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Xia K, Hei Z, Li S, Song H, Huang R, Ji X, Zhang F, Shen J, Zhang S, Peng S, Wu J. Berberine inhibits intracellular Ca 2+ signals in mouse pancreatic acinar cells through M 3 muscarinic receptors: Novel target, mechanism, and implication. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 225:116279. [PMID: 38740221 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Berberine, a natural isoquinoline alkaloid, exhibits a variety of pharmacological effects, but the pharmacological targets and mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we report a novel finding that berberine inhibits acetylcholine (ACh)-induced intracellular Ca2+ oscillations, mediated through an inhibition of the muscarinic subtype 3 (M3) receptor. Patch-clamp recordings and confocal Ca2+ imaging were applied to acute dissociated pancreatic acinar cells prepared from CD1 mice to examine the effects of berberine on ACh-induced Ca2+ oscillations. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings showed that berberine (from 0.1 to 10 µM) reduced ACh-induced Ca2+ oscillations in a concentration-dependent manner, and this inhibition also depended on ACh concentrations. The inhibitory effect of berberine neither occurred in intracellular targets nor extracellular cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors, chloride (Cl-) channels, and store-operated Ca2+ channels. Together, the results demonstrate that berberine directly inhibits the muscarinic M3 receptors, further confirmed by evidence of the interaction between berberine and M3 receptors in pancreatic acinar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunkun Xia
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Department of Colorectal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Zhijun Hei
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Department of Colorectal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Shuangtao Li
- Brain Function and Disease Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Huimin Song
- Brain Function and Disease Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Rongni Huang
- Brain Function and Disease Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ji
- Brain Function and Disease Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Fenni Zhang
- Center for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Jianxin Shen
- Brain Function and Disease Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
| | - Shuijun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Shuang Peng
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Brain Function and Disease Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China; Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix 85013, USA
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Zhou H, Ning Y, Jian Y, Zhang M, Klakong M, Guo F, Shao Q, Li Y, Yang P, Li Z, Yang L, Li S, Ding W. Functional analysis of a down-regulated transcription factor-SoxNeuroA gene involved in the acaricidal mechanism of scopoletin against spider mites. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:1593-1606. [PMID: 37986233 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insight into the mode of action of plant-derived acaricides will help in the development of sustainable control strategies for mite pests. Scopoletin, a promising plant-derived bioactive compound, displays prominent acaricidal activity against Tetranychus cinnabarinus. The transcription factor SoxNeuroA plays a vital role in maintaining calcium ion (Ca2+ ) homeostasis. Down-regulation of SoxNeuroA gene expression occurs in scopoletin-exposed mites, but the functional role of this gene remains unknown. RESULTS A SoxNeuroA gene from T. cinnabarinus (TcSoxNeuroA) was first cloned and identified. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and Western blotting assays all confirmed that the gene expression and protein levels of TcSoxNeuroA were significantly reduced under scopoletin exposure. Furthermore, RNA interference silencing of the weakly expressed SoxNeuroA gene significantly enhanced the susceptibility of mites to scopoletin, suggesting that the acaricidal mechanism of scopoletin was mediated by the weakly expressed SoxNeuroA gene. Additionally, yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) and dual-luciferase reporter assays revealed that TcSoxNeuroA was a repressor of Orai1 Ca2+ channel gene transcription, and the key binding sequence was ATCAAAG (positions -361 to -368 of the Orai1 promoter). Importantly, site-directed mutagenesis and microscale thermophoresis assays further indicated that ASP185, ARG189, and LYS217, which were key predicted hydrogen-bonding sites in the molecular docking model, may be the vital binding sites for scopoletin in TcSoxNeuroA. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that the acaricidal mechanism of scopoletin involves inhibition of the transcription factor SoxNeuroA, thus inducing the activation of the Orai1 Ca2+ channel, eventually leading to Ca2+ overload and lethality. Elucidation of the transcription factor-targeted mechanism for this potent plant-derived acaricide has vital implications for the design of next-generation green acaricides with novel targets. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhou
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yeshuang Ning
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yufan Jian
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Matthana Klakong
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Fuyou Guo
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Qingyi Shao
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Pinglong Yang
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zongquan Li
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Liang Yang
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Shili Li
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ding
- Institute of Pesticide Science, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
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Shinde AD, Nandurkar YM, Bhalekar S, Walunj YS, Ugale S, Ahmad I, Patel H, Chavan AP, Mhaske PC. Investigation of new 1,2,3-triazolyl-quinolinyl-propan-2-ol derivatives as potential antimicrobial agents: in vitro and in silico approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:1191-1207. [PMID: 37254438 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2217922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A new series of 1-((1-(4-substituted benzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)-2-(2-substituted quinolin-4-yl)propan-2-ol (9a-x) have been synthesized. The newly synthesized 1,2,3-triazolyl-quinolinyl-propan-2-ol (9a-x) derivatives were screened for in vitro antimicrobial activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv, E. coli, P. mirabilis, B. subtilis, and S. albus. Most of the compounds showed good to moderate antibacterial activity and all derivatives have shown excellent to good antitubercular activity with MIC 0.8-12.5 μg/mL. To know the plausible mode of action for antibacterial activity the docking study against DNA gyrase from M. tuberculosis and S. aureus was investigated. The compounds have shown significant docking scores in the range of -9.532 to -7.087 and -9.543 to -6.621 Kcal/mol with the DNA gyrase enzyme of S. aureus (PDB ID: 2XCT) and M. tuberculosis (PDB ID: 5BS8), respectively. Against the S. aureus and M. tuberculosis H37Rv strains, the compound 9 l showed good activity with MIC values of 62.5 and 3.33 μM. It also showed significant docking scores in both targets with -8.291 and -8.885 Kcal/mol, respectively. Molecular dynamics was studied to investigate the structural and dynamics transitions at the atomistic level in S. aureus DNA gyrase (2XCT) and M. tuberculosis DNA gyrase (5BS8). The results revealed that the residues in the active binding pockets of the S. aureus and M. tuberculosis DNA gyrase proteins that interacted with compound 9 l remained relatively consistent throughout the MD simulations and thus, reflected the conformation stability of the respective complexes. Thus, the significant antimicrobial activity of derivatives 9a-x recommended that these compounds could assist in the development of lead compounds to treat for bacterial infections.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit D Shinde
- Post-Graduate Department of Chemistry, S. P. Mandali's Sir Parashurambhau College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Pune, India
| | - Yogesh M Nandurkar
- Post-Graduate Department of Chemistry, S. P. Mandali's Sir Parashurambhau College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Pune, India
- Department of Chemistry, Nowrosjee Wadia College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Pune, India
| | - Swapnil Bhalekar
- Post-Graduate Department of Chemistry, S. P. Mandali's Sir Parashurambhau College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Pune, India
| | - Yogesh S Walunj
- Post-Graduate Department of Chemistry, S. P. Mandali's Sir Parashurambhau College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Pune, India
- Department of Chemistry, Hutatma Rajguru Mahavidyalaya, Rajgurunagar, India (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University)
| | - Sandip Ugale
- Post-Graduate Department of Chemistry, S. P. Mandali's Sir Parashurambhau College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Pune, India
| | - Iqrar Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Prof. Ravindra Nikam College of Pharmacy, Gondur, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Harun Patel
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhijit P Chavan
- Post-Graduate Department of Chemistry, S. P. Mandali's Sir Parashurambhau College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Pune, India
| | - Pravin C Mhaske
- Post-Graduate Department of Chemistry, S. P. Mandali's Sir Parashurambhau College (Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University), Pune, India
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Zhao R, Zhu J, Jiang X, Bai R. Click chemistry-aided drug discovery: A retrospective and prospective outlook. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:116037. [PMID: 38101038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Click chemistry has emerged as a valuable tool for rapid compound synthesis, presenting notable advantages and convenience in the exploration of potential drug candidates. In particular, in situ click chemistry capitalizes on enzymes as reaction templates, leveraging their favorable conformation to selectively link individual building blocks and generate novel hits. This review comprehensively outlines and introduces the extensive use of click chemistry in compound library construction, and hit and lead discovery, supported by specific research examples. Additionally, it discusses the limitations and precautions associated with the application of click chemistry in drug discovery. Our intention for this review is to contribute to the development of a modular synthetic approach for the rapid identification of drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Junlong Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Renren Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China.
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Tscherrig D, Bhardwaj R, Biner D, Dernič J, Ross-Kaschitza D, Peinelt C, Hediger MA, Lochner M. Development of chemical tools based on GSK-7975A to study store-operated calcium entry in cells. Cell Calcium 2024; 117:102834. [PMID: 38006628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Many physiological functions, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, muscle contraction, neurotransmission and fertilisation, are regulated by changes of Ca2+ levels. The major Ca2+ store in cells is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Certain cellular processes induce ER store depletion, e.g. by activating IP3 receptors, that in turn induces a store refilling process known as store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). This refilling process entails protein-protein interactions between Ca2+ sensing stromal interaction molecules (STIM) in the ER membrane and Orai proteins in the plasma membrane. Fully assembled STIM/Orai complexes then form highly selective Ca2+ channels called Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ Channels (CRAC) through which Ca2+ ions flow into the cytosol and subsequently are pumped into the ER by the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA). Abnormal SOCE has been associated with numerous human diseases and cancers, and therefore key players STIM and Orai have attracted significant therapeutic interest. Several potent experimental and clinical candidate compounds have been developed and have helped to study SOCE in various cell types. We have synthesized multiple novel small-molecule probes based on the known SOCE inhibitor GSK-7975A. Here we present GSK-7975A derivatives, which feature photo-caging, photo-crosslinking, biotin and clickable moieties, and also contain deuterium labels. Evaluation of these GSK-7975A probes using a fluorometric imaging plate reader (FLIPR)-Tetra-based Ca2+ imaging assay showed that most synthetic modifications did not have a detrimental impact on the SOCE inhibitory activity. The photo-caged GSK-7975A was also used in patch-clamp electrophysiology experiments. In summary, we have developed a number of active, GSK-7975A-based molecular probes that have interesting properties and therefore are useful experimental tools to study SOCE in various cells and settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Tscherrig
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rajesh Bhardwaj
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern and Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel Biner
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Dernič
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern and Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Ross-Kaschitza
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christine Peinelt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias A Hediger
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern and Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Lochner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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CIC-39Na reverses the thrombocytopenia that characterizes tubular aggregate myopathy. Blood Adv 2022; 6:4471-4484. [PMID: 35696753 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021006378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Store-Operated Ca2+-Entry is a cellular mechanism that governs the replenishment of intracellular stores of Ca2+ upon depletion caused by the opening of intracellular Ca2+-channels. Gain-of-function mutations of the two key proteins of Store-Operated Ca2+-Entry, STIM1 and ORAI1, are associated with several ultra-rare diseases clustered as tubular aggregate myopathies. Our group has previously demonstrated that a mouse model bearing the STIM1 p.I115F mutation recapitulates the main features of the STIM1 gain-of-function disorders: muscle weakness and thrombocytopenia. Similar findings have been found in other mice bearing different mutations on STIM1. At present, no valid treatment is available for these patients. In the present contribution, we report that CIC-39Na, a Store-Operated Ca2+-Entry inhibitor, restores platelet number and counteracts the abnormal bleeding that characterizes these mice. Subtle differences in thrombopoiesis were observed in STIM1 p.I115F mice, but the main difference between wild-type and STIM1 p.I115F mice was in platelet clearance and in the levels of platelet cytosolic basal Ca2+. Both were restored upon treatment of animals with CIC-39Na. This finding paves the way to a pharmacological treatment strategy for thrombocytopenia in tubular aggregate myopathy patients.
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Li YL, Zhang DD, Xiong YY, Wang RF, Gao XM, Gong H, Zheng SC, Wu D. Development and external validation of models to predict acute respiratory distress syndrome related to severe acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:2123-2136. [PMID: 35664037 PMCID: PMC9134137 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i19.2123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a major cause of death in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Although a series of prediction models have been developed for early identification of such patients, the majority are complicated or lack validation. A simpler and more credible model is required for clinical practice.
AIM To develop and validate a predictive model for SAP related ARDS.
METHODS Patients diagnosed with AP from four hospitals located at different regions of China were retrospectively grouped into derivation and validation cohorts. Statistically significant variables were identified using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression method. Predictive models with nomograms were further built using multiple logistic regression analysis with these picked predictors. The discriminatory power of new models was compared with some common models. The performance of calibration ability and clinical utility of the predictive models were evaluated.
RESULTS Out of 597 patients with AP, 139 were diagnosed with SAP (80 in derivation cohort and 59 in validation cohort) and 99 with ARDS (62 in derivation cohort and 37 in validation cohort). Four identical variables were identified as independent risk factors for both SAP and ARDS: heart rate [odds ratio (OR) = 1.05; 95%CI: 1.04-1.07; P < 0.001; OR = 1.05, 95%CI: 1.03-1.07, P < 0.001], respiratory rate (OR = 1.08, 95%CI: 1.0-1.17, P = 0.047; OR = 1.10, 95%CI: 1.02-1.19, P = 0.014), serum calcium concentration (OR = 0.26, 95%CI: 0.09-0.73, P = 0.011; OR = 0.17, 95%CI: 0.06-0.48, P = 0.001) and blood urea nitrogen (OR = 1.15, 95%CI: 1.09-1.23, P < 0.001; OR = 1.12, 95%CI: 1.05-1.19, P < 0.001). The area under receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.879 (95%CI: 0.830-0.928) and 0.898 (95%CI: 0.848-0.949) for SAP prediction in derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. This value was 0.892 (95%CI: 0.843-0.941) and 0.833 (95%CI: 0.754-0.912) for ARDS prediction, respectively. The discriminatory power of our models was improved compared with that of other widely used models and the calibration ability and clinical utility of the prediction models performed adequately.
CONCLUSION The present study constructed and validated a simple and accurate predictive model for SAP-related ARDS in patients with AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Long Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ding-Ding Zhang
- Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, International Clinical Epidemiology Network, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yang-Yang Xiong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Rui-Feng Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Mao Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Hospital of Beijing, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Longquan Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu 610100, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shi-Cheng Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Longquan Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu 610100, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, International Clinical Epidemiology Network, Beijing 100730, China
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Riva B, Pessolano E, Quaglia E, Cordero-Sanchez C, Bhela IP, Topf A, Serafini M, Cox D, Harris E, Garibaldi M, Barresi R, Pirali T, Genazzani AA. STIM1 and ORAI1 mutations leading to tubular aggregate myopathies are sensitive to the Store-operated Ca2+-entry modulators CIC-37 and CIC-39. Cell Calcium 2022; 105:102605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2022.102605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Guan C, Ji J, Li Z, Wei Q, Wu X, Liu S. Facile synthesis of N2-substituted-1,2,3-triazole from aryl ethynylene and azide via a one-pot two-step strategy. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Khedkar NR, Irlapatti NR, Dadke D, Kanoje V, Shaikh Z, Karche V, Shinde V, Deshmukh G, Patil A, Jachak S, Phukan S, Kizhakinagath PA, Gholve M, Bhankhede T, Daler J, Nemade HN, Budhe S, Pareek H, Yeshodharan R, Gupta R, Kalia A, Pandey D, Wagh A, Kumar S, Patil V, Modi D, Sharma N, Ahirrao P, Mehta M, Kumar H, Nigade P, Tamane K, Mallurwar S, Kuldharan S, Pawar S, Vishwase G, Bokan S, Singh M, Naik K, Ingawale S, Shankar R, Kamalakannan P, Venugopal S, George SK, Padiya KJ, Nemmani KVS, Gundu J, Bhonde M, Narasimham L, Sindkhedkar M, Shah C, Sinha N, Sharma S, Bakhle D, Kamboj RK, Palle VP. Discovery of a Novel Potent and Selective Calcium Release-Activated Calcium Channel Inhibitor: 2,6-Difluoro- N-(2'-methyl-3'-(4-methyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)benzamide. Structure-Activity Relationship and Preclinical Characterization. J Med Chem 2021; 64:17004-17030. [PMID: 34843241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of calcium release-activated calcium (CRAC) channels is well characterized and is of particular importance in T-cell function. CRAC channels are involved in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, making it an attractive therapeutic target for treating inflammatory diseases, like rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A systematic structure-activity relationship study with the goal of optimizing lipophilicity successfully yielded two lead compounds, 36 and 37. Both compounds showed decent potency and selectivity and a remarkable pharmacokinetic profile. Further characterization in in vivo RA models and subsequent histopathological evaluation of tissues led to the identification of 36 as a clinical candidate. Compound 36 displayed an excellent safety profile and had a sufficient safety margin to qualify it for use in human testing. Oral administration of 36 in Phase 1 clinical study in healthy volunteers established favorable safety, tolerability, and good target engagement as measured by levels of IL-2 and TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Raghunath Khedkar
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Nageswara Rao Irlapatti
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Disha Dadke
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Vijay Kanoje
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Zubair Shaikh
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Vijay Karche
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Vikas Shinde
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Gokul Deshmukh
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Amit Patil
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Santosh Jachak
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Samiron Phukan
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Praveenkumar Anidil Kizhakinagath
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Milind Gholve
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Trupti Bhankhede
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Jagadeesh Daler
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Harshal Narendra Nemade
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Sagar Budhe
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Himani Pareek
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Rajesh Yeshodharan
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Rajesh Gupta
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Anil Kalia
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Dilip Pandey
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Akshaya Wagh
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Swaroop Kumar
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Vinod Patil
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Dipak Modi
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Nidhi Sharma
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Prajakta Ahirrao
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Maneesh Mehta
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Prashant Nigade
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Kaustubh Tamane
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Sadanand Mallurwar
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Sandip Kuldharan
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Shashikant Pawar
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Gururaj Vishwase
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Sanjay Bokan
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Minakshi Singh
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Kumar Naik
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Sachin Ingawale
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Rajesh Shankar
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Prabakaran Kamalakannan
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Spinvin Venugopal
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Shaji K George
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Kamlesh J Padiya
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Kumar V S Nemmani
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Jaysagar Gundu
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Mandar Bhonde
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Lakshmi Narasimham
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Milind Sindkhedkar
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Chirag Shah
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Neelima Sinha
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Sharad Sharma
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Dhananjay Bakhle
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Rajender Kumar Kamboj
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
| | - Venkata P Palle
- Novel Drug Discovery & Development, Lupin Ltd., Lupin Research Park, Survey No. 46 A/47 A, Village Nande, Taluka Mulshi, Pune 412115, India
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11
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Čendula R, Chomaničová N, Adamičková A, Gažová A, Kyselovič J, Máťuš M. Altered Expression of ORAI and STIM Isoforms in Activated Human Cardiac Fibroblasts. Physiol Res 2021; 70:S21-S30. [PMID: 34918526 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrotization is a well-known process characteristic of many cardiac pathological conditions. The key element is excessive activation of cardiac fibroblasts, their transdifferentiation into myofibroblasts, increased production, and accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, resulting in cardiac stiffness. The exact cellular mechanisms and molecular components involved in the process are not fully elucidated, but the SOCE mechanism could play an important role. Its key molecules are the molecular sensor of calcium in ER/SR - STIM and the highly selective calcium channels Orai located in the plasma membrane. This study aims to evaluate selected SOCE-associated genes in the activation of HCF cell culture by several known substances (phenylephrine, isoprenaline) that represent cardiovascular overload. After cell cultivation, cell medium was collected to measure the soluble collagen content. From the harvested cells, qRT-PCR was performed to determine the mRNA levels of the corresponding genes. The activation of cells was based on changes in the relative expression of collagen genes as well as the collagen content in the medium of the cell culture. We detected an increase in the expression of the Orai2 isoform, a change in the Orai1/Orai3 ratio and also an increase in the expression of the STIM2 isoform. These results suggest an increased activation of the SOCE mechanism under stress conditions of fibroblasts, which supports the hypothesis of fibroblast activation in pathological processes by altering calcium homeostasis through the SOCE mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Čendula
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak republic.
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12
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Lilliu E, Koenig S, Koenig X, Frieden M. Store-Operated Calcium Entry in Skeletal Muscle: What Makes It Different? Cells 2021; 10:cells10092356. [PMID: 34572005 PMCID: PMC8468011 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge on store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) regarding its localization, kinetics, and regulation is mostly derived from studies performed in non-excitable cells. After a long time of relative disinterest in skeletal muscle SOCE, this mechanism is now recognized as an essential contributor to muscle physiology, as highlighted by the muscle pathologies that are associated with mutations in the SOCE molecules STIM1 and Orai1. This review mainly focuses on the peculiar aspects of skeletal muscle SOCE that differentiate it from its counterpart found in non-excitable cells. This includes questions about SOCE localization and the movement of respective proteins in the highly organized skeletal muscle fibers, as well as the diversity of expressed STIM isoforms and their differential expression between muscle fiber types. The emerging evidence of a phasic SOCE, which is activated during EC coupling, and its physiological implication is described as well. The specific issues related to the use of SOCE modulators in skeletal muscles are discussed. This review highlights the complexity of SOCE activation and its regulation in skeletal muscle, with an emphasis on the most recent findings and the aim to reach a current picture of this mesmerizing phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lilliu
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Stéphane Koenig
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Xaver Koenig
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Neurophysiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Correspondence: (X.K.); (M.F.)
| | - Maud Frieden
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Correspondence: (X.K.); (M.F.)
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13
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Sharma A, Ramena GT, Elble RC. Advances in Intracellular Calcium Signaling Reveal Untapped Targets for Cancer Therapy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1077. [PMID: 34572262 PMCID: PMC8466575 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Ca2+ distribution is a tightly regulated process. Numerous Ca2+ chelating, storage, and transport mechanisms are required to maintain normal cellular physiology. Ca2+-binding proteins, mainly calmodulin and calbindins, sequester free intracellular Ca2+ ions and apportion or transport them to signaling hubs needing the cations. Ca2+ channels, ATP-driven pumps, and exchangers assist the binding proteins in transferring the ions to and from appropriate cellular compartments. Some, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and lysosomes, act as Ca2+ repositories. Cellular Ca2+ homeostasis is inefficient without the active contribution of these organelles. Moreover, certain key cellular processes also rely on inter-organellar Ca2+ signaling. This review attempts to encapsulate the structure, function, and regulation of major intracellular Ca2+ buffers, sensors, channels, and signaling molecules before highlighting how cancer cells manipulate them to survive and thrive. The spotlight is then shifted to the slow pace of translating such research findings into anticancer therapeutics. We use the PubMed database to highlight current clinical studies that target intracellular Ca2+ signaling. Drug repurposing and improving the delivery of small molecule therapeutics are further discussed as promising strategies for speeding therapeutic development in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarushi Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA;
| | - Grace T. Ramena
- Department of Aquaculture, University of Arkansas, Pine Bluff, AR 71601, USA;
| | - Randolph C. Elble
- Department of Pharmacology and Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA;
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14
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Aprile S, Riva B, Bhela IP, Cordero-Sanchez C, Avino G, Genazzani AA, Serafini M, Pirali T. 1,2,4-Oxadiazole-Bearing Pyrazoles as Metabolically Stable Modulators of Store-Operated Calcium Entry. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:640-646. [PMID: 33854704 PMCID: PMC8040252 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
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Store-operated calcium
entry (SOCE) is a pivotal mechanism in calcium
homeostasis, and, despite still being under investigation, its dysregulation
is known to be associated with severe human disorders. SOCE modulators
are therefore needed both as chemical probes and as therapeutic agents.
While many small molecules have been described so far, their poor
properties in terms of drug-likeness have limited their translation
into the clinical practice. In this work, we describe the bioisosteric
replacement of the ester moiety in pyrazole derivatives with a 1,2,4-oxadiazole
ring as a means to afford a class of modulators with high metabolic
stability. Moreover, among our derivatives, a compound able to increase
the calcium entry was identified, further enriching the library of
available SOCE activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Aprile
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Beatrice Riva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
- ChemICare S.r.l., Enne3, Corso Trieste 15/A, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Irene Preet Bhela
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Celia Cordero-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Giulia Avino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Armando A. Genazzani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Marta Serafini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Tracey Pirali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
- ChemICare S.r.l., Enne3, Corso Trieste 15/A, 28100 Novara, Italy
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