Improvement of the Metabolic Stability of GPR88 Agonist RTI-13951-33: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation

The central mechanisms of electroacupuncture at LR3 in the treatment of spontaneous hypertension: a PET and mRNA transcriptome study

Objective

To reveal the efficacy and potential mechanisms of electroacupuncture (EA) in treating hypertension.

Methods

Male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were randomly assigned to the SHR group, EA group, and Sham-EA group, with Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) as the normal control group. SHRs in the EA group received electroacupuncture at the bilateral Taichong (LR3) acupoints for 7 consecutive days. Evaluation of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) was conducted. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) was employed to explore the active brain regions associated with acupuncture-induced blood pressure reduction. Furthermore, mRNA expression profiling was analyzed in the active brain regions to identify differentially expressed genes, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to validate the mRNA expression of differentially expressed genes in the active brain region.

Results

EA reduced elevated SBP, DBP, MAP and HR in SHR. PET-CT revealed that EA decreased glucose metabolism in the hypothalamus. Genomic analysis suggested that, compared to the SHR group, the differentially expressed genes in the hypothalamus of the EA group included Nr4a1, Sirt1, Trh, GPR88, Cck, and Th. EA downregulated the mRNA expression of Th, Trh, Gpr88, and Nr4a1, while upregulating the expression of Sirt1 and Cck at the mRNA level.

Conclusion

EA may exert a unique antihypertensive effect in the hypothalamus of SHR, involving the modulation of sympathetic nerve activity, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress response.

Discovery of BI-9508, a Brain-Penetrant GPR88-Receptor-Agonist Tool Compound for In Vivo Mouse Studies

Decreased activity and expression of the G-protein coupled receptor GPR88 is linked to many behavior-linked neurological disorders. Published preclinical GPR88 allosteric agonists all have in vivo pharmacokinetic properties that preclude their progression to the clinic, including high lipophilicity and poor brain penetration. Here, we describe our attempts to improve GPR88 agonists' drug-like properties and our analysis of the trade-offs required to successfully target GPR88's allosteric pocket. We discovered two new GPR88 agonists: One that reduced morphine-induced locomotor activity in a murine proof-of-concept study, and the atropoisomeric BI-9508, which is a brain penetrant and has improved pharmacokinetic properties and dosing that recommend it for future in vivo studies in rodents. BI-9508 still suffers from high lipophilicity, and research on this series was halted. Because of its utility as a tool compound, we now offer researchers access to BI-9508 and a negative control free of charge via Boehringer Ingelheim's open innovation portal opnMe.com.

Designing drugs optimized for both blood-brain barrier permeation and intra-cerebral partition

INTRODUCTION

With the increasing incidence and prevalence of neurological disorders globally, there is a paramount need for new pharmacotherapies. BBB effectively protects the brain but raises a profound challenge to drug permeation, with less than 2% of most drugs reaching the CNS.

AREAS COVERED

This article reviews aspects of the most recent design strategies, providing insights into ideas and concepts in CNS drug discovery. An overview of the products available on the market is given and why clinical trials are continuously failing is discussed.

EXPERT OPINION

Among the available CNS drugs, small molecules account for most successful CNS therapeutics due to their ability to penetrate the BBB through passive or carrier-mediated mechanisms. The development of new CNS drugs is very difficult. To date, there is a lack of effective drugs for alleviating or even reversing the progression of brain diseases. Particularly, the use of artificial intelligence strategies, together with more appropriate animal models, may enable the design of molecules with appropriate permeation, to elicit a biological response from the neurotherapeutic target.

Design, Synthesis, and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Novel GPR88 Agonists (4-Substituted-phenyl)acetamides Based on the Reversed Amide Scaffold

The development of synthetic agonists for the orphan receptor GPR88 has recently attracted significant interest, given the promise of GPR88 as a novel drug target for psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Examination of structure-activity relationships of two known agonist scaffolds 2-PCCA and 2-AMPP, as well as the recently resolved cryo-EM structure of 2-PCCA-bound GPR88, led to the design of a new scaffold based on the "reversed amide" strategy of 2-AMPP. A series of novel (4-substituted-phenyl)acetamides were synthesized and assessed in cAMP accumulation assays as GPR88 agonists, which led to the discovery of several compounds with better or comparable potencies to 2-AMPP. Computational docking studies suggest that these novel GPR88 agonists bind to the same allosteric site of GPR88 that 2-PCCA occupies. Collectively, our findings provide structural insight and SAR requirement at the allosteric site of GPR88 and a new scaffold for further development of GPR88 allosteric agonists.

Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Trisubstituted Piperazine Derivatives as Noncovalent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Main Protease Inhibitors with Improved Antiviral Activity and Favorable Druggability

The ongoing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 necessitates the development of additional potent antiviral agents capable of combating the current highly infectious variants and future coronaviruses. Here, we present the discovery of potent nonpeptide main protease (Mpro) inhibitors with prominent antiviral activity and improved pharmacokinetic properties. Three series of 1,2,4-trisubstituted piperazine derivatives were designed and synthesized, and the optimal GC-78-HCl demonstrated high enzyme-inhibitory potency (IC50 = 0.19 μM) and exhibited excellent antiviral activity (EC50 = 0.40 μM), reaching the same level as Nirmatrelvir (EC50 = 0.38 μM). Additionally, GC-78-HCl displayed potent antiviral activities against various SARS-CoV-2 variants as well as HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-229E, indicating its potential broad-spectrum anticoronaviral activity. Notably, the pharmacokinetic properties of GC-78-HCl were somewhat enhanced compared to those of the lead compound. Furthermore, the cocrystal and molecular docking elucidated the mechanism of action. In conclusion, we discovered a novel nonpeptidic Mpro inhibitor with promising antiviral activity and a favorable pharmacokinetic profile.