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Yang S, Zhang JR, Li M, Feng YM, Yang LL, Long ZQ, Zhou X, Wu ZB, Liu LW, Yang S. Expanding the Structural Diversity of Tubulin-Targeting Agents: Development of Highly Potent Benzimidazoles for Treating Fungal Diseases. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:15541-15551. [PMID: 38959381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Benzimidazoles, the representative pharmacophore of fungicides, have excellent antifungal potency, but their simple structure and single site of action have hindered their wider application in agriculture. In order to extend the structural diversity of tubulin-targeted benzimidazoles, novel benzimidazole derivatives were prepared by introducing the attractive pyrimidine pharmacophore. 2-((6-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy)pyrimidin-4-yl)thio)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (A25) exhibited optimal antifungal activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (S. s.), affording an excellent half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of 0.158 μg/mL, which was higher than that of the reference agent carbendazim (EC50 = 0.594 μg/mL). Pot experiments revealed that compound A25 (200 μg/mL) had acceptable protective activity (84.7%) and curative activity (78.1%), which were comparable with that of carbendazim (protective activity: 90.8%; curative activity: 69.9%). Molecular docking displayed that multiple hydrogen bonds and π-π interactions could be formed between A25 and β-tubulin, resulting in a stronger bonding effect than carbendazim. Fluorescence imaging revealed that the structure of intracellular microtubules can be changed significantly after A25 treatment. Overall, these remarkable antifungal profiles of constructed novel benzimidazole derivatives could facilitate the application of novel microtubule-targeting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jun-Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yu-Mei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lin-Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhou-Qing Long
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhi-Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Li-Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Roy A, DePamphilis ML. Selective Termination of Autophagy-Dependent Cancers. Cells 2024; 13:1096. [PMID: 38994949 PMCID: PMC11240546 DOI: 10.3390/cells13131096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The goal of cancer research is to identify characteristics of cancer cells that allow them to be selectively eliminated without harming the host. One such characteristic is autophagy dependence. Cancer cells survive, proliferate, and metastasize under conditions where normal cells do not. Thus, the requirement in cancer cells for more energy and macromolecular biosynthesis can evolve into a dependence on autophagy for recycling cellular components. Recent studies have revealed that autophagy, as well as different forms of cellular trafficking, is regulated by five phosphoinositides associated with eukaryotic cellular membranes and that the enzymes that synthesize them are prime targets for cancer therapy. For example, PIKFYVE inhibitors rapidly disrupt lysosome homeostasis and suppress proliferation in all cells. However, these inhibitors selectively terminate PIKFYVE-dependent cancer cells and cancer stem cells with not having adverse effect on normal cells. Here, we describe the biochemical distinctions between PIKFYVE-sensitive and -insensitive cells, categorize PIKFYVE inhibitors into four groups that differ in chemical structure, target specificity and efficacy on cancer cells and normal cells, identify the mechanisms by which they selectively terminate autophagy-dependent cancer cells, note their paradoxical effects in cancer immunotherapy, and describe their therapeutic applications against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Roy
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Room 6N105, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892-0001, USA;
| | - Melvin L. DePamphilis
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Room 4B413, 6 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892-2790, USA
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Gomez SM, Axtman AD, Willson TM, Major MB, Townsend RR, Sorger PK, Johnson GL. Illuminating function of the understudied druggable kinome. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103881. [PMID: 38218213 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The human kinome, with more than 500 proteins, is crucial for cell signaling and disease. Yet, about one-third of kinases lack in-depth study. The Data and Resource Generating Center for Understudied Kinases has developed multiple resources to address this challenge including creation of a heavy amino acid peptide library for parallel reaction monitoring and quantitation of protein kinase expression, use of understudied kinases tagged with a miniTurbo-biotin ligase to determine interaction networks by proximity-dependent protein biotinylation, NanoBRET probe development for screening chemical tool target specificity in live cells, characterization of small molecule chemical tools inhibiting understudied kinases, and computational tools for defining kinome architecture. These resources are available through the Dark Kinase Knowledgebase, supporting further research into these understudied protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Gomez
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Alison D Axtman
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Timothy M Willson
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michael B Major
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Reid R Townsend
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Gary L Johnson
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Anderson B, Rosston P, Ong HW, Hossain MA, Davis-Gilbert ZW, Drewry DH. How many kinases are druggable? A review of our current understanding. Biochem J 2023; 480:1331-1363. [PMID: 37642371 PMCID: PMC10586788 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
There are over 500 human kinases ranging from very well-studied to almost completely ignored. Kinases are tractable and implicated in many diseases, making them ideal targets for medicinal chemistry campaigns, but is it possible to discover a drug for each individual kinase? For every human kinase, we gathered data on their citation count, availability of chemical probes, approved and investigational drugs, PDB structures, and biochemical and cellular assays. Analysis of these factors highlights which kinase groups have a wealth of information available, and which groups still have room for progress. The data suggest a disproportionate focus on the more well characterized kinases while much of the kinome remains comparatively understudied. It is noteworthy that tool compounds for understudied kinases have already been developed, and there is still untapped potential for further development in this chemical space. Finally, this review discusses many of the different strategies employed to generate selectivity between kinases. Given the large volume of information available and the progress made over the past 20 years when it comes to drugging kinases, we believe it is possible to develop a tool compound for every human kinase. We hope this review will prove to be both a useful resource as well as inspire the discovery of a tool for every kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Anderson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, U.S.A
| | - Peter Rosston
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, U.S.A
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, U.S.A
| | - Han Wee Ong
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, U.S.A
| | - Mohammad Anwar Hossain
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, U.S.A
| | - Zachary W. Davis-Gilbert
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, U.S.A
| | - David H. Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, U.S.A
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, U.S.A
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Castano A, Silvestre M, Wells CI, Sanderson JL, Ferrer CA, Ong HW, Lang Y, Richardson W, Silvaroli JA, Bashore FM, Smith JL, Genereux IM, Dempster K, Drewry DH, Pabla NS, Bullock AN, Benke TA, Ultanir SK, Axtman AD. Discovery and characterization of a specific inhibitor of serine-threonine kinase cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) demonstrates role in hippocampal CA1 physiology. eLife 2023; 12:e88206. [PMID: 37490324 PMCID: PMC10406435 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological loss-of-function mutations in cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) cause CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD), a rare and severe neurodevelopmental disorder associated with severe and medically refractory early-life epilepsy, motor, cognitive, visual, and autonomic disturbances in the absence of any structural brain pathology. Analysis of genetic variants in CDD has indicated that CDKL5 kinase function is central to disease pathology. CDKL5 encodes a serine-threonine kinase with significant homology to GSK3β, which has also been linked to synaptic function. Further, Cdkl5 knock-out rodents have increased GSK3β activity and often increased long-term potentiation (LTP). Thus, development of a specific CDKL5 inhibitor must be careful to exclude cross-talk with GSK3β activity. We synthesized and characterized specific, high-affinity inhibitors of CDKL5 that do not have detectable activity for GSK3β. These compounds are very soluble in water but blood-brain barrier penetration is low. In rat hippocampal brain slices, acute inhibition of CDKL5 selectively reduces postsynaptic function of AMPA-type glutamate receptors in a dose-dependent manner. Acute inhibition of CDKL5 reduces hippocampal LTP. These studies provide new tools and insights into the role of CDKL5 as a newly appreciated key kinase necessary for synaptic plasticity. Comparisons to rodent knock-out studies suggest that compensatory changes have limited the understanding of the roles of CDKL5 in synaptic physiology, plasticity, and human neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Castano
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Margaux Silvestre
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Carrow I Wells
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Jennifer L Sanderson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Carla A Ferrer
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Han Wee Ong
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Yi Lang
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - William Richardson
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Josie A Silvaroli
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State UniversityColumbusUnited States
| | - Frances M Bashore
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Jeffery L Smith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Isabelle M Genereux
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Kelvin Dempster
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - David H Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
| | - Navlot S Pabla
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State UniversityColumbusUnited States
| | - Alex N Bullock
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Tim A Benke
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology, Neurology and Otolaryngology, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Sila K Ultanir
- Kinases and Brain Development Laboratory, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alison D Axtman
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillUnited States
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6
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Castano A, Silvestre M, Wells CI, Sanderson JL, Ferrer CA, Ong HW, Liang Y, Richardson W, Silvaroli JA, Bashore FM, Smith JL, Genereux IM, Dempster K, Drewry DH, Pabla NS, Bullock AN, Benke TA, Ultanir SK, Axtman AD. Discovery and characterization of a specific inhibitor of serine-threonine kinase cyclin dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5) demonstrates role in hippocampal CA1 physiology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.24.538049. [PMID: 37162893 PMCID: PMC10168277 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.24.538049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Pathological loss-of-function mutations in cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 ( CDKL5 ) cause CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD), a rare and severe neurodevelopmental disorder associated with severe and medically refractory early-life epilepsy, motor, cognitive, visual and autonomic disturbances in the absence of any structural brain pathology. Analysis of genetic variants in CDD have indicated that CDKL5 kinase function is central to disease pathology. CDKL5 encodes a serine-threonine kinase with significant homology to GSK3β, which has also been linked to synaptic function. Further, Cdkl5 knock-out rodents have increased GSK3β activity and often increased long-term potentiation (LTP). Thus, development of a specific CDKL5 inhibitor must be careful to exclude cross-talk with GSK3β activity. We synthesized and characterized specific, high-affinity inhibitors of CDKL5 that do not have detectable activity for GSK3β. These compounds are very soluble in water but blood-brain barrier penetration is low. In rat hippocampal brain slices, acute inhibition of CDKL5 selectively reduces post-synaptic function of AMPA-type glutamate receptors in a dose-dependent manner. Acute inhibition of CDKL5 reduces hippocampal LTP. These studies provide new tools and insights into the role of CDKL5 as a newly appreciated, key kinase necessary for synaptic plasticity. Comparisons to rodent knock-out studies suggest that compensatory changes have limited the understanding of the roles of CDKL5 in synaptic physiology, plasticity and human neuropathology.
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Bashore FM, Marquez AB, Chaikuad A, Howell S, Dunn AS, Beltran AA, Smith JL, Drewry DH, Beltran AS, Axtman AD. Modulation of tau tubulin kinases (TTBK1 and TTBK2) impacts ciliogenesis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6118. [PMID: 37059819 PMCID: PMC10104807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32854-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau tubulin kinase 1 and 2 (TTBK1/2) are highly homologous kinases that are expressed and mediate disease-relevant pathways predominantly in the brain. Distinct roles for TTBK1 and TTBK2 have been delineated. While efforts have been devoted to characterizing the impact of TTBK1 inhibition in diseases like Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, TTBK2 inhibition has been less explored. TTBK2 serves a critical function during cilia assembly. Given the biological importance of these kinases, we designed a targeted library from which we identified several chemical tools that engage TTBK1 and TTBK2 in cells and inhibit their downstream signaling. Indolyl pyrimidinamine 10 significantly reduced the expression of primary cilia on the surface of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Furthermore, analog 10 phenocopies TTBK2 knockout in iPSCs, confirming a role for TTBK2 in ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M Bashore
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Ariana B Marquez
- Human Pluripotent Cell Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Apirat Chaikuad
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strabe 15, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefanie Howell
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Andrea S Dunn
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Alvaro A Beltran
- Human Pluripotent Cell Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jeffery L Smith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - David H Drewry
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Adriana S Beltran
- Human Pluripotent Cell Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Alison D Axtman
- Structural Genomics Consortium, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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