1
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Tosh D, Fisher CL, Salmaso V, Wan TC, Campbell RG, Chen E, Gao ZG, Auchampach JA, Jacobson KA. First Potent Macrocyclic A 3 Adenosine Receptor Agonists Reveal G-Protein and β-Arrestin2 Signaling Preferences. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:1288-1305. [PMID: 37705595 PMCID: PMC10496144 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
(N)-Methanocarba adenosine derivatives (A3 adenosine receptor (AR) agonists containing bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane replacing furanose) were chain-extended at N6 and C2 positions with terminal alkenes for ring closure. The resulting macrocycles of 17-20 atoms retained affinity, indicating a spatially proximal orientation of these receptor-bound chains, consistent with molecular modeling of 12. C2-Arylethynyl-linked macrocycle 19 was more A3AR-selective than 2-ether-linked macrocycle 12 (both 5'-methylamides, human (h) A3AR affinities (Ki): 22.1 and 25.8 nM, respectively), with lower mouse A3AR affinities. Functional hA3AR comparison of two sets of open/closed analogues in β-arrestin2 and Gi/o protein assays showed certain signaling preferences divergent from reference agonist Cl-IB-MECA 1. The potencies of 1 at all three Gαi isoforms were slightly less than its hA3AR binding affinity (Ki: 1.4 nM), while the Gαi1 and Gαi2 potencies of macrocycle 12 were roughly an order of magnitude higher than its radioligand binding affinity. Gαi2-coupling was enhanced in macrocycle 12 (EC50 2.56 nM, ∼40% greater maximal efficacy than 1). Di-O-allyl precursor 18 cyclized to form 19, increasing the Gαi1 potency by 7.5-fold. The macrocycles 12 and 19 and their open precursors 11 and 18 potently stimulated β-arrestin2 recruitment, with EC50 values (nM) of 5.17, 4.36, 1.30, and 4.35, respectively, and with nearly 50% greater efficacy compared to 1. This example of macrocyclization altering the coupling pathways of small-molecule (nonpeptide) GPCR agonists is the first for potent and selective macrocyclic AR agonists. These initial macrocyclic derivatives can serve as a guide for the future design of macrocyclic AR agonists displaying unanticipated pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip
K. Tosh
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive
and Kidney Disease, National Institutes
of Health, 9000 Rockville
Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Courtney L. Fisher
- Department
of Pharmacology & Toxicology and the Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
| | - Veronica Salmaso
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive
and Kidney Disease, National Institutes
of Health, 9000 Rockville
Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
- Molecular
Modeling Section, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological
Sciences, University of Padua, Padua 35131, Italy
| | - Tina C. Wan
- Department
of Pharmacology & Toxicology and the Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
| | - Ryan G. Campbell
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive
and Kidney Disease, National Institutes
of Health, 9000 Rockville
Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Eric Chen
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive
and Kidney Disease, National Institutes
of Health, 9000 Rockville
Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive
and Kidney Disease, National Institutes
of Health, 9000 Rockville
Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - John A. Auchampach
- Department
of Pharmacology & Toxicology and the Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive
and Kidney Disease, National Institutes
of Health, 9000 Rockville
Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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Pottie E, Suresh RR, Jacobson KA, Stove CP. Assay-Dependent Inverse Agonism at the A 3 Adenosine Receptor: When Neutral Is Not Neutral. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:1266-1274. [PMID: 37705594 PMCID: PMC10496142 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) is implicated in a variety of (patho)physiological conditions. While most research has focused on agonists and antagonists, inverse agonism at A3AR has been scarcely studied. Therefore, this study aimed at exploring inverse agonism, using two previously engineered cell lines (hA3ARLgBiT-SmBiTβarr2 and hA3ARLgBiT-SmBiTminiGαi), both employing the NanoBiT technology. The previously established inverse agonist PSB-10 showed a decrease in basal signal in the β-arrestin 2 (βarr2) but not the miniGαi recruitment assay, indicative of inverse agonism in the former assay. Control experiments confirmed the specificity and reversibility of this observation. Evaluation of a set of presumed neutral antagonists (MRS7907, MRS7799, XAC, and MRS1220) revealed that all displayed concentration-dependent signal decreases when tested in the A3AR-βarr2 recruitment assay, yielding EC50 and Emax values for inverse agonism. Conversely, in the miniGαi recruitment assay, no signal decreases were observed. To assess whether this observation was caused by the inability of the ligands to induce inverse agonism in the G protein pathway, or rather by a limitation inherent to the employed A3AR-miniGαi recruitment assay, a GloSensor cAMP assay was performed. The outcome of the latter also suggests inverse agonism by the presumed neutral antagonists in this latter assay. These findings emphasize the importance of prior characterization of ligands in the relevant test system. Moreover, it showed the suitability of the NanoBiT βarr2 recruitment and the GloSensor cAMP assays to capture inverse agonism at the A3AR, as opposed to the NanoBiT miniGαi recruitment assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Pottie
- Laboratory
of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Ghent University, Campus Heymans, Ottergemsesteenweg
460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - R. Rama Suresh
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute
of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20802, United States
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute
of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20802, United States
| | - Christophe P. Stove
- Laboratory
of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Ghent University, Campus Heymans, Ottergemsesteenweg
460, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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3
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Toti KS, Campbell RG, Lee H, Salmaso V, Suresh RR, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA. Fluorescent A 2A and A 3 adenosine receptor antagonists as flow cytometry probes. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:565-578. [PMID: 35687212 PMCID: PMC10539269 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09873-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine receptor (AR) ligands are being developed for metabolic, cardiovascular, neurological, and inflammatory diseases and cancer. The ease of drug discovery is contingent on the availability of pharmacological tools. Fluorescent antagonist ligands for the human A2A and A3ARs were synthesized using two validated pharmacophores, 1,3-dipropyl-8-phenylxanthine and triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-yl)amine, which were coupled to eight reporter fluorophores: AlexaFluor, JaneliaFluor (JF), cyanine, and near infrared (NIR) dyes. The conjugates were first screened using radioligand binding in HEK293 cells expressing one of the three AR subtypes. The highest affinities at A2AAR were Ki 144-316 nM for 10, 12, and 19, and at A3AR affinity of Ki 21.6 nM for 19. Specific binding of JF646 conjugate MRS7774 12 to the HEK293 cell surface A2AAR was imaged using confocal microscopy. Compound 19 MRS7535, a triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-yl)amine containing a Sulfo-Cy7 NIR dye, was suitable for A3AR characterization in whole cells by flow cytometry (Kd 11.8 nM), and its bitopic interaction mode with an A3AR homology model was predicted. Given its affinity and selectivity (11-fold vs. A2AAR, ~ 50-fold vs. A1AR and A2BAR) and a good specific-to-nonspecific binding ratio, 19 could be useful for live cell or potentially a diagnostic in vivo NIR imaging tool and/or therapy targeting the A3AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran S Toti
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA
- Current Address: Chemistry Department, Emory University, 1093 Rollins Research Center, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ryan G Campbell
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA
| | - Hobin Lee
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA
| | - Veronica Salmaso
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA
| | - R Rama Suresh
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA.
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Gao ZG, Auchampach JA, Jacobson KA. Species dependence of A 3 adenosine receptor pharmacology and function. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:523-550. [PMID: 36538251 PMCID: PMC9763816 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09910-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to fully understand pharmacological differences between G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) species homologues are generally not pursued in detail during the drug development process. To date, many GPCRs that have been successfully targeted are relatively well-conserved across species in amino acid sequence and display minimal variability of biological effects. However, the A3 adenosine receptor (AR), an exciting drug target for a multitude of diseases associated with tissue injury, ischemia, and inflammation, displays as little as 70% sequence identity among mammalian species (e.g., rodent vs. primate) commonly used in drug development. Consequently, the pharmacological properties of synthetic A3AR ligands vary widely, not only in binding affinity, selectivity, and signaling efficacy, but to the extent that some function as agonists in some species and antagonists in others. Numerous heterocyclic antagonists that have nM affinity at the human A3AR are inactive or weakly active at the rat and mouse A3ARs. Positive allosteric modulators, including the imidazo [4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine derivative LUF6000, are only active at human and some larger animal species that have been evaluated (rabbit and dog), but not rodents. A3AR agonists evoke systemic degranulation of rodent, but not human mast cells. The rat A3AR undergoes desensitization faster than the human A3AR, but the human homologue can be completely re-sensitized and recycled back to the cell surface. Thus, comprehensive pharmacological evaluation and awareness of potential A3AR species differences are critical in studies to further understand the basic biological functions of this unique AR subtype. Recombinant A3ARs from eight different species have been pharmacologically characterized thus far. In this review, we describe in detail current knowledge of species differences in genetic identity, G protein-coupling, receptor regulation, and both orthosteric and allosteric A3AR pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA.
| | - John A Auchampach
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and the Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA.
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5
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Jacobson KA, Pradhan B, Wen Z, Pramanik A. New paradigms in purinergic receptor ligand discovery. Neuropharmacology 2023; 230:109503. [PMID: 36921890 PMCID: PMC10233512 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and clinical implementation of modulators of adenosine, P2Y and P2X receptors (comprising nineteen subtypes) have progressed dramatically in ∼50 years since Burnstock's definition of purinergic signaling. Although most clinical trials of selective ligands (agonists and antagonists) of certain purinergic receptors failed, there is a renewed impetus to redirect efforts to new disease conditions and the discovery of more selective or targeted compounds with potentially reduced side effects, such as biased GPCR agonists. The elucidation of new receptor and enzyme structures is steering rational design of potent and selective agonists, antagonists, allosteric modulators and inhibitors. A2A adenosine receptor (AR) antagonists are being applied to neurodegenerative conditions and cancer immunotherapy. A3AR agonists have potential for treating chronic inflammation (e.g. psoriasis), stroke and pain, as well as cancer. P2YR modulators are being considered for treating inflammation, metabolic disorders, acute kidney injury, cancer, pain and other conditions, often with an immune mechanism. ADP-activated P2Y12R antagonists are widely used as antithrombotic drugs, while their repurposing toward neuroinflammation is considered. P2X3 antagonists have been in clinical trials for chronic cough. P2X7 antagonists have been in clinical trials for inflammatory diseases and depression (compounds that penetrate the blood-brain barrier). Thus, purinergic signaling is now recognized as an immense regulatory system in the body for rebalancing tissues and organs under stress, which can be adjusted by drug intervention for therapeutic purposes. The lack of success of many previous clinical trials can be overcome given more advanced pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic approaches, including structure-based drug design, prodrugs and biased signaling. This article is part of the Special Issue on "Purinergic Signaling: 50 years".
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Balaram Pradhan
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Zhiwei Wen
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Asmita Pramanik
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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6
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Suresh RR, Gao ZG, Salmaso V, Chen E, Campbell RG, Poe RB, Liston TE, Jacobson KA. Selective A 3 Adenosine Receptor Antagonist Radioligand for Human and Rodent Species. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:623-631. [PMID: 35450351 PMCID: PMC9014498 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) is a target for pain, ischemia, and inflammatory disease therapy. Among the ligand tools available are selective agonists and antagonists, including radioligands, but most high-affinity non-nucleoside antagonists are limited in selectivity to primate species. We have explored the structure-activity relationship of a previously reported A3AR antagonist DPTN 9 (N-[4-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]nicotinamide) for radiolabeling, including 3-halo derivatives (3-iodo, MRS7907), and characterized 9 as a high -affinity radioligand [3H]MRS7799. A3AR K d values were (nM): 0.55 (human), 3.74 (mouse), and 2.80 (rat). An extended methyl acrylate (MRS8074, 19) maintained higher affinity (18.9 nM) than a 3-((5-chlorothiophen-2-yl)ethynyl) derivative 20. Compound 9 had an excellent brain distribution in rats (brain/plasma ratio ∼1). Receptor docking predicted its orthosteric site binding by engaging residues that were previously found to be essential for AR binding. Thus the new radioligand promises to be a useful species-general antagonist tracer for receptor characterization and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Rama Suresh
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Veronica Salmaso
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Eric Chen
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ryan G. Campbell
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Russell B. Poe
- Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Theodore E. Liston
- Astrocyte Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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7
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IJzerman AP, Jacobson KA, Müller CE, Cronstein BN, Cunha RA. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CXII: Adenosine Receptors: A Further Update. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:340-372. [PMID: 35302044 PMCID: PMC8973513 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology report on the nomenclature and classification of adenosine receptors (2011) contained a number of emerging developments with respect to this G protein-coupled receptor subfamily, including protein structure, protein oligomerization, protein diversity, and allosteric modulation by small molecules. Since then, a wealth of new data and results has been added, allowing us to explore novel concepts such as target binding kinetics and biased signaling of adenosine receptors, to examine a multitude of receptor structures and novel ligands, to gauge new pharmacology, and to evaluate clinical trials with adenosine receptor ligands. This review should therefore be considered a further update of our previous reports from 2001 and 2011. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Adenosine receptors (ARs) are of continuing interest for future treatment of chronic and acute disease conditions, including inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative afflictions, and cancer. The design of AR agonists ("biased" or not) and antagonists is largely structure based now, thanks to the tremendous progress in AR structural biology. The A2A- and A2BAR appear to modulate the immune response in tumor biology. Many clinical trials for this indication are ongoing, whereas an A2AAR antagonist (istradefylline) has been approved as an anti-Parkinson agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriaan P IJzerman
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (A.P.IJ.); National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Molecular Recognition Section, Bethesda, Maryland (K.A.J.); Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany (C.E.M.); New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York (B.N.C.); and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (R.A.C.)
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (A.P.IJ.); National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Molecular Recognition Section, Bethesda, Maryland (K.A.J.); Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany (C.E.M.); New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York (B.N.C.); and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (R.A.C.)
| | - Christa E Müller
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (A.P.IJ.); National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Molecular Recognition Section, Bethesda, Maryland (K.A.J.); Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany (C.E.M.); New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York (B.N.C.); and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (R.A.C.)
| | - Bruce N Cronstein
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (A.P.IJ.); National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Molecular Recognition Section, Bethesda, Maryland (K.A.J.); Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany (C.E.M.); New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York (B.N.C.); and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (R.A.C.)
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands (A.P.IJ.); National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Molecular Recognition Section, Bethesda, Maryland (K.A.J.); Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany (C.E.M.); New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York (B.N.C.); and Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (R.A.C.)
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Tosh DK, Salmaso V, Campbell RG, Rao H, Bitant A, Pottie E, Stove CP, Liu N, Gavrilova O, Gao ZG, Auchampach JA, Jacobson KA. A 3 adenosine receptor agonists containing dopamine moieties for enhanced interspecies affinity. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 228:113983. [PMID: 34844790 PMCID: PMC8865922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Following our study of 4'-truncated (N)-methanocarba-adenosine derivatives that displayed unusually high mouse (m) A3AR affinity, we incorporated dopamine-related N6 substituents in the full agonist 5'-methylamide series. N6-(2-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)ethyl) derivative MRS7618 11 displayed Ki (nM) 0.563 at hA3AR (∼20,000-fold selective) and 1.54 at mA3AR. 2-Alkyl ethers maintained A3 affinity, but with less selectivity than 2-alkynes. Parallel functional assays of G protein-dependent and β-arrestin 2 (βarr2)-dependent pathways indicate these are full agonists but not biased. Through use of computational modeling, we hypothesized that phenyl OH/OMe groups interact with polar residues, particularly Gln261, on the mA3AR extracellular loops as the basis for the affinity enhancement. Although the pharmacokinetics indicated facile clearance of parent O-methyl catechol nucleosides 21 and 31, prolonged mA3AR activation in vivo was observed in a hypothermia model, suggested potential formation of active metabolites through demethylation. Selected analogues induced mouse hypothermia following i.p. injection, indicative of peripheral A3AR agonism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K. Tosh
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Veronica Salmaso
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ryan G. Campbell
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Harsha Rao
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Amelia Bitant
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Eline Pottie
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Campus Heymans, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe P. Stove
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Campus Heymans, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Naili Liu
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - John A. Auchampach
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA,Corresponding author. Address correspondence to: Dr. Kenneth A. Jacobson, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-0810 USA; Molecular Recognition Section, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bethesda, MD, USA. Phone: 301-496-9024. Fax: 301-496-8422. (K.A. Jacobson)
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9
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Kim G, Lee G, Kim G, Seo Y, Jarhad DB, Jeong LS. Catalyst-controlled regioselective Sonogashira coupling of 9-substituted-6-chloro-2,8-diiodopurines. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00823h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have established a catalyst-dependent regioselective Sonogashira coupling methodology where both regioisomeric products can be obtained independently with remarkably high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibae Kim
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Grim Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Gyudong Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Yeonseong Seo
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dnyandev B. Jarhad
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Lak Shin Jeong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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10
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Pharmacological characterization of DPTN and other selective A 3 adenosine receptor antagonists. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:737-746. [PMID: 34713378 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09823-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The A3 adenosine receptor (AR) is emerging as an attractive drug target. Antagonists are proposed for the potential treatment of glaucoma and asthma. However, currently available A3AR antagonists are potent in human and some large animals, but weak or inactive in mouse and rat. In this study, we re-synthesized a previously reported A3AR antagonist, DPTN, and evaluated its affinity and selectivity at human, mouse, and rat ARs. We showed that DPTN, indeed, is a potent A3AR antagonist for all three species tested, albeit a little less selective for mouse and rat A3AR in comparison to the human A3AR. DPTN's Ki values at respective A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 receptors were (nM) 162, 121, 230, and 1.65 (human); 411, 830, 189, and 9.61 (mouse); and 333, 1147, 163, and 8.53 (rat). Its antagonist activity at both human and mouse A3ARs was confirmed in a cyclic AMP functional assay. Considering controversial use of currently commercially available A3AR antagonists in rats and mice, we also re-examined other commonly used and selective A3AR antagonists under the same experimental conditions. The Ki values of MRS1523 were shown to be 43.9, 349, and 216 nM at human, mouse, and rat A3ARs, respectively. MRS1191 and MRS1334 showed incomplete inhibition of [125I]I-AB-MECA binding to mouse and rat A3ARs, while potent human A3AR antagonists, MRS1220, MRE3008F20, PSB10, PSB-11, and VUF5574 were largely inactive. Thus, we demonstrated that DPTN and MRS1523 are among the only validated A3AR antagonists that can be possibly used (at an appropriate concentration) in mouse or rat to confirm an A3AR-related mechanism or function.
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11
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Salmaso V, Jain S, Jacobson KA. Purinergic GPCR transmembrane residues involved in ligand recognition and dimerization. Methods Cell Biol 2021; 166:133-159. [PMID: 34752329 PMCID: PMC8620127 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
We compare the GPCR-ligand interactions and highlight important residues for recognition in purinergic receptors-from both X-ray crystallographic and cryo-EM structures. These include A1 and A2A adenosine receptors, and P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors that respond to ADP and other nucleotides. These receptors are important drug discovery targets for immune, metabolic and nervous system disorders. In most cases, orthosteric ligands are represented, except for one allosteric P2Y1 antagonist. This review catalogs the residues and regions that engage in contacts with ligands or with other GPCR protomers in dimeric forms. Residues that are in proximity to bound ligands within purinergic GPCR families are correlated. There is extensive conservation of recognition motifs between adenosine receptors, but the P2Y1 and P2Y12 receptors are each structurally distinct in their ligand recognition. Identifying common interaction features for ligand recognition within a receptor class that has multiple structures available can aid in the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Salmaso
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Shanu Jain
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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12
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Jacobson KA, IJzerman AP, Müller CE. Medicinal chemistry of P2 and adenosine receptors: Common scaffolds adapted for multiple targets. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 187:114311. [PMID: 33130128 PMCID: PMC8081756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prof. Geoffrey Burnstock originated the concept of purinergic signaling. He demonstrated the interactions and biological roles of ionotropic P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptors. This review paper traces the historical origins of many currently used antagonists and agonists for P2 receptors, as well as adenosine receptors, in early attempts to identify ligands for these receptors - prior to the use of chemical libraries for screening. Rather than presenting a general review of current purinergic ligands, we focus on common chemical scaffolds (privileged scaffolds) that can be adapted for multiple receptor targets. By carefully analyzing the structure activity relationships, one can direct the selectivity of these scaffolds toward different receptor subtypes. For example, the weak and non-selective P2 antagonist reactive blue 2 (RB-2) was derivatized using combinatorial synthetic approaches, leading to the identification of selective P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y12 or P2X2 receptor antagonists. A P2X4 antagonist NC-2600 is in a clinical trial, and A3 adenosine agonists show promise, for chronic pain. P2X7 antagonists have been in clinical trials for depression (JNJ-54175446), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory pain and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). P2X3 antagonists are in clinical trials for chronic cough, and an antagonist named after Burnstock, gefapixant, is expected to be the first P2X3 antagonist filed for approval. We are seeing that the vision of Prof. Burnstock to use purinergic signaling modulators, most recently at P2XRs, for treating disease is coming to fruition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University, the Netherlands
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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13
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Choi H, Jacobson KA, Yu J, Jeong LS. Design and Synthesis of 2,6-Disubstituted-4'-Selenoadenosine-5'- N, N-Dimethyluronamide Derivatives as Human A 3 Adenosine Receptor Antagonists. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14040363. [PMID: 33920062 PMCID: PMC8071163 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of 4′-selenoadenosine-5′-N,N-dimethyluronamide derivatives as highly potent and selective human A3 adenosine receptor (hA3AR) antagonists, is described. The highly selective A3AR agonists, 4′-selenoadenosine-5′-N-methyluronamides were successfully converted into selective antagonists by adding a second N-methyl group to the 5′-uronamide position. All the synthesized compounds showed medium to high binding affinity at the hA3AR. Among the synthesized compounds, 2-H-N6-3-iodobenzylamine derivative 9f exhibited the highest binding affinity at hA3AR. (Ki = 22.7 nM). The 2-H analogues generally showed better binding affinity than the 2-Cl analogues. The cAMP functional assay with 2-Cl-N6-3-iodobenzylamine derivative 9l demonstrated hA3AR antagonist activity. A molecular modelling study suggests an important role of the hydrogen of 5′-uronamide as an essential hydrogen bonding donor for hA3AR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongseok Choi
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Jinha Yu
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (L.S.J.); Tel.: +82-2-880-7850 (L.S.J.)
| | - Lak Shin Jeong
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (L.S.J.); Tel.: +82-2-880-7850 (L.S.J.)
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14
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Salmaso V, Jacobson KA. Purinergic Signaling: Impact of GPCR Structures on Rational Drug Design. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1958-1973. [PMID: 32803849 PMCID: PMC8276773 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The purinergic signaling system includes membrane-bound receptors for extracellular purines and pyrimidines, and enzymes/transporters that regulate receptor activation by endogenous agonists. Receptors include: adenosine (A1 , A2A , A2B, and A3 ) and P2Y (P2Y1 , P2Y2 , P2Y4 , P2Y6 , P2Y11 , P2Y12 , P2Y13 , and P2Y14 ) receptors (all GPCRs), as well as P2X receptors (ion channels). Receptor activation, especially accompanying physiological stress or damage, creates a temporal sequence of signaling to counteract this stress and either mobilize (P2Rs) or suppress (ARs) immune responses. Thus, modulation of this large signaling family has broad potential for treating chronic diseases. Experimentally determined structures represent each of the three receptor families. We focus on selective purinergic agonists (A1 , A3 ), antagonists (A3 , P2Y14 ), and allosteric modulators (P2Y1 , A3 ). Examples of applying structure-based design, including the rational modification of known ligands, are presented for antithrombotic P2Y1 R antagonists and anti-inflammatory P2Y14 R antagonists and A3 AR agonists. A3 AR agonists are a potential, nonaddictive treatment for chronic neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Salmaso
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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15
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Tosh DK, Salmaso V, Rao H, Campbell R, Bitant A, Gao ZG, Auchampach JA, Jacobson KA. Direct Comparison of (N)-Methanocarba and Ribose-Containing 2-Arylalkynyladenosine Derivatives as A 3 Receptor Agonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1935-1941. [PMID: 33062176 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A side-by-side pharmacological comparison of ribose and (N)-methanocarba (bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane) nucleosides as A3AR agonists indicated that the bicyclic pseudoribose ring constraint provided higher affinity/selectivity at human and mouse A3AR. The mean affinity enhancement for 5 pairs of 5'-methylamides was 11-fold at hA3AR and 42-fold at mA3AR. Novel C2-(5-fluorothien-2-ylethynyl) substitution enhanced affinity in the methanocarba but not ribose series, with highly hA3AR-selective 16 (MRS7334) displaying Ki 280 pM and favorable pharmacokinetics and off-target activity profile. Molecular dynamics comparison of 16 and its corresponding riboside 8 suggested a qualitative entropic advantage of 16 in hA3AR binding. The 5-F substitution tended to increase hA3AR affinity (cf. 5-Cl) for methanocarba but not ribose derivatives. A representative methanocarba agonist 4 was shown to interact potently exclusively with A3AR, among 240 GPCRs and 466 kinases. Thus, despite added synthetic difficulty, the (N)-methanocarba modification has distinct advantages for A3AR agonists, which have translational potential for chronic disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip K. Tosh
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Mouse Metabolism Core, and Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Veronica Salmaso
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Mouse Metabolism Core, and Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Harsha Rao
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Mouse Metabolism Core, and Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ryan Campbell
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Mouse Metabolism Core, and Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Amelia Bitant
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Mouse Metabolism Core, and Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - John A. Auchampach
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Mouse Metabolism Core, and Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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16
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Salmaso V, Jacobson KA. In Silico Drug Design for Purinergic GPCRs: Overview on Molecular Dynamics Applied to Adenosine and P2Y Receptors. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E812. [PMID: 32466404 PMCID: PMC7356333 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular modeling has contributed to drug discovery for purinergic GPCRs, including adenosine receptors (ARs) and P2Y receptors (P2YRs). Experimental structures and homology modeling have proven to be useful in understanding and predicting structure activity relationships (SAR) of agonists and antagonists. This review provides an excursus on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations applied to ARs and P2YRs. The binding modes of newly synthesized A1AR- and A3AR-selective nucleoside derivatives, potentially of use against depression and inflammation, respectively, have been predicted to recapitulate their SAR and the species dependence of A3AR affinity. P2Y12R and P2Y1R crystallographic structures, respectively, have provided a detailed understanding of the recognition of anti-inflammatory P2Y14R antagonists and a large group of allosteric and orthosteric antagonists of P2Y1R, an antithrombotic and neuroprotective target. MD of A2AAR (an anticancer and neuroprotective target), A3AR, and P2Y1R has identified microswitches that are putatively involved in receptor activation. The approach pathways of different ligands toward A2AAR and P2Y1R binding sites have also been explored. A1AR, A2AAR, and A3AR were utilizes to study allosteric phenomena, but locating the binding site of structurally diverse allosteric modulators, such as an A3AR enhancer LUF6000, is challenging. Ligand residence time, a predictor of in vivo efficacy, and the structural role of water were investigated through A2AAR MD simulations. Thus, new MD and other modeling algorithms have contributed to purinergic GPCR drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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