is quantified, which can rationalize the loss modulus well. A parameter is introduced, which considers the relative slippage and the content of HS or SS. It can explain the change in the loss factor with the content and strength of HS. In summary, this work can help to further understand how the content and strength of hard segments affect the viscoelasticity of the soft-hard block PU and structure evolution at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ruibin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Haoxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shikai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiuying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, P. R. China
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5
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Li P, Kang N, Chai A, Lu D, Luo S, Yang Z. Vesicle Geometries Enabled by Semiflexible Polymer. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040757. [PMID: 35215670 PMCID: PMC8875028 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding and controlling vesicle shapes is fundamental challenge in biophysics and materials design. In this paper, we employ the Monte Carlo method to investigate the shape of soft vesicle induced by semiflexible polymer outside in two dimensions. The effect of bending stiffness κ of polymer and the strength εVP of attractive interaction between vesicle and polymer on the shape of vesicle is discussed in detail in the present paper. It is found that the shape of vesicle is influenced by κ and εVP. Typical shape of vesicles is observed, such as circular, cigar-like, double vesicle, and racquet-like. To engineer vesicle shape transformations is helpful for exploiting the richness of vesicle geometries for desired applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Physics, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (P.L.); (N.K.); (D.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Nianqiang Kang
- Department of Physics, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (P.L.); (N.K.); (D.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Aihua Chai
- College of Data Science, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China;
| | - Dan Lu
- Department of Physics, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (P.L.); (N.K.); (D.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Shuiping Luo
- Department of Physics, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (P.L.); (N.K.); (D.L.); (S.L.)
| | - Zhiyong Yang
- Department of Physics, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (P.L.); (N.K.); (D.L.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-152-7002-1582
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6
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Bahri K, Eslami H, Müller-Plathe F. Self-Assembly of Model Triblock Janus Colloidal Particles in Two Dimensions. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:1870-1882. [PMID: 35157474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A simplified two-dimensional effective-solvent model of triblock Janus particles, consisting of three interaction sites in a linear configuration, a core particle, and two particles modeling the attractive patches at the poles, is developed to study the mechanism of nucleation and self-assembly in triblock Janus particles. The potential energy parameters are tuned against phase transition temperatures and free energy barriers to the nucleation of crystalline phases, calculated from our previous detailed model of Janus particles. Vapor-liquid equilibria and critical temperatures are calculated by grand-canonical molecular dynamics simulations for particles of different patch widths. With metadynamics, phase equilibria, mechanism of nucleation, and free energy barriers to nucleation are investigated. The minimum free energy path to nucleation indicates two steps. The first step, with a higher free energy increase, consists of the densification of the fluid into a disordered cluster. In the second step, of a lower free energy barrier, the inner particles of the disordered cluster reorient to form a crystalline nucleus. This two-step mechanism of nucleation of a kagome lattice is in complete agreement with the experiment and with our previous simulations using a detailed model of Janus particles. Large systems at a slight supersaturation generate multiple crystalline domains, which are misaligned at the grain boundaries. In complete agreement with the experiment and with previous simulation results, we observe a two-step mechanism for crystal growth: melting of the smaller (less stable) crystallites to a fluid followed by recrystallization at the surface of neighboring bigger (more stable) crystallites. A comparison of the present softer modeling of a Janus particle with harder models in the literature for self-assembly of Janus particles indicates that softer potentials stabilize open lattices (e.g., kagome) more than dense lattices (e.g., hexagonal). Also, experimental locations of phase transition points and barrier heights to nucleation are better reproduced by the present model than by the existing simple models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kheiri Bahri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Persian Gulf University, Boushehr 75168, Iran
| | - Hossein Eslami
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, Darmstadt 64287, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Persian Gulf University, Boushehr 75168, Iran
| | - Florian Müller-Plathe
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
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7
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Prasad S, Gupta M. Solvation of gold nanoparticles passivated with functionalized alkylthiols: A molecular dynamics study. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Tian L, Liu Y, Wang D, Tan J, Xie Y, Bei L, Zhang Q, Zhu C, Xu J. Particle-Click-Particle: Colloidal Clusters from Click Seeded Emulsion Polymerization. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00360g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The self-organization of building blocks in colloidal clusters and their architecture adjustment are crucial for colloid synthesis and design. We report on a click seeded emulsion polymerization via swelling-induced self-assembly...
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9
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Sato T, Kobayashi Y, Arai N. Effect of chemical design of grafted polymers on the self-assembled morphology of polymer-tethered nanoparticles in nanotubes. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:365404. [PMID: 34157689 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac0d85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is a clear relationship between the self-assembling architecture of nanoparticles (NPs) and their physical properties, and they are currently used in a variety of applications, including optical sensors. Polymer-tethered NPs, which are created by grafting polymers onto NPs to control the self-assembly of NPs, have attracted considerable attention. Recent synthetic techniques have made it possible to synthesize a wide variety of polymers and thereby create NPs with many types of surfaces. However, self-assembled structures have not been systematically classified because of the large number of tuning parameters such as the polymer length and graft density. In this study, by using coarse-grained molecular simulation, we investigated the changes in the self-assembled structure of polymer-tethered NP solutions confined in nanotubes due to the chemical properties of polymers. Three types of tethered polymer NP models were examined: homo hydrophilic, diblock hydrophilic-hydrophobic (HI-HO), and diblock hydrophobic-hydrophilic. Under strong confinement, the NPs were dispersed in single file at low axial pressure. As the pressure increased, multilayered lamellar was observed in the HI-HO model. In contrast, under weak confinement, the difference in the pressure at which the phases emerge, depending on the model, was significant. By changing the chemical properties of the grafted polymer, the thermodynamic conditions (the axial pressure in this study) under which the phases appear is altered, although the coordination of NPs remains almost unchanged. Our simulation offers a theoretical guide for controlling the morphologies of self-assembled polymer-tethered NPs, a novel system that may find applications in nanooptical devices or for nanopatterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Sato
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yusei Kobayashi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Arai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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10
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Kang W, Ji Y, Cheng Y. Van der Waals force-driven indomethacin-ss-paclitaxel nanodrugs for reversing multidrug resistance and enhancing NSCLC therapy. Int J Pharm 2021; 603:120691. [PMID: 33965541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The high expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) in cancer cells caused serious multidrug resistance (MDR), which limited the effectiveness of paclitaxel (PTX) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) chemotherapy. Indomethacin (IND), a kind of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which has been confirmed to be a potential MRP1 inhibitor. Taking into account the advantages of old drugs without extra controversial biosafety issue, in this manuscript, the disulfide bond (-S-S-) was employed for connecting IND and PTX to construct conjugate IND-S-S-PTX, which was further self-assembled and formed nanodrug (IND-S-S-PTX NPs). The particle size of IND-S-S-PTX NPs was ~160 nm with a narrow PDI value of 0.099, which distributed well in water and also exhibited a stable characteristic. Moreover, due to the existence of disulfide bond, the NPs were sensitive to the high level of glutathione (GSH) in tumor microenvironment. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation presented the process of self-assembly in detail. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the main driving force in self-assembly process was originated from the van der waals force. In addition, this carrier-free nano drug delivery systems (nDDs) could reverse the MDR by downregulating the expression of MRP1 protein in A549/taxol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Kang
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Yuanhui Ji
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China.
| | - Yu Cheng
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
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11
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Bačová P, Mintis DG, Gkolfi E, Harmandaris V. Mikto-Arm Stars as Soft-Patchy Particles: From Building Blocks to Mesoscopic Structures. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1114. [PMID: 33915849 PMCID: PMC8037958 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an atomistic molecular dynamics study of self-assembled mikto-arm stars, which resemble patchy-like particles. By increasing the number of stars in the system, we propose a systematic way of examining the mutual orientation of these fully penetrable patchy-like objects. The individual stars maintain their patchy-like morphology when creating a mesoscopic (macromolecular) self-assembled object of more than three stars. The self-assembly of mikto-arm stars does not lead to a deformation of the stars, and their shape remains spherical. We identified characteristic sub-units in the self-assembled structure, differing by the mutual orientation of the nearest neighbor stars. The current work aims to elucidate the possible arrangements of the realistic, fully penetrable patchy particles in polymer matrix and to serve as a model system for further studies of nanostructured materials or all-polymer nanocomposites using the mikto-arm stars as building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Bačová
- Computation-Based Science and Technology Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 20 Constantinou Kavafi Str., Nicosia 2121, Cyprus; (D.G.M.); (V.H.)
- Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics (IACM), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece;
| | - Dimitris G. Mintis
- Computation-Based Science and Technology Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 20 Constantinou Kavafi Str., Nicosia 2121, Cyprus; (D.G.M.); (V.H.)
| | - Eirini Gkolfi
- Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics (IACM), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece;
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Crete, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Vagelis Harmandaris
- Computation-Based Science and Technology Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 20 Constantinou Kavafi Str., Nicosia 2121, Cyprus; (D.G.M.); (V.H.)
- Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics (IACM), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece;
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Crete, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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12
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Shelukhin V. Rotational Particle Separation in Solutions: Micropolar Fluid Theory Approach. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13071072. [PMID: 33805358 PMCID: PMC8037239 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We develop a new mathematical model for rotational sedimentation of particles for steady flows of a viscoplastic granular fluid in a concentric-cylinder Couette geometry when rotation of the Couette cell inner cylinder is prescribed. We treat the suspension as a micro-polar fluid. The model is validated by comparison with known data of measurement. Within the proposed theory, we prove that sedimentation occurs due to particles' rotation and rotational diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Shelukhin
- Lavrentyev Institute of Hydrodynamics, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
- Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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13
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Eslami H, Gharibi A, Müller-Plathe F. Mechanisms of Nucleation and Solid-Solid-Phase Transitions in Triblock Janus Assemblies. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:1742-1754. [PMID: 33529019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A model, including the chemical details of core nanoparticles as well as explicit surface charges and hydrophobic patches, of triblock Janus particles is employed to simulate nucleation and solid-solid phase transitions in two-dimensional layers. An explicit solvent and a substrate are included in the model, and hydrodynamic and many-body interactions were taken into account within many-body dissipative particle dynamics simulation. In order not to impose a mechanism a priori, we performed free (unbiased) simulations, leaving the system the freedom to choose its own pathways. In agreement with the experiment and previous biased simulations, a two-step mechanism for the nucleation of a kagome lattice from solution was detected. However, a distinct feature of the present unbiased versus biased simulations is that multiple nuclei emerge from the solution; upon their growth, the aligned and misaligned facets at the grain boundaries are introduced into the system. The liquid-like particles trapped between the neighboring nuclei connect them together. A mismatch in the symmetry planes of neighboring nuclei hinders the growth of less stable (smaller) nuclei. Unification of such nuclei at the grain boundaries of misaligned facets obeys a two-step mechanism: melting of the smaller nuclei, followed by subsequent nucleation of liquid-like particles at the interface of bigger neighboring nuclei. Besides, multiple postcritical nuclei are formed in the simulation box; the growth of some of which stops due to introduction of a strain in the system. Such an incomplete nucleation/growth mechanism is in complete agreement with the recent experiments. The solid-solid (hexagonal-to-kagome) phase transition, at weak superheatings, obeys a two-step mechanism: a slower step (formation of a liquid droplet), followed by a faster step (nucleation of kagome from the liquid droplet).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Eslami
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Persian Gulf University, 75168 Boushehr, Iran
| | - Ali Gharibi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Persian Gulf University, 75168 Boushehr, Iran
| | - Florian Müller-Plathe
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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14
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Zhang W, Zou L. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Crystal Nucleation near Interfaces in Incompatible Polymer Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:347. [PMID: 33499036 PMCID: PMC7865509 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We apply molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate crystal nucleation in incompatible polymer blends under deep supercooling conditions. Simulations of isothermal nucleation are performed for phase-separated blends with different degrees of incompatibility. In weakly segregated blends, slow and incompatible chains in crystallizable polymer domains can significantly hinder the crystal nucleation and growth. When a crystallizable polymer is blended with a more mobile species in interfacial regions, enhanced molecular mobility leads to the fast growth of crystalline order. However, the incubation time remains the same as that in pure samples. By inducing anisotropic alignment near the interfaces of strongly segregated blends, phase separation also promotes crystalline order to grow near interfaces between different polymer domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA;
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15
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Duan Y, Zhao X, Sun M, Hao H. Research Advances in the Synthesis, Application, Assembly, and Calculation of Janus Materials. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xia Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shan xi, China
| | - Miaomiao Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shan xi, China
| | - Hong Hao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shan xi, China
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16
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Eslami H, Das S, Zhou T, Müller-Plathe F. How Alcoholic Disinfectants Affect Coronavirus Model Membranes: Membrane Fluidity, Permeability, and Disintegration. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:10374-10385. [PMID: 33172260 PMCID: PMC7670823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c08296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out with a view to investigating the stability of the SARS-CoV-2 exterior membrane with respect to two common disinfectants, namely, aqueous solutions of ethanol and n-propanol. We used dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) as a model membrane material and did simulations on both gel and liquid crystalline phases of membrane surrounded by aqueous solutions of varying alcohol concentrations (up to 17.5 mol %). While a moderate effect of alcohol on the gel phase of membrane is observed, its liquid crystalline phase is shown to be influenced dramatically by either alcohol. Our results show that aqueous solutions of only 5 and 10 mol % alcohol already have significant weakening effects on the membrane. The effects of n-propanol are always stronger than those of ethanol. The membrane changes its structure, when exposed to disinfectant solutions; uptake of alcohol causes it to swell laterally but to shrink vertically. At the same time, the orientational order of lipid tails decreases significantly. Metadynamics and grand-canonical ensemble simulations were done to calculate the free-energy profiles for permeation of alcohol and alcohol/water solubility in the DPPC. We found that the free-energy barrier to permeation of the DPPC liquid crystalline phase by all permeants is significantly lowered by alcohol uptake. At a disinfectant concentration of 10 mol %, it becomes insignificant enough to allow almost free passage of the disinfectant to the inside of the virus to cause damage there. It should be noted that the disinfectant also causes the barrier for water permeation to drop. Furthermore, the shrinking of the membrane thickness shortens the gap needed to be crossed by penetrants from outside the virus into its core. The lateral swelling also increases the average distance between head groups, which is a secondary barrier to membrane penetration, and hence further increases the penetration by disinfectants. At alcohol concentrations in the disinfectant solution above 15 mol %, we reliably observe disintegration of the DPPC membrane in its liquid crystalline phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Eslami
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut
für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Persian
Gulf University, Boushehr 75168, Iran
| | - Shubhadip Das
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut
für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Tianhang Zhou
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut
für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Florian Müller-Plathe
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut
für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
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17
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Iubini S, Baiesi M, Orlandini E. Aging of living polymer networks: a model with patchy particles. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:9543-9552. [PMID: 32968747 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01391a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microrheology experiments show that viscoelastic media composed by wormlike micellar networks display complex relaxations lasting seconds even at the scale of micrometers. By mapping a model of patchy colloids with suitable mesoscopic elementary motifs to a system of worm-like micelles, we are able to simulate its relaxation dynamics, upon a thermal quench, spanning many decades, from microseconds up to tens of seconds. After mapping the model to real units and to experimental scission energies, we show that the relaxation process develops through a sequence of non-local and energetically challenging arrangements. These adjustments remove undesired structures formed as a temporary energetic solution for stabilizing the thermodynamically unstable free caps of the network. We claim that the observed scale-free nature of this stagnant process may complicate the correct quantification of experimentally relevant time scales as the Weissenberg number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Iubini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, via Madonna del Piano 10, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy. and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Baiesi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Enzo Orlandini
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Padova, Via Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy
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18
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Khaknejad Z, Mehdipour N, Eslami H. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Ionic Liquid 1-n-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Methylsulfate [Bmim][MeSO 4 ]: Interfacial Properties at the Silica and Vacuum Interfaces. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:1134-1145. [PMID: 32255269 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations are done to investigate the structure and dynamics of a thin [Bmim][MeO4 ] film in contact with a hydroxylated silica surface on one side and with vacuum on the other. An examination of the microscopic structure of ionic liquid (IL) film shows that strong layered anionic/cationic structures are formed at both interfaces. At the silica interface, the imidazolium rings are closer to the silica surface (compared to anions) and are coplanar with it. At the vacuum interface, the charged imidazolium ring more concentrates in the interior of the film, but the butyl side chain stretches out toward the vacuum interface. While there exists an excess concentration of the cations at the silica interface, at the vacuum interface an excess concentration of anions (dissolved in the butyl chain) is found. The influence of the interface on the dynamical properties is shown to depend on their time scales. A short-time dynamical property, such as hydrogen bond formation is not noticeably perturbed at the interface. In contrary, long-time properties such as ion-pair formation/rupture and translation of ions across the film are largely decelerated at the silica interface but are accelerate at the vacuum interface. Our findings indicate that the structural relaxation time of ion-pairs, is comparable to diffusion time scale in the IL film. Therefore, ion-pairs are not stable species; the IL is composed of short-lived ion-pairs and freely diffusing ions. However, the structural relaxation times of ion-pairs is still long enough (comparable to the time scale of diffusion) to conclude that correlated motions of counterions influence the macroscopic properties of IL, such as diffusion and ionic conductivity. In this respect, we have shown that correcting the Nernst-Einstein equation for the joint translation of ion-pairs considerably improves the accuracy of calculated ionic conductivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Khaknejad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Persian Gulf University, Boushehr, 75168, Iran
| | - Nargess Mehdipour
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Persian Gulf University, Boushehr, 75168, Iran
| | - Hossein Eslami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Persian Gulf University, Boushehr, 75168, Iran
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19
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Li J, Wang J, Yao Q, Yan Y, Li Z, Zhang J. Manipulating Hybrid Nanostructures by the Cooperative Assembly of Amphiphilic Oligomers and Triblock Janus Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:3369-3375. [PMID: 32281386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The cooperative assembly of nanoparticles and amphiphilic molecules has emerged as an appealing strategy for fabricating hybrid nanomaterials for a wide range of potential applications. However, it is challenging to precisely manipulate hybrid nanostructures. In this study, extensive dissipative particle dynamics simulations are carried out to investigate the cooperative assembly of amphiphilic oligomers and triblock Janus nanoparticles with different hydrophobic-hydrophilic patches. Three different hybrid nanostructures (networks, disks, and vesicles) are observed from the simulations. The structural characteristics and kinetic pathways are analyzed in detail. We reveal that the hydrophobic-hydrophilic patches in the triblock Janus nanoparticles significantly affect the arrangement of amphiphiles and nanoparticles, as well as the orientational degree of freedom between nanoparticles; therefore, the triblock Janus nanoparticles can function as a robust structure-directing agent to regulate the spatial organization of nanoparticles in networks, the curvature of disks, and the size of vesicles. This study demonstrates the cooperative assembly can serve as an efficient platform for the engineering of hybrid nanomaterials with tailored nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Junfeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Qiang Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Youguo Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Institute of Advanced Materials, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
- Institute of Advanced Materials, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
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20
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Golmohammadi N, Boland-Hemmat M, Barahmand S, Eslami H. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of poly(ethylene terephthalate). J Chem Phys 2020; 152:114901. [PMID: 32199431 DOI: 10.1063/1.5145142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have constructed efficient coarse-grained (CG) models of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), using three mapping schemes, in which a repeat unit is lumped into either three or four beads. The CG potentials are parameterized to reproduce target distributions of an underlying accurate atomistic model [H. Eslami and F. Müller-Plathe, Macromolecules 42, 8241-8250 (2009)]. The CG simulations allow equilibration of long PET chains at all length scales. The CG results on the density of PET in melt and glassy states, chain dimension, local packing, and structure factor are in good agreement with experiment. We have established a link between the glass transition temperature and the local movements including conformational transitions and mean-square displacements of chain segments. Temperature transferabilities of the three proposed models were studied by comparing CG results on the static and thermodynamic properties of a polymer with atomistic and experimental findings. One of the three CG models has a good degree of transferability, following all inter- and intra-structural rearrangements of the atomistic model, over a broad range of temperature. Furthermore, as a distinct point of strength of CG, over atomistic, simulations, we have examined the dynamics of PET long chains, consisting of 100 repeat units, over a regime where entanglements dominate the dynamics. Performing long-time (550 ns) CG simulations, we have noticed the signature of a crossover from Rouse to reptation dynamics. However, a clear separation between the Rouse and the reptation dynamics needs much longer time simulations, confirming the experimental findings that the crossover to full reptation dynamics is very protracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazila Golmohammadi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Persian Gulf University, Boushehr 75168, Iran
| | | | - Sanam Barahmand
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Persian Gulf University, Boushehr 75168, Iran
| | - Hossein Eslami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Persian Gulf University, Boushehr 75168, Iran
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21
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The Influence of Initiator Concentration on Selected Properties on Poly- N-Vinylcaprolactam Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9111577. [PMID: 31703338 PMCID: PMC6915650 DOI: 10.3390/nano9111577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The thermosensitive polymers of N-vinylcaprolactam P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5 were synthesized via the surfactant free precipitation polymerization (SFPP) at 70 °C in the presence of cationic initiator 2,2’-azobis[2-methylpropionamidine] dihydrochloride (AMPA). The influence of various concentrations of initiator AMPA on particle size, aggregation and lower critical temperature solution (LCST) was investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurement. The conductivity was measured in the course of the synthesis and during temperature decrease of the reaction mixtures. The polymers were characterized by Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), 1H NMR, and thermogravimetric analysis. Thermal parameters of the degradations process were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTA) under non-isothermal conditions in N2 atmosphere. The samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction analysis (PXRD).The hydrodynamic diameter (HD), polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential (ZP) were measured in aqueous dispersions of the synthesized polymers in temperature 18–45 °C. HD and PDI values at 18 °C were 137.23 ± 67.65 nm (PDI = 0.53 ± 0.18), 83.40 ± 74.46 nm (PDI = 0.35 ± 0.08), 22.11 ± 0.29 nm (PDI = 0.45 ± 0.05), 29.27 ± 0.50 nm (PDI = 0.41 ± 0.04), 39.18 ± 0.57 nm (PDI = 0.38 ± 0.01) for P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5, respectively. The aqueous solutions of the obtained polymers at 18–45 °C had a positive charge. ZP’s for P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5 polymers at 18 °C were 11.64 ± 4.27 mV, 12.71 ± 3.56 mV, 3.24 ± 0.10 mV, 0.77 ± 0.28 mV, 1.78 ± 0.56 mV respectively. The LCST range was between 32 and 38 °C. We conclude that the concentration of initiator affects the size of obtained polymeric spheres and theirs LCST.
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22
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Mu D, Li JQ, Cong XS, Zhang H. Mesoscopic Detection of the Influence of a Third Component on the Self-Assembly Structure of A 2B Star Copolymer in Thin Films. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1636. [PMID: 31658618 PMCID: PMC6835291 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common self-assembly structure for A2B copolymer is the micellar structure with B/A segments being the core/corona, which greatly limits its application range. Following the principle of structure deciding the properties, a reformation in the molecular structure of A2B copolymer is made by appending three segments of a third component C with the same length to the three arms, resulting (AC)2CB 3-miktoarm star terpolymer. A reverse micellar structure in self-assembly is expected by regulating the C length and the pairwise repulsive strength of C to A/B, aiming to enrich its application range. Keeping both A and B lengths unchanged, when the repulsion strength of C to A is much stronger than C to B, from the results of mesoscopic simulations we found, with a progressive increase in C length, (AC)2CB terpolymer undergoes a transition in self-assembled structures, from a cylindrical structure with B component as the core, then to a deformed lamellar structure, and finally to a cylindrical structure with A component as the core. This reverse micellar structure is formed with the assistance of appended C segments, whose length is longer than half of B length, enhancing the flexibility of three arms, and further facilitating the aggregation of A component into the core. These results prove that the addition of a third component is a rational molecular design, in conjunction with some relevant parameters, enables the manufacturing of the desired self-assembly structure while avoiding excessive changes in the involved factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Mu
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China.
- Advanced Photonics Center, Southeast University, 2# Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, China.
- Zaozhuang Key Laboratory of Functional Materials, Zaozhuang 277160, China.
| | - Jian-Quan Li
- Opto-Electronic Engineering College, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China.
| | - Xing-Shun Cong
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China.
| | - Han Zhang
- College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang 277160, China.
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23
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Eslami H, Khani M, Müller-Plathe F. Gaussian Charge Distributions for Incorporation of Electrostatic Interactions in Dissipative Particle Dynamics: Application to Self-Assembly of Surfactants. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:4197-4207. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Eslami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Persian Gulf University, Boushehr 75168, Iran
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marzieh Khani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Persian Gulf University, Boushehr 75168, Iran
| | - Florian Müller-Plathe
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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