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Darlami O, Pun R, Ahn SH, Kim SH, Shin D. Macrocyclization strategy for improving candidate profiles in medicinal chemistry. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 272:116501. [PMID: 38754142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Macrocycles are defined as cyclic compounds with 12 or more members. In medicinal chemistry, they are categorized based on their core chemistry into cyclic peptides and macrocycles. Macrocycles are advantageous because of their structural diversity and ability to achieve high affinity and selectivity towards challenging targets that are often not addressable by conventional small molecules. The potential of macrocyclization to optimize drug-like properties while maintaining adequate bioavailability and permeability has been emphasized as a key innovation in medicinal chemistry. This review provides a detailed case study of the application of macrocyclization over the past 5 years, starting from the initial analysis of acyclic active compounds to optimization of the resulting macrocycles for improved efficacy and drug-like properties. Additionally, it illustrates the strategic value of macrocyclization in contemporary drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om Darlami
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambakmoe-ro 191, Yeunsu-gu, Incheon, 21935, Republic of Korea
| | - Rabin Pun
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambakmoe-ro 191, Yeunsu-gu, Incheon, 21935, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Ahn
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Gangwondaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Gangwondaehak-gil 1, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dongyun Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Hambakmoe-ro 191, Yeunsu-gu, Incheon, 21935, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Martino SD, Petri GL, De Rosa M. Hepatitis C: The Story of a Long Journey through First, Second, and Third Generation NS3/4A Peptidomimetic Inhibitors. What Did We Learn? J Med Chem 2024; 67:885-921. [PMID: 38179950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection is the leading cause of liver failure and still represents a global health burden. Over the past decade, great advancements made HCV curable, and sustained viral remission significantly improved to more than 98%. Historical treatment with pegylated interferon alpha and ribavirin has been displaced by combinations of direct-acting antivirals. These regimens include drugs targeting different stages of the HCV life cycle. However, the emergence of viral resistance remains a big concern. The design of peptidomimetic inhibitors (PIs) able to fit and fill the conserved substrate envelope region within the active site helped avoid contact with the vulnerable sites of the most common resistance-associated substitutions Arg155, Ala156, and Asp168. Herein, we give an overview of HCV NS3 PIs discovered during the past decade, and we deeply discuss the rationale behind the structural optimization efforts essential to achieve pangenotypic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Di Martino
- Drug Discovery Unit, Medicinal Chemistry Group, Ri.MED Foundation, Palermo 90133, Italy
| | - Giovanna Li Petri
- Drug Discovery Unit, Medicinal Chemistry Group, Ri.MED Foundation, Palermo 90133, Italy
| | - Maria De Rosa
- Drug Discovery Unit, Medicinal Chemistry Group, Ri.MED Foundation, Palermo 90133, Italy
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Pinheiro PDSM, Franco LS, Fraga CAM. The Magic Methyl and Its Tricks in Drug Discovery and Development. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1157. [PMID: 37631072 PMCID: PMC10457765 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the key scientific aspects of small-molecule drug discovery and development is the analysis of the relationship between its chemical structure and biological activity. Understanding the effects that lead to significant changes in biological activity is of paramount importance for the rational design and optimization of bioactive molecules. The "methylation effect", or the "magic methyl" effect, is a factor that stands out due to the number of examples that demonstrate profound changes in either pharmacodynamic or pharmacokinetic properties. In many cases, this has been carried out rationally, but in others it has been the product of serendipitous observations. This paper summarizes recent examples that provide an overview of the current state of the art and contribute to a better understanding of the methylation effect in bioactive small-molecule drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro de Sena Murteira Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (P.d.S.M.P.); (L.S.F.)
| | - Lucas Silva Franco
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (P.d.S.M.P.); (L.S.F.)
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos (INCT-INOFAR), CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Manssour Fraga
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (P.d.S.M.P.); (L.S.F.)
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Fármacos e Medicamentos (INCT-INOFAR), CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia e Química Medicinal, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
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Di Martino RMC, Maxwell BD, Pirali T. Deuterium in drug discovery: progress, opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:562-584. [PMID: 37277503 PMCID: PMC10241557 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00703-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Substitution of a hydrogen atom with its heavy isotope deuterium entails the addition of one neutron to a molecule. Despite being a subtle change, this structural modification, known as deuteration, may improve the pharmacokinetic and/or toxicity profile of drugs, potentially translating into improvements in efficacy and safety compared with the non-deuterated counterparts. Initially, efforts to exploit this potential primarily led to the development of deuterated analogues of marketed drugs through a 'deuterium switch' approach, such as deutetrabenazine, which became the first deuterated drug to receive FDA approval in 2017. In the past few years, the focus has shifted to applying deuteration in novel drug discovery, and the FDA approved the pioneering de novo deuterated drug deucravacitinib in 2022. In this Review, we highlight key milestones in the field of deuteration in drug discovery and development, emphasizing recent and instructive medicinal chemistry programmes and discussing the opportunities and hurdles for drug developers, as well as the questions that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tracey Pirali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
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5
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Recent advancement in small molecules as HCV inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 60:116699. [PMID: 35278819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has caused a considerable threat to human health. To date, no treatments are without side effects. The proteins and RNA associated with HCV have specific functions during the viral life cycle. The vulnerabilities to virus are associated with those proteins or RNA. Thus, targeting these proteins and RNA is an efficient strategy to develop anti-HCV therapeutics. The treatment for HCV-infected patients has been greatly improved after the approval of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). However, the cost of DAAs is unusually high, which adds to the economic burden on patients with chronic liver diseases. So far, many efforts have been devoted to the development of small molecules as novel HCV inhibitors. Investigations on the inhibitory activities of these small molecules have involved the target identification and the mechanism of action. In this mini-review, these small molecules divided into four kinds were elaborated, which focused on their targets and structural features. Furthermore, we raised the current challenges and promising prospects. This mini-review may facilitate the development of small molecules with improved activities targeting HCV based on the chemical scaffolds of HCV inhibitors.
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Zephyr J, Nageswara Rao D, Vo SV, Henes M, Kosovrasti K, Matthew AN, Hedger AK, Timm J, Chan ET, Ali A, Kurt Yilmaz N, Schiffer CA. Deciphering the Molecular Mechanism of HCV Protease Inhibitor Fluorination as a General Approach to Avoid Drug Resistance. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167503. [PMID: 35183560 PMCID: PMC9189784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Third generation Hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease inhibitors (PIs), glecaprevir and voxilaprevir, are highly effective across genotypes and against many resistant variants. Unlike earlier PIs, these compounds have fluorine substitutions on the P2-P4 macrocycle and P1 moieties. Fluorination has long been used in medicinal chemistry as a strategy to improve physicochemical properties and potency. However, the molecular basis by which fluorination improves potency and resistance profile of HCV NS3/4A PIs is not well understood. To systematically analyze the contribution of fluorine substitutions to inhibitor potency and resistance profile, we used a multi-disciplinary approach involving inhibitor design and synthesis, enzyme inhibition assays, co-crystallography, and structural analysis. A panel of inhibitors in matched pairs were designed with and without P4 cap fluorination, tested against WT protease and the D168A resistant variant, and a total of 22 high-resolution co-crystal structures were determined. While fluorination did not significantly improve potency against the WT protease, PIs with fluorinated P4 caps retained much better potency against the D168A protease variant. Detailed analysis of the co-crystal structures revealed that PIs with fluorinated P4 caps can sample alternate binding conformations that enable adapting to structural changes induced by the D168A substitution. Our results elucidate molecular mechanisms of fluorine-specific inhibitor interactions that can be leveraged in avoiding drug resistance.
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7
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Bender AM, Carter TR, Spock M, Rodriguez AL, Dickerson JW, Rook JM, Chang S, Qi A, Presley CC, Engers DW, Harp JM, Bridges TM, Niswender CM, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW. Synthesis and characterization of chiral 6-azaspiro[2.5]octanes as potent and selective antagonists of the M 4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 56:128479. [PMID: 34838649 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we report a series of chiral 6-azaspiro[2.5]octanes and related spirocycles as highly potent and selective antagonists of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 4 (mAChR4). Chiral separation and subsequent X-ray crystallographic analysis of early generation analogs revealed the R enantiomer to possess excellent human and rat M4 potency, and further structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies on this chiral scaffold led to the discovery of VU6015241 (compound 19). Compound 19 is characterized by high M4 potency and selectivity across multiple species, excellent aqueous solubility, and moderate brain exposure in rodents after intraperitoneal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Bender
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| | - Trever R Carter
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Matthew Spock
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Alice L Rodriguez
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Jonathan W Dickerson
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Jerri M Rook
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Sichen Chang
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Aidong Qi
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Christopher C Presley
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Darren W Engers
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Joel M Harp
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Thomas M Bridges
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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Nageswara Rao D, Zephyr J, Henes M, Chan ET, Matthew AN, Hedger AK, Conway HL, Saeed M, Newton A, Petropoulos CJ, Huang W, Kurt Yilmaz N, Schiffer CA, Ali A. Discovery of Quinoxaline-Based P1-P3 Macrocyclic NS3/4A Protease Inhibitors with Potent Activity against Drug-Resistant Hepatitis C Virus Variants. J Med Chem 2021; 64:11972-11989. [PMID: 34405680 PMCID: PMC9228641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The three pan-genotypic HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitors (PIs) currently in clinical use-grazoprevir, glecaprevir, and voxilaprevir-are quinoxaline-based P2-P4 macrocycles and thus exhibit similar resistance profiles. Using our quinoxaline-based P1-P3 macrocyclic lead compounds as an alternative chemical scaffold, we explored structure-activity relationships (SARs) at the P2 and P4 positions to develop pan-genotypic PIs that avoid drug resistance. A structure-guided strategy was used to design and synthesize two series of compounds with different P2 quinoxalines in combination with diverse P4 groups of varying sizes and shapes, with and without fluorine substitutions. Our SAR data and cocrystal structures revealed the interplay between the P2 and P4 groups, which influenced inhibitor binding and the overall resistance profile. Optimizing inhibitor interactions in the S4 pocket led to PIs with excellent antiviral activity against clinically relevant PI-resistant HCV variants and genotype 3, providing potential pan-genotypic inhibitors with improved resistance profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desaboini Nageswara Rao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Jacqueto Zephyr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Mina Henes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Elise T Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Ashley N Matthew
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Adam K Hedger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Hasahn L Conway
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Mohsan Saeed
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
- National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories (NEIDL), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Alicia Newton
- Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Wei Huang
- Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Nese Kurt Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Celia A Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Akbar Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
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Kawabata H, Miyake R, Asada K, Dekishima Y, Miyaike M, Kato R. Asymmetric synthesis of intermediate for (1R,2S)-ethyl 1-amino-2-vinylcyclopropanecarboxylate by desymmetrization using engineered esterase from Bacillus subtilis. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 131:599-604. [PMID: 33744099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
(1R,2S)-Ethyl 1-amino-2-vinylcyclopropanecarboxylate (VCPA), is a key intermediate for anti-hepatitis C virus drugs. In this study, we developed an efficient manufacturing method of intermediate for (1R,2S)-VCPA by enzymatic desymmetrization of a malonate diester derivative. In synthesis scheme of VCPA (1S,2S)-1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-vinylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (VCPME) is the monoester intermediate, which is converted from 2-vinylcyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylate diethyl ester (VCPDE). As a result of esterase screening for producing (1S,2S)-VCPME from VCPDE by enzymatic desymmetrization, p-nitrobenzyl esterase from Bacillus subtilis NBRC3027 (PNBE3027) showed high enantioselectivity (more than 90% e.e.). Based on the homology model of PNBE3027, a library of mutants with the substitution of L70, L270, L273, and L313 in substrate-binding pocket was created for improvement in enantioselectivity. (1S,2S)-VCPME produced by the best variant harboring L70D, L270Q, L273R, and L313M showed 98.9% e.e. of enanthiopurity. Furthermore, preparative scale production of (1S,2S)-VCPME using the quadruple mutant was achieved. Our investigations present a new efficient process for (1R,2S)-VCPA using esterase and diverse to be applied for the industrial scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kawabata
- Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Yokohama R&D Center, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-8502, Japan; API Corporation, 13-4 Uchikanda 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0047, Japan
| | - Ryoma Miyake
- Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Yokohama R&D Center, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-8502, Japan.
| | - Kuniko Asada
- Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Yokohama R&D Center, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-8502, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Dekishima
- Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Yokohama R&D Center, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-8502, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Miyaike
- Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Yokohama R&D Center, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-8502, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kato
- Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Yokohama R&D Center, 1000 Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-8502, Japan
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Groaz E, De Clercq E, Herdewijn P. Anno 2021: Which antivirals for the coming decade? ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2021; 57:49-107. [PMID: 34744210 PMCID: PMC8563371 DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable progress in the development of antiviral drugs, among which anti-immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) medications can be considered real success stories, many viral infections remain without an effective treatment. This not only applies to infectious outbreaks caused by zoonotic viruses that have recently spilled over into humans such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but also ancient viral diseases that have been brought under control by vaccination such as variola (smallpox), poliomyelitis, measles, and rabies. A largely unsolved problem are endemic respiratory infections due to influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and rhinoviruses, whose associated morbidity will likely worsen with increasing air pollution. Furthermore, climate changes will expose industrialized countries to a dangerous resurgence of viral hemorrhagic fevers, which might also become global infections. Herein, we summarize the recent progress that has been made in the search for new antivirals against these different threats that the world population will need to confront with increasing frequency in the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Groaz
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Corresponding author:
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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