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Zhang C, Liu F, Zhang Y, Song C. Macrocycles and macrocyclization in anticancer drug discovery: Important pieces of the puzzle. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116234. [PMID: 38401189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Increasing disease-related proteins have been identified as novel therapeutic targets. Macrocycles are emerging as potential solutions, bridging the gap between conventional small molecules and biomacromolecules in drug discovery. Inspired by successful macrocyclic drugs of natural origins, macrocycles are attracting more attention for enhanced binding affinity and target selectivity. Due to the conformation constraint and structure preorganization, macrocycles can reach bioactive conformations more easily than parent acyclic compounds. Also, rational macrocyclization combined with sequent structural modification will help improve oral bioavailability and combat drug resistance. This review introduces various strategies to enhance membrane permeability in macrocyclization and subsequent modification, such as N-methylation, intramolecular hydrogen bonding modulation, isomerization, and reversible bicyclization. Several case studies highlight macrocyclic inhibitors targeting kinases, HDAC, and protein-protein interactions. Finally, some macrocyclic agents targeting tumor microenvironments are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Laboratory for Food and Medicine Homologous Natural Resources Development and Utilization, Belgorod College of Food Sciences, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Fenfen Liu
- Laboratory for Food and Medicine Homologous Natural Resources Development and Utilization, Belgorod College of Food Sciences, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China
| | - Youming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Chun Song
- Laboratory for Food and Medicine Homologous Natural Resources Development and Utilization, Belgorod College of Food Sciences, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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2
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Damalanka VC, Banas V, De Bona P, Kashipathy MM, Battaile K, Lovell S, Janetka JW. Mechanism-Based Macrocyclic Inhibitors of Serine Proteases. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38477709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Protease inhibitor drug discovery is challenged by the lack of cellular and oral permeability, selectivity, metabolic stability, and rapid clearance of peptides. Here, we describe the rational design, synthesis, and evaluation of peptidomimetic side-chain-cyclized macrocycles which we converted into covalent serine protease inhibitors with the addition of an electrophilic ketone warhead. We have identified potent and selective inhibitors of TMPRSS2, matriptase, hepsin, and HGFA and demonstrated their improved protease selectivity, metabolic stability, and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. We obtained an X-ray crystal structure of phenyl ether-cyclized tripeptide VD4162 (8b) bound to matriptase, revealing an unexpected binding conformation. Cyclic biphenyl ether VD5123 (11) displayed the best PK properties in mice with a half-life of 4.5 h and compound exposure beyond 24 h. These new cyclic tripeptide scaffolds can be used as easily modifiable templates providing a new strategy to overcoming the obstacles presented by linear acyclic peptides in protease inhibitor drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu C Damalanka
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Victoria Banas
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Paolo De Bona
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Maithri M Kashipathy
- Protein Structure Laboratory, Del Shankel Structural Biology Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Kevin Battaile
- New York Structural Biology Center, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Scott Lovell
- Protein Structure Laboratory, Del Shankel Structural Biology Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - James W Janetka
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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3
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Belitškin D, Munne P, Pant SM, Anttila JM, Suleymanova I, Belitškina K, Kirchhofer D, Janetka J, Käsper T, Jalil S, Pouwels J, Tervonen TA, Klefström J. Hepsin promotes breast tumor growth signaling via the TGFβ-EGFR axis. Mol Oncol 2024; 18:547-561. [PMID: 37872868 PMCID: PMC10920082 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepsin, a type II transmembrane serine protease, is commonly overexpressed in prostate and breast cancer. The hepsin protein is stabilized by the Ras-MAPK pathway, and, downstream, this protease regulates the degradation of extracellular matrix components and activates growth factor pathways, such as the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) pathway. However, how exactly active hepsin promotes cell proliferation machinery to sustain tumor growth is not fully understood. Here, we show that genetic deletion of the gene encoding hepsin (Hpn) in a WAP-Myc model of aggressive MYC-driven breast cancer inhibits tumor growth in the primary syngrafted sites and the growth of disseminated tumors in the lungs. The suppression of tumor growth upon loss of hepsin was accompanied by downregulation of TGFβ and EGFR signaling together with a reduction in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) protein levels. We further demonstrate in 3D cultures of patient-derived breast cancer explants that both basal TGFβ signaling and EGFR protein expression are inhibited by neutralizing antibodies or small-molecule inhibitors of hepsin. The study demonstrates a role for hepsin as a regulator of cell proliferation and tumor growth through TGFβ and EGFR pathways, warranting consideration of hepsin as a potential indirect upstream target for therapeutic inhibition of TGFβ and EGFR pathways in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Belitškin
- Research Programs Unit/Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program and Medicum, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Pauliina Munne
- Research Programs Unit/Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program and Medicum, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Shishir M. Pant
- Research Programs Unit/Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program and Medicum, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Johanna M. Anttila
- Research Programs Unit/Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program and Medicum, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Ilida Suleymanova
- Research Programs Unit/Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program and Medicum, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Kati Belitškina
- Pathology DepartmentNorth Estonia Medical CentreTallinnEstonia
| | - Daniel Kirchhofer
- Department of Early Discovery BiochemistryGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCAUSA
| | - James Janetka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiophysicsWashington University School of MedicineSt. LouisMOUSA
| | | | - Sami Jalil
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Jeroen Pouwels
- Research Programs Unit/Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program and Medicum, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Topi A. Tervonen
- Research Programs Unit/Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program and Medicum, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
| | - Juha Klefström
- Research Programs Unit/Translational Cancer Medicine Research Program and Medicum, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiFinland
- Foundation for the Finnish Cancer Institute, Helsinki & FICAN SouthHelsinki University HospitalFinland
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4
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Jones VT, Graves-Deal R, Cao Z, Bogatcheva G, Ramirez MA, Harmych SJ, Higginbotham JN, Sharma V, Damalanka VC, Wahoski CC, Joshi N, Irudayam MJ, Roland JT, Ayers GD, Liu Q, Coffey RJ, Janetka JW, Singh B. Inhibition of autocrine HGF maturation overcomes cetuximab resistance in colorectal cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:28. [PMID: 38212428 PMCID: PMC10784391 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Although amplifications and mutations in receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) act as bona fide oncogenes, in most cancers, RTKs maintain moderate expression and remain wild-type. Consequently, cognate ligands control many facets of tumorigenesis, including resistance to anti-RTK therapies. Herein, we show that the ligands for the RTKs MET and RON, HGF and HGFL, respectively, are synthesized as inactive precursors that are activated by cellular proteases. Our newly generated HGF/HGFL protease inhibitors could overcome both de novo and acquired cetuximab resistance in colorectal cancer (CRC). Conversely, HGF overexpression was necessary and sufficient to induce cetuximab resistance and loss of polarity. Moreover, HGF-induced cetuximab resistance could be overcome by the downstream MET inhibitor, crizotinib, and upstream protease inhibitors. Additionally, HAI-1, an endogenous inhibitor of HGF proteases, (i) was downregulated in CRC, (ii) exhibited increased genomic methylation that correlated with poor prognosis, (iii) HAI-1 expression correlated with cetuximab response in a panel of cancer cell lines, and (iv) exogenous addition of recombinant HAI-1 overcame cetuximab resistance in CC-HGF cells. Thus, we describe a targetable, autocrine HAI-1/Protease/HGF/MET axis in cetuximab resistance in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Truong Jones
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 10465J, MRB IV, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0441, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ramona Graves-Deal
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 10465J, MRB IV, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0441, USA
| | - Zheng Cao
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 10465J, MRB IV, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0441, USA
| | - Galina Bogatcheva
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 10465J, MRB IV, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0441, USA
| | - Marisol A Ramirez
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Sarah J Harmych
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 10465J, MRB IV, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0441, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - James N Higginbotham
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 10465J, MRB IV, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0441, USA
| | - Vineeta Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 10465J, MRB IV, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0441, USA
| | - Vishnu C Damalanka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Claudia C Wahoski
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 10465J, MRB IV, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0441, USA
- Program in Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Neeraj Joshi
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 10465J, MRB IV, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0441, USA
| | - Maria Johnson Irudayam
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 10465J, MRB IV, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0441, USA
| | - Joseph T Roland
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Gregory D Ayers
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 10465J, MRB IV, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0441, USA
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - James W Janetka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Bhuminder Singh
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 10465J, MRB IV, 2213 Garland Avenue, Nashville, TN, 37232-0441, USA.
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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Mekapogu AR, Xu Z, Pothula S, Perera C, Pang T, Hosen SMZ, Damalanka V, Janetka J, Goldstein D, Pirola R, Wilson J, Apte M. HGF/c-Met pathway inhibition combined with chemotherapy increases cytotoxic T-cell infiltration and inhibits pancreatic tumour growth and metastasis. Cancer Lett 2023:216286. [PMID: 37354984 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a deadly cancer with a high mortality rate. The unique characteristics of PC, including desmoplasia and immunosuppression, have made it difficult to develop effective treatment strategies. Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) play a crucial role in the progression of the disease by interacting with cancer cells. One of the key mediators of PSC - cancer cell interactions is the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-MET pathway. Using an immunocompetent in vivo model of PC as well as in vitro experiments, this study has shown that a combined approach using HGF/c-MET inhibitors to target stromal-tumour interactions and chemotherapy (gemcitabine) to target cancer cells effectively decreases tumour volume, EMT, and stemness, and importantly, eliminates metastasis. Notably, HGF/c-MET inhibition decreases TGF-β secretion by cancer cells, resulting in an increase in cytotoxic T-cell infiltration, thus contributing to cancer cell death in tumours. HGF/c-MET inhibition + chemotherapy was also found to normalise the gut microbiome and improve gut microbial diversity. These findings provide a strong platform for assessment of this triple therapy (HGF/c-MET inhibition + chemotherapy) approach in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpha Raj Mekapogu
- Pancreatic Research Group, South West Sydney Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Australia; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Zhihong Xu
- Pancreatic Research Group, South West Sydney Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Australia; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Srinivasa Pothula
- Pancreatic Research Group, South West Sydney Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Australia; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; AbCellera, Beaconsfield, New South Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Chamini Perera
- Pancreatic Research Group, South West Sydney Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Australia; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tony Pang
- Pancreatic Research Group, South West Sydney Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Australia; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; Surgical Innovations Unit, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - S M Zahid Hosen
- Pancreatic Research Group, South West Sydney Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Australia; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vishnu Damalanka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University, St. Louis, USA
| | - James Janetka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University, St. Louis, USA
| | - David Goldstein
- Pancreatic Research Group, South West Sydney Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Australia
| | - Romano Pirola
- Pancreatic Research Group, South West Sydney Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Australia
| | - Jeremy Wilson
- Pancreatic Research Group, South West Sydney Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Australia; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Minoti Apte
- Pancreatic Research Group, South West Sydney Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Australia; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.
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6
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Rodenas MC, Peñas-Martínez J, Pardo-Sánchez I, Zaragoza-Huesca D, Ortega-Sabater C, Peña-García J, Espín S, Ricote G, Montenegro S, Ayala-De La Peña F, Luengo-Gil G, Nieto A, García-Molina F, Vicente V, Bernardi F, Lozano ML, Mulero V, Pérez-Sánchez H, Carmona-Bayonas A, Martínez-Martínez I. Venetoclax is a potent hepsin inhibitor that reduces the metastatic and prothrombotic phenotypes of hepsin-expressing colorectal cancer cells. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1182925. [PMID: 37275957 PMCID: PMC10235687 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1182925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Hepsin is a type II transmembrane serine protease and its expression has been linked to greater tumorigenicity and worse prognosis in different tumors. Recently, our group demonstrated that high hepsin levels from primary tumor were associated with a higher risk of metastasis and thrombosis in localized colorectal cancer patients. This study aims to explore the molecular role of hepsin in colorectal cancer. Methods: Hepsin levels in plasma from resected and metastatic colorectal cancer patients were analyzed by ELISA. The effect of hepsin levels on cell migration, invasion, and proliferation, as well as on the activation of crucial cancer signaling pathways, was performed in vitro using colorectal cancer cells. A thrombin generation assay determined the procoagulant function of hepsin from these cells. A virtual screening of a database containing more than 2000 FDA-approved compounds was performed to screen hepsin inhibitors, and selected compounds were tested in vitro for their ability to suppress hepsin effects in colorectal cancer cells. Xenotransplantation assays were done in zebrafish larvae to study the impact of venetoclax on invasion promoted by hepsin. Results: Our results showed higher plasma hepsin levels in metastatic patients, among which, hepsin was higher in those suffering thrombosis. Hepsin overexpression increased colorectal cancer cell invasion, Erk1/2 and STAT3 phosphorylation, and thrombin generation in plasma. In addition, we identified venetoclax as a potent hepsin inhibitor that reduced the metastatic and prothrombotic phenotypes of hepsin-expressing colorectal cancer cells. Interestingly, pretreatment with Venetoclax of cells overexpressing hepsin reduced their invasiveness in vivo. Discussion: Our results demonstrate that hepsin overexpression correlates with a more aggressive and prothrombotic tumor phenotype. Likewise, they demonstrate the antitumor role of venetoclax as a hepsin inhibitor, laying the groundwork for molecular-targeted therapy for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmen Rodenas
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Julia Peñas-Martínez
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Irene Pardo-Sánchez
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - David Zaragoza-Huesca
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Ortega-Sabater
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jorge Peña-García
- Computer Engineering Department, Structural Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group (BIO-HPC), UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain
| | - Salvador Espín
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Guillermo Ricote
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sofía Montenegro
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Ayala-De La Peña
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ginés Luengo-Gil
- Clinical Analysis and Pathology Department, Group of Molecular Pathology and Pharmacogenetics, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, Hospital Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Andrés Nieto
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Vicente Vicente
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francesco Bernardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - María Luisa Lozano
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Horacio Pérez-Sánchez
- Computer Engineering Department, Structural Bioinformatics and High Performance Computing Research Group (BIO-HPC), UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Guadalupe, Spain
| | - Alberto Carmona-Bayonas
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Irene Martínez-Martínez
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, IMIB-Pascual Parrilla, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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