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Langer G, Scott J, Lind C, Otto C, Bothe U, Laux-Biehlmann A, Müller J, le Roy B, Irlbacher H, Nowak-Reppel K, Schlüter A, Davenport AJ, Slack M, Bäurle S. Discovery and In Vitro Characterization of BAY 2686013, an Allosteric Small Molecule Antagonist of the Human Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2023; 104:105-114. [PMID: 37348913 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.122.000662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The human pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor (hPAC1-R), a class B G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) identified almost 30 years ago, represents an important pharmacological target in the areas of neuroscience, oncology, and immunology. Despite interest in this target, only a very limited number of small molecule modulators have been reported for this receptor. We herein describe the results of a drug discovery program aiming for the identification of a potent and selective hPAC1-R antagonist. An initial high-throughput screening (HTS) screen of 3.05 million compounds originating from the Bayer screening library failed to identify any tractable hits. A second, completely revised screen using native human embryonic kidney (HEK)293 cells yielded a small number of hits exhibiting antagonistic properties (4.2 million compounds screened). BAY 2686013 (1) emerged as a promising compound showing selective antagonistic activity in the submicromolar potency range. In-depth characterization supported the hypothesis that BAY 2686013 blocks receptor activity in a noncompetitive manner. Preclinical, pharmacokinetic profiling indicates that BAY 2686013 is a valuable tool compound for better understanding the signaling and function of hPAC1-R. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although the human pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor (hPAC1-R) is of major significance as a therapeutic target with a well documented role in pain signaling, only a very limited number of small-molecule (SMOL) compounds are known to modulate its activity. We identified and thoroughly characterized a novel, potent, and selective SMOL antagonist of hPAC1-R (acting in an allosteric manner). These characteristics make BAY 2686013 an ideal tool for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Langer
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany (G.L., U.B., J.M., B.l.R., S.B.); Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany (C.O., A.L.-B.); Innovation Campus Berlin, a Nuvisan Company, Berlin, Germany (H.I., K.N.-R.); Evotec SE, Hamburg, Germany (A.S., M.S.); and Evotec (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (J.S., C.L., A.J.D.)
| | - John Scott
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany (G.L., U.B., J.M., B.l.R., S.B.); Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany (C.O., A.L.-B.); Innovation Campus Berlin, a Nuvisan Company, Berlin, Germany (H.I., K.N.-R.); Evotec SE, Hamburg, Germany (A.S., M.S.); and Evotec (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (J.S., C.L., A.J.D.)
| | - Christoffer Lind
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany (G.L., U.B., J.M., B.l.R., S.B.); Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany (C.O., A.L.-B.); Innovation Campus Berlin, a Nuvisan Company, Berlin, Germany (H.I., K.N.-R.); Evotec SE, Hamburg, Germany (A.S., M.S.); and Evotec (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (J.S., C.L., A.J.D.)
| | - Christiane Otto
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany (G.L., U.B., J.M., B.l.R., S.B.); Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany (C.O., A.L.-B.); Innovation Campus Berlin, a Nuvisan Company, Berlin, Germany (H.I., K.N.-R.); Evotec SE, Hamburg, Germany (A.S., M.S.); and Evotec (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (J.S., C.L., A.J.D.)
| | - Ulrich Bothe
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany (G.L., U.B., J.M., B.l.R., S.B.); Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany (C.O., A.L.-B.); Innovation Campus Berlin, a Nuvisan Company, Berlin, Germany (H.I., K.N.-R.); Evotec SE, Hamburg, Germany (A.S., M.S.); and Evotec (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (J.S., C.L., A.J.D.)
| | - Alexis Laux-Biehlmann
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany (G.L., U.B., J.M., B.l.R., S.B.); Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany (C.O., A.L.-B.); Innovation Campus Berlin, a Nuvisan Company, Berlin, Germany (H.I., K.N.-R.); Evotec SE, Hamburg, Germany (A.S., M.S.); and Evotec (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (J.S., C.L., A.J.D.)
| | - Jörg Müller
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany (G.L., U.B., J.M., B.l.R., S.B.); Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany (C.O., A.L.-B.); Innovation Campus Berlin, a Nuvisan Company, Berlin, Germany (H.I., K.N.-R.); Evotec SE, Hamburg, Germany (A.S., M.S.); and Evotec (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (J.S., C.L., A.J.D.)
| | - Beau le Roy
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany (G.L., U.B., J.M., B.l.R., S.B.); Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany (C.O., A.L.-B.); Innovation Campus Berlin, a Nuvisan Company, Berlin, Germany (H.I., K.N.-R.); Evotec SE, Hamburg, Germany (A.S., M.S.); and Evotec (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (J.S., C.L., A.J.D.)
| | - Horst Irlbacher
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany (G.L., U.B., J.M., B.l.R., S.B.); Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany (C.O., A.L.-B.); Innovation Campus Berlin, a Nuvisan Company, Berlin, Germany (H.I., K.N.-R.); Evotec SE, Hamburg, Germany (A.S., M.S.); and Evotec (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (J.S., C.L., A.J.D.)
| | - Katrin Nowak-Reppel
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany (G.L., U.B., J.M., B.l.R., S.B.); Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany (C.O., A.L.-B.); Innovation Campus Berlin, a Nuvisan Company, Berlin, Germany (H.I., K.N.-R.); Evotec SE, Hamburg, Germany (A.S., M.S.); and Evotec (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (J.S., C.L., A.J.D.)
| | - Anne Schlüter
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany (G.L., U.B., J.M., B.l.R., S.B.); Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany (C.O., A.L.-B.); Innovation Campus Berlin, a Nuvisan Company, Berlin, Germany (H.I., K.N.-R.); Evotec SE, Hamburg, Germany (A.S., M.S.); and Evotec (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (J.S., C.L., A.J.D.)
| | - Adam J Davenport
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany (G.L., U.B., J.M., B.l.R., S.B.); Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany (C.O., A.L.-B.); Innovation Campus Berlin, a Nuvisan Company, Berlin, Germany (H.I., K.N.-R.); Evotec SE, Hamburg, Germany (A.S., M.S.); and Evotec (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (J.S., C.L., A.J.D.)
| | - Mark Slack
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany (G.L., U.B., J.M., B.l.R., S.B.); Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany (C.O., A.L.-B.); Innovation Campus Berlin, a Nuvisan Company, Berlin, Germany (H.I., K.N.-R.); Evotec SE, Hamburg, Germany (A.S., M.S.); and Evotec (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (J.S., C.L., A.J.D.)
| | - Stefan Bäurle
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany (G.L., U.B., J.M., B.l.R., S.B.); Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Wuppertal, Germany (C.O., A.L.-B.); Innovation Campus Berlin, a Nuvisan Company, Berlin, Germany (H.I., K.N.-R.); Evotec SE, Hamburg, Germany (A.S., M.S.); and Evotec (UK) Ltd, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (J.S., C.L., A.J.D.)
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Shi J, Tan X, Feng G, Zhuo Y, Jiang Z, Banda S, Wang L, Zheng W, Chen L, Yu D, Guo C. Research advances in drug therapy of endometriosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1199010. [PMID: 37416064 PMCID: PMC10320007 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1199010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is one of the most common benign gynecological disorders in reproductive-aged women. The major symptoms are chronic pelvic pain and infertility. Despite its profound impact on women's health and quality of life, its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated, it cannot be cured and the long-term use of drugs yields severe side effects and hinders fertility. This review aims to present the advances in pathogenesis and the newly reported lead compounds and drugs managing endometriosis. This paper investigated Genetic changes, estrogen-dependent inflammation induction, progesterone resistance, imbalance in proliferation and apoptosis, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and neurogenesis, and tissue remodeling in its pathogenesis; and explored the pharmacological mechanisms, constitutive relationships, and application prospects of each compound in the text. To date, Resveratrol, Bay1316957, and bardoxifene were effective against lesions and pain in controlled animal studies. In clinical trials, Quinagolide showed no statistical difference with the placebo group; the results of phase II clinical trial of the IL-33 antibody have not been announced yet; clinical trial stage III of vilaprisan was suspended due to drug toxicity. Elagolix was approved for the treatment of endometriosis-related pain, but clinical studies of Elagolix for the pretreatment of patients with endometriosis to before In vitro fertilization treatment have not been fulfilled. The results of a clinical study of Linzagolix in patients with moderate to severe endometriosis-related pain have not been disclosed yet. Letrozole improved the fertility of patients with mild endometriosis. For endometriosis patients with infertility, oral GnRH antagonists and aromatase inhibitors are promising drugs, especially Elagolix and Letrozole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyou Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Guimei Feng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Zhuo
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongliang Jiang
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Srikanth Banda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemisty, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongke Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Chun Guo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
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Zou F, Wang Y, Yu D, Liu C, Lu J, Zhao M, Ma M, Wang W, Jiang W, Gao Y, Zhang R, Zhang J, Ye L, Tian J. Discovery of the thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4-dione derivative 21a: A potent and orally bioavailable gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 242:114679. [PMID: 35998545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) belonging to the rhodopsin family. GnRH-R antagonists suppress testosterone to castrate level more rapidly than gonadotropin releasing hormone agonists but lack the flare phenomenon often seen during the early period of GnRH-R agonist treatment. Recently orgovyx (relugolix) was approved as the first oral GnRH-R antagonist for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. However, orgovyx has demonstrated poor pharmacokinetic profile with low oral bioavailability and high efflux. Here, we rationally designed and synthesized a series of derivatives (13a-m, 21a-i) through the modification and structure-activity relationship study of relugolix, which led to the discovery of 21a as a highly potent GnRH-R antagonist (IC50 = 2.18 nM) with improved membrane permeability (Papp, A-B = 0.98 × 10-6 cm/s) and oral bioavailability (F % = 44.7). Compound 21a showed high binding affinity (IC50 = 0.57 nM) and potent in vitro antagonistic activity (IC50 = 2.18 nM) at GnRH-R. 21a was well tolerated and efficacious in preclinical studies to suppress blood testosterone levels, which merits further investigation as a candidate novel GnRH-R antagonist for clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxia Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Yao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Dawei Yu
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Department, R & D Center (Luye Pharma Group Ltd.), Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Chunjiao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Jing Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Mingxu Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Wenyan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Wanglin Jiang
- School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Yonglin Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Department, R & D Center (Luye Pharma Group Ltd.), Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Jianzhao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, Shangdong, 264005, PR China.
| | - Liang Ye
- School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China.
| | - Jingwei Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China.
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Tezuka M, Tamai Y, Kuramochi Y, Kobayashi K, Fushimi N, Kiguchi S. Pharmacological characterization of linzagolix, a novel, orally active, non-peptide antagonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2022; 49:1082-1093. [PMID: 35690889 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Control of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) signaling is an effective strategy for the treatment of sex hormone-dependent diseases. GnRH analogs have been widely used for treating these diseases; however, initial stimulation or complete suppression of GnRH signaling by GnRH analogs results in the occurrence of several distinct adverse effects. Accordingly, we aimed to discover small molecule GnRH antagonists with superior pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic profiles. Linzagolix is a potent, orally available, and selective GnRH antagonist. Herein, we reported the pharmacological characterization of linzagolix in vitro and in vivo. Linzagolix selectively binds to the GnRH receptor and inhibits GnRH-stimulated signaling, in a manner comparable to cetrorelix, a peptide GnRH antagonist. Since the inhibitory effect of the gonad axis is useful for the treatment of gynecological conditions such as endometriosis and uterine fibroids, we investigated the effect of orally administered linzagolix on the gonadal axis in ovariectomized and intact cynomolgus monkeys. In ovariectomized monkeys, linzagolix immediately suppressed the serum luteinizing hormone concentration at doses over 1 mg/kg, indicating dose-dependent inhibition that correlated with serum linzagolix concentrations. In intact female monkeys, repeated linzagolix administration suppressed hormone surges and ceased or prolonged menstrual cycles. Furthermore, all animals presenting arrested menstrual cycles following linzagolix treatment showed recovery of hormone secretion and regular menstrual cycles after administration periods ended. Our results demonstrated that linzagolix has potential as a novel agent for reproductive-aged women suffering from sex hormone-dependent diseases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Tezuka
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Hotaka Kashiwabara, Azumino, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Tamai
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Hotaka Kashiwabara, Azumino, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yu Kuramochi
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Hotaka Kashiwabara, Azumino, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kobayashi
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Hotaka Kashiwabara, Azumino, Nagano, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Fushimi
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Hotaka Kashiwabara, Azumino, Nagano, Japan
| | - Sumiyoshi Kiguchi
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Hotaka Kashiwabara, Azumino, Nagano, Japan
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