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Kim K, Jang A, Shin H, Ye I, Lee JE, Kim T, Park H, Hong S. Concurrent Optimizations of Efficacy and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in New Macrocyclic LRRK2 Inhibitors for Potential Parkinson's Disease Therapeutics. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38684226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The elevated activity of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The quest for effective LRRK2 inhibitors has been impeded by the formidable challenge of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We leveraged structure-based de novo design and developed robust three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) models to predict BBB permeability, enhancing the likelihood of the inhibitor's brain accessibility. Our strategy involved the synthesis of macrocyclic molecules by linking the two terminal nitrogen atoms of HG-10-102-01 with an alkyl chain ranging from 2 to 4 units, laying the groundwork for innovative LRRK2 inhibitor designs. Through meticulous computational and synthetic optimization of both biochemical efficacy and BBB permeability, 9 out of 14 synthesized candidates demonstrated potent low-nanomolar inhibition and significant BBB penetration. Further assessments of in vitro and in vivo effectiveness, coupled with pharmacological profiling, highlighted 8 as the promising new lead compound for PD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Ahyoung Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hochul Shin
- Whan In Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 11, Beobwon-ro 6-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05855, Korea
| | - Inhae Ye
- Whan In Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 11, Beobwon-ro 6-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05855, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Whan In Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 11, Beobwon-ro 6-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05855, Korea
| | - Taeho Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Hwangseo Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Kwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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2
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Ashraf D, Khan MR, Dawson TM, Dawson VL. Protein Translation in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2393. [PMID: 38397070 PMCID: PMC10888601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, research into Parkinson's disease and similar neurodegenerative disorders has increasingly suggested that these conditions are synonymous with failures in proteostasis. However, the spotlight of this research has remained firmly focused on the tail end of proteostasis, primarily aggregation, misfolding, and degradation, with protein translation being comparatively overlooked. Now, there is an increasing body of evidence supporting a potential role for translation in the pathogenesis of PD, and its dysregulation is already established in other similar neurodegenerative conditions. In this paper, we consider how altered protein translation fits into the broader picture of PD pathogenesis, working hand in hand to compound the stress placed on neurons, until this becomes irrecoverable. We will also consider molecular players of interest, recent evidence that suggests that aggregates may directly influence translation in PD progression, and the implications for the role of protein translation in our development of clinically useful diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniyal Ashraf
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (D.A.); (M.R.K.)
- School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Box 111, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Mohammed Repon Khan
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (D.A.); (M.R.K.)
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130, USA
| | - Ted M. Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (D.A.); (M.R.K.)
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Valina L. Dawson
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (D.A.); (M.R.K.)
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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3
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Baidya AT, Deshwal S, Das B, Mathew AT, Devi B, Sandhir R, Kumar R. Catalyzing a Cure: Discovery and development of LRRK2 inhibitors for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:106972. [PMID: 37995640 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an age-related second most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Despite decades of research, no effective disease modifying therapeutics have reached clinics for treatment/management of PD. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) which controls membrane trafficking and lysosomal function and its variant LRRK2-G2019S are involved in the development of both familial and sporadic PD. LRRK2, is therefore considered as a legitimate target for the development of therapeutics against PD. During the last decade, efforts have been made to develop effective, safe and selective LRRK2 inhibitors and also our understanding about LRRK2 has progressed. However, there is an urge to learn from the previously designed and reported LRRK2 inhibitors in order to effectively approach designing of new LRRK2 inhibitors. In this review, we have aimed to cover the pre-clinical studies undertaken to develop small molecule LRRK2 inhibitors by screening the patents and other available literature in the last decade. We have highlighted LRRK2 as targets in the progress of PD and subsequently covered detailed design, synthesis and development of diverse scaffolds as LRRK2 inhibitors. Moreover, LRRK2 inhibitors under clinical development has also been discussed. LRRK2 inhibitors seem to be potential targets for future therapeutic interventions in the treatment and management of PD and this review can act as a cynosure for guiding discovery, design, and development of selective and non-toxic LRRK2 inhibitors. Although, there might be challenges in developing effective LRRK2 inhibitors, the opportunity to successfully develop novel therapeutics targeting LRRK2 against PD has never been greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Tk Baidya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.), Varanasi 221005, UP, India
| | - Sonam Deshwal
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Bhanuranjan Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.), Varanasi 221005, UP, India
| | - Alen T Mathew
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.), Varanasi 221005, UP, India
| | - Bharti Devi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.), Varanasi 221005, UP, India
| | - Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.), Varanasi 221005, UP, India.
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Cabezudo D, Tsafaras G, Van Acker E, Van den Haute C, Baekelandt V. Mutant LRRK2 exacerbates immune response and neurodegeneration in a chronic model of experimental colitis. Acta Neuropathol 2023; 146:245-261. [PMID: 37289222 PMCID: PMC10328902 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02595-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The link between the gut and the brain in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis is currently a subject of intense research. Indeed, gastrointestinal dysfunction is known as an early symptom in PD and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has recently been recognised as a risk factor for PD. The leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a PD- and IBD-related protein with highest expression in immune cells. In this study, we provide evidence for a central role of LRRK2 in gut inflammation and PD. The presence of the gain-of-function G2019S mutation significantly increases the disease phenotype and inflammatory response in a mouse model of experimental colitis based on chronic dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) administration. Bone marrow transplantation of wild-type cells into G2019S knock-in mice fully rescued this exacerbated response, proving the key role of mutant LRRK2 in immune cells in this experimental colitis model. Furthermore, partial pharmacological inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity also reduced the colitis phenotype and inflammation. Moreover, chronic experimental colitis also induced neuroinflammation and infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the brain of G2019S knock-in mice. Finally, combination of experimental colitis with overexpression of α-synuclein in the substantia nigra aggravated motor deficits and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in G2019S knock-in mice. Taken together, our results link LRRK2 with the immune response in colitis and provide evidence that gut inflammation can impact brain homeostasis and contribute to neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Cabezudo
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 1023, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - George Tsafaras
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 1023, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Van Acker
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 1023, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Van den Haute
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 1023, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Viral Vector Core, Herestraat 49, box 1023, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 1023, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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5
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Candito DA, Simov V, Gulati A, Kattar S, Chau RW, Lapointe BT, Methot JL, DeMong DE, Graham TH, Kurukulasuriya R, Keylor MH, Tong L, Morriello GJ, Acton JJ, Pio B, Liu W, Scott JD, Ardolino MJ, Martinot TA, Maddess ML, Yan X, Gunaydin H, Palte RL, McMinn SE, Nogle L, Yu H, Minnihan EC, Lesburg CA, Liu P, Su J, Hegde LG, Moy LY, Woodhouse JD, Faltus R, Xiong T, Ciaccio P, Piesvaux JA, Otte KM, Kennedy ME, Bennett DJ, DiMauro EF, Fell MJ, Neelamkavil S, Wood HB, Fuller PH, Ellis JM. Discovery and Optimization of Potent, Selective, and Brain-Penetrant 1-Heteroaryl-1 H-Indazole LRRK2 Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. J Med Chem 2022; 65:16801-16817. [PMID: 36475697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) kinase activity represents a genetically supported, chemically tractable, and potentially disease-modifying mechanism to treat Parkinson's disease. Herein, we describe the optimization of a novel series of potent, selective, central nervous system (CNS)-penetrant 1-heteroaryl-1H-indazole type I (ATP competitive) LRRK2 inhibitors. Type I ATP-competitive kinase physicochemical properties were integrated with CNS drug-like properties through a combination of structure-based drug design and parallel medicinal chemistry enabled by sp3-sp2 cross-coupling technologies. This resulted in the discovery of a unique sp3-rich spirocarbonitrile motif that imparted extraordinary potency, pharmacokinetics, and favorable CNS drug-like properties. The lead compound, 25, demonstrated exceptional on-target potency in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, excellent off-target kinase selectivity, and good brain exposure in rat, culminating in a low projected human dose and a pre-clinical safety profile that warranted advancement toward pre-clinical candidate enabling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Candito
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Vladimir Simov
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Anmol Gulati
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Solomon Kattar
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Ryan W Chau
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Blair T Lapointe
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Joey L Methot
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Duane E DeMong
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Thomas H Graham
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Ravi Kurukulasuriya
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Mitchell H Keylor
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Ling Tong
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey07033, United States
| | - Gregori J Morriello
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey07033, United States
| | - John J Acton
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey07033, United States
| | - Barbara Pio
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey07033, United States
| | - Weiguo Liu
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey07033, United States
| | - Jack D Scott
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey07033, United States
| | - Michael J Ardolino
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Theodore A Martinot
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Matthew L Maddess
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Xin Yan
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Hakan Gunaydin
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Rachel L Palte
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Spencer E McMinn
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Lisa Nogle
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Hongshi Yu
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Ellen C Minnihan
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Charles A Lesburg
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Ping Liu
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Jing Su
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey07033, United States
| | - Laxminarayan G Hegde
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Lily Y Moy
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Janice D Woodhouse
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Robert Faltus
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Tina Xiong
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Paul Ciaccio
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Jennifer A Piesvaux
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Karin M Otte
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Matthew E Kennedy
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | | | - Erin F DiMauro
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Matthew J Fell
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Santhosh Neelamkavil
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey07033, United States
| | - Harold B Wood
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey07033, United States
| | - Peter H Fuller
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - J Michael Ellis
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
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Thakur G, Kumar V, Lee KW, Won C. Structural Insights and Development of LRRK2 Inhibitors for Parkinson’s Disease in the Last Decade. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081426. [PMID: 36011337 PMCID: PMC9408223 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, characterized by the specific loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. The pathophysiology of PD is likely caused by a variety of environmental and hereditary factors. Many single-gene mutations have been linked to this disease, but a significant number of studies indicate that mutations in the gene encoding leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are a potential therapeutic target for both sporadic and familial forms of PD. Consequently, the identification of potential LRRK2 inhibitors has been the focus of drug discovery. Various investigations have been conducted in academic and industrial organizations to investigate the mechanism of LRRK2 in PD and further develop its inhibitors. This review summarizes the role of LRRK2 in PD and its structural details, especially the kinase domain. Furthermore, we reviewed in vitro and in vivo findings of selected inhibitors reported to date against wild-type and mutant versions of the LRRK2 kinase domain as well as the current trends researchers are employing in the development of LRRK2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Thakur
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Division of Life Sciences, Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK4 Program), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK4 Program), Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Chungkil Won
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Xie WS, Shehzadi K, Ma HL, Liang JH. A Potential Strategy for Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders by Regulation of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Human Brain. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:5315-5347. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220509114232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is a multistage mechanism that continues throughout the lifespan of human and non-human mammals. These adult-born neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) play a significant role in various hippocampus-dependent processes, including learning, mood regulation, pattern recognition, etc. Reduction of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, caused by multiple factors such as neurological disorders and aging, would impair neuronal proliferation and differentiation and result in memory loss. Accumulating studies have indicated that functional neuron impairment could be restored by promoting adult hippocampal neurogenesis. In this review, we summarized the small molecules that could efficiently promote the process of adult neurogenesis, particularly the agents that have the capacity of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and showed in vivo efficacy in mammalian brains. This may pave the way for the rational design of drugs to treat humnan neurodegenerative disorders in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Song Xie
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Kiran Shehzadi
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Hong-Le Ma
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jian-Hua Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
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8
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Patel A, Patel S, Mehta M, Patel Y, Langaliya D, Bhalodiya S, Bambharoliya T. Recent Update on the Development of Leucine- Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) Inhibitors: A Promising Target for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Med Chem 2022; 18:757-771. [PMID: 35168510 DOI: 10.2174/1573406418666220215122136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a relatively common neurological disorder with incidence increasing with age. Since current medications only relieve the symptoms and do not change the course of the disease, therefore, finding disease-modifying therapies is a critical unmet medical need. However, significant progress in understanding how genetics underpins Parkinson's disease (PD) has opened up new opportunities for understanding disease pathogenesis and identifying possible therapeutic targets. One such target is leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), an elusive enzyme implicated in both familial and idiopathic PD risk. As a result, both academia and industry have promoted the development of potent and selective inhibitors of LRRK2. In this review, we have summarized recent progress on the discovery and development of LRKK2 inhibitors as well as the bioactivity of several small-molecule LRRK2 inhibitors that have been used to inhibit LRRK2 kinase activity in vitro or in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT-Campus, Changa-388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Stuti Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT-Campus, Changa-388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Meshwa Mehta
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT-Campus, Changa-388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Yug Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT-Campus, Changa-388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhruv Langaliya
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT-Campus, Changa-388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Shyam Bhalodiya
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT-Campus, Changa-388421, Anand, Gujarat, India
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9
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Keylor MH, Gulati A, Kattar SD, Johnson RE, Chau RW, Margrey KA, Ardolino MJ, Zarate C, Poremba KE, Simov V, Morriello GJ, Acton JJ, Pio B, Yan X, Palte RL, McMinn SE, Nogle L, Lesburg CA, Adpressa D, Lin S, Neelamkavil S, Liu P, Su J, Hegde LG, Woodhouse JD, Faltus R, Xiong T, Ciaccio PJ, Piesvaux J, Otte KM, Wood HB, Kennedy ME, Bennett DJ, DiMauro EF, Fell MJ, Fuller PH. Structure-Guided Discovery of Aminoquinazolines as Brain-Penetrant and Selective LRRK2 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2021; 65:838-856. [PMID: 34967623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) protein has been genetically and functionally linked to Parkinson's disease (PD), a disabling and progressive neurodegenerative disorder whose current therapies are limited in scope and efficacy. In this report, we describe a rigorous hit-to-lead optimization campaign supported by structural enablement, which culminated in the discovery of brain-penetrant, candidate-quality molecules as represented by compounds 22 and 24. These compounds exhibit remarkable selectivity against the kinome and offer good oral bioavailability and low projected human doses. Furthermore, they showcase the implementation of stereochemical design elements that serve to enable a potency- and selectivity-enhancing increase in polarity and hydrogen bond donor (HBD) count while maintaining a central nervous system-friendly profile typified by low levels of transporter-mediated efflux and encouraging brain penetration in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell H Keylor
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Anmol Gulati
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Solomon D Kattar
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Rebecca E Johnson
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ryan W Chau
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kaila A Margrey
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Michael J Ardolino
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Cayetana Zarate
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kelsey E Poremba
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Vladimir Simov
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Gregori J Morriello
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - John J Acton
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Barbara Pio
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xin Yan
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Rachel L Palte
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Spencer E McMinn
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Lisa Nogle
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Charles A Lesburg
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Donovon Adpressa
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Shishi Lin
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Santhosh Neelamkavil
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ping Liu
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jing Su
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Laxminarayan G Hegde
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Janice D Woodhouse
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Robert Faltus
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Tina Xiong
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Paul J Ciaccio
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jennifer Piesvaux
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Karin M Otte
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Harold B Wood
- Merck & Co., Inc., 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Matthew E Kennedy
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | | | - Erin F DiMauro
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Matthew J Fell
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Peter H Fuller
- Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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10
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Bidesi NSR, Vang Andersen I, Windhorst AD, Shalgunov V, Herth MM. The role of neuroimaging in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2021; 159:660-689. [PMID: 34532856 PMCID: PMC9291628 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Two hallmarks of PD are the accumulation of alpha-synuclein and the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. There is no cure for PD, and all existing treatments focus on alleviating the symptoms. PD diagnosis is also based on the symptoms, such as abnormalities of movement, mood, and cognition observed in the patients. Molecular imaging methods such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET) can detect objective alterations in the neurochemical machinery of the brain and help diagnose and study neurodegenerative diseases. This review addresses the application of functional MRI, PET, and SPECT in PD patients. We provide an overview of the imaging targets, discuss the rationale behind target selection, the agents (tracers) with which the imaging can be performed, and the main findings regarding each target's state in PD. Molecular imaging has proven itself effective in supporting clinical diagnosis of PD and has helped reveal that PD is a heterogeneous disorder, which has important implications for the development of future therapies. However, the application of molecular imaging for early diagnosis of PD or for differentiation between PD and atypical parkinsonisms has remained challenging. The final section of the review is dedicated to new imaging targets with which one can detect the PD-related pathological changes upstream from dopaminergic degeneration. The foremost of those targets is alpha-synuclein. We discuss the progress of tracer development achieved so far and challenges on the path toward alpha-synuclein imaging in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha S R Bidesi
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Vang Andersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vladimir Shalgunov
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias M Herth
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Williamson DS, Smith GP, Mikkelsen GK, Jensen T, Acheson-Dossang P, Badolo L, Bedford ST, Chell V, Chen IJ, Dokurno P, Hentzer M, Newland S, Ray SC, Shaw T, Surgenor AE, Terry L, Wang Y, Christensen KV. Design and Synthesis of Pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidine-Derived Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) Inhibitors Using a Checkpoint Kinase 1 (CHK1)-Derived Crystallographic Surrogate. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10312-10332. [PMID: 34184879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and mutants, such as G2019S, have potential utility in Parkinson's disease treatment. Fragment hit-derived pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines underwent optimization using X-ray structures of LRRK2 kinase domain surrogates, based on checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) and a CHK1 10-point mutant. (2R)-2-Methylpyrrolidin-1-yl derivative 18 (LRRK2 G2019S cKi 0.7 nM, LE 0.66) was identified, with increased potency consistent with an X-ray structure of 18/CHK1 10-pt. mutant showing the 2-methyl substituent proximal to Ala147 (Ala2016 in LRRK2). Further structure-guided elaboration of 18 gave the 2-[(1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino] derivative 32. Optimization of 32 afforded diastereomeric oxolan-3-yl derivatives 44 and 45, which demonstrated a favorable in vitro PK profile, although they displayed species disconnects in the in vivo PK profile, and a propensity for P-gp- and/or BCRP-mediated efflux in a mouse model. Compounds 44 and 45 demonstrated high potency and exquisite selectivity for LRRK2 and utility as chemical probes for the study of LRRK2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Simon T Bedford
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
| | - Victoria Chell
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
| | - I-Jen Chen
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
| | - Pawel Dokurno
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
| | | | - Samantha Newland
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
| | - Stuart C Ray
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
| | - Terry Shaw
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
| | - Allan E Surgenor
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
| | - Lindsey Terry
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
| | - Yikang Wang
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd., Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GB, U.K
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12
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Kluss JH, Mazza MC, Li Y, Manzoni C, Lewis PA, Cookson MR, Mamais A. Preclinical modeling of chronic inhibition of the Parkinson's disease associated kinase LRRK2 reveals altered function of the endolysosomal system in vivo. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:17. [PMID: 33741046 PMCID: PMC7977595 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00441-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common mutation in the Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2), G2019S, causes familial Parkinson's Disease (PD) and renders the encoded protein kinase hyperactive. While targeting LRRK2 activity is currently being tested in clinical trials as a therapeutic avenue for PD, to date, the molecular effects of chronic LRRK2 inhibition have not yet been examined in vivo. We evaluated the utility of newly available phospho-antibodies for Rab substrates and LRRK2 autophosphorylation to examine the pharmacodynamic response to treatment with the potent and specific LRRK2 inhibitor, MLi-2, in brain and peripheral tissue in G2019S LRRK2 knock-in mice. We report higher sensitivity of LRRK2 autophosphorylation to MLi-2 treatment and slower recovery in washout conditions compared to Rab GTPases phosphorylation, and we identify pS106 Rab12 as a robust readout of downstream LRRK2 activity across tissues. The downstream effects of long-term chronic LRRK2 inhibition in vivo were evaluated in G2019S LRRK2 knock-in mice by phospho- and total proteomic analyses following an in-diet administration of MLi-2 for 10 weeks. We observed significant alterations in endolysosomal and trafficking pathways in the kidney that were sensitive to MLi-2 treatment and were validated biochemically. Furthermore, a subtle but distinct biochemical signature affecting mitochondrial proteins was observed in brain tissue in the same animals that, again, was reverted by kinase inhibition. Proteomic analysis in the lung did not detect any major pathway of dysregulation that would be indicative of pulmonary impairment. This is the first study to examine the molecular underpinnings of chronic LRRK2 inhibition in a preclinical in vivo PD model and highlights cellular processes that may be influenced by therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring LRRK2 physiological activity in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian H Kluss
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus, Reading, UK
| | - Melissa Conti Mazza
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Proteomic Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Claudia Manzoni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus, Reading, UK.,UCL School of Pharmacy, Brunswick Square, London, UK
| | - Patrick A Lewis
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights Campus, Reading, UK.,Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, UK.,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Adamantios Mamais
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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13
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Xie Z, Yang X, Duan Y, Han J, Liao C. Small-Molecule Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Nononcologic Diseases. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1283-1345. [PMID: 33481605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Great successes have been achieved in developing small-molecule kinase inhibitors as anticancer therapeutic agents. However, kinase deregulation plays essential roles not only in cancer but also in almost all major disease areas. Accumulating evidence has revealed that kinases are promising drug targets for different diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, central nervous system disorders, viral infections, and malaria. Indeed, the first small-molecule kinase inhibitor for treatment of a nononcologic disease was approved in 2011 by the U.S. FDA. To date, 10 such inhibitors have been approved, and more are in clinical trials for applications other than cancer. This Perspective discusses a number of kinases and their small-molecule inhibitors for the treatment of diseases in nononcologic therapeutic fields. The opportunities and challenges in developing such inhibitors are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouling Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yajun Duan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jihong Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Chenzhong Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Engineering, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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14
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Khamouli S, Belaidi S, Ouassaf M, Lanez T, Belaaouad S, Chtita S. Multi-combined 3D-QSAR, docking molecular and ADMET prediction of 5-azaindazole derivatives as LRRK2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:1285-1298. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1824815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saida Khamouli
- Group of Computational and Medicinal Chemistry, LMCE Laboratory, University of Biskra, Biskra, Algeria
| | - Salah Belaidi
- Group of Computational and Medicinal Chemistry, LMCE Laboratory, University of Biskra, Biskra, Algeria
| | - Mebarka Ouassaf
- Group of Computational and Medicinal Chemistry, LMCE Laboratory, University of Biskra, Biskra, Algeria
| | - Touhami Lanez
- VTRS Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of El Oued, El Oued, Algeria
| | - Said Belaaouad
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Faculty of Sciences Ben M’Sik, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Sidi Othman, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Samir Chtita
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Materials, Faculty of Sciences Ben M’Sik, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Sidi Othman, Casablanca, Morocco
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15
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Targeting leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:1953-1977. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a serine-threonine kinase involved in multiple cellular processes and signaling pathways. LRRK2 mutations are associated with autosomal-inherited Parkinson's disease (PD), and evidence suggests that LRRK2 pathogenic variants generally increase kinase activity. Therefore, inhibition of LRRK2 kinase function is a promising therapeutic strategy for PD treatment. The search for drug-like molecules capable of reducing LRRK2 kinase activity in PD led to the design of selective LRRK2 inhibitors predicted to be within the CNS drug-like space. This review highlights the journey that translates chemical tools for interrogating the role of LRRK2 in PD into promising drug candidates, addressing the challenges in discovering selective and brain-penetrant LRRK2 modulators and exploring the structure–activity relationship of distinct LRRK2 inhibitors.
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16
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Shore DGM, Sweeney ZK, Beresford A, Chan BK, Chen H, Drummond J, Gill A, Kleinheinz T, Liu X, Medhurst AD, McIver EG, Moffat JG, Zhu H, Estrada AA. Discovery of potent azaindazole leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitors possessing a key intramolecular hydrogen bond - Part 2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:674-680. [PMID: 30522953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of disease-modifying therapies for Parkinson's Disease (PD) represents a critical need in neurodegenerative medicine. Genetic mutations in LRRK2 are risk factors for the development of PD, and some of these mutations have been linked to increased LRRK2 kinase activity and neuronal toxicity in cellular and animal models. As such, research towards brain-permeable kinase inhibitors of LRRK2 has received much attention. In the course of a program to identify structurally diverse inhibitors of LRRK2 kinase activity, a 5-azaindazole series was optimized for potency, metabolic stability and brain penetration. A key design element involved the incorporation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond to increase permeability and potency against LRRK2. This communication will outline the structure-activity relationships of this matched pair series including the challenge of obtaining a desirable balance between metabolic stability and brain penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G M Shore
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Zachary K Sweeney
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Alan Beresford
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Bryan K Chan
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Huifen Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jason Drummond
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Andrew Gill
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Tracy Kleinheinz
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Xingrong Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Andrew D Medhurst
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, BioFocus, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, Essex CB10 1XL, UK
| | - Edward G McIver
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage SG1 2FX, UK
| | - John G Moffat
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Anthony A Estrada
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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17
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Sebastián-Pérez V, Martínez MJ, Gil C, Campillo NE, Martínez A, Ponzoni I. QSAR Modelling to Identify LRRK2 Inhibitors for Parkinson's Disease. J Integr Bioinform 2019; 16:/j/jib.ahead-of-print/jib-2018-0063/jib-2018-0063.xml. [PMID: 30763264 PMCID: PMC6798859 DOI: 10.1515/jib-2018-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative illnesses in older persons and the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is an auspicious target for its pharmacological treatment. In this work, quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models for identification of putative inhibitors of LRRK2 protein are developed by using an in-house chemical library and several machine learning techniques. The methodology applied in this paper has two steps: first, alternative subsets of molecular descriptors useful for characterizing LRRK2 inhibitors are chosen by a multi-objective feature selection method; secondly, QSAR models are learned by using these subsets and three different strategies for supervised learning. The qualities of all these QSAR models are compared by classical metrics and the best models are discussed in statistical and physicochemical terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Sebastián-Pérez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jimena Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencias e Ingeniería de la Computación (UNS-CONICET), Departamento de Ciencias e Ingeniería de la Computación, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Carmen Gil
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Eugenia Campillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ponzoni
- Instituto de Ciencias e Ingeniería de la Computación (UNS-CONICET), Departamento de Ciencias e Ingeniería de la Computación, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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18
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QSAR Modelling for Drug Discovery: Predicting the Activity of LRRK2 Inhibitors for Parkinson’s Disease Using Cheminformatics Approaches. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS, 12TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-98702-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
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19
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Siu M, Sengupta Ghosh A, Lewcock JW. Dual Leucine Zipper Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Neurodegeneration. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8078-8087. [PMID: 29863360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK, MAP3K12) is an essential driver of the neuronal stress response that regulates neurodegeneration in models of acute neuronal injury and chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and ALS. In this review, we provide an overview of DLK signaling mechanisms and describe selected small molecules that have been utilized to inhibit DLK kinase activity in vivo. These compounds represent valuable tools for understanding the role of DLK signaling and evaluating the potential for DLK inhibition as a therapeutic strategy to prevent neuronal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Siu
- Genentech, Inc. , 1 DNA Way , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | | | - Joseph W Lewcock
- Denali Therapeutics , 151 Oyster Point Boulevard , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
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20
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Shi Y, Mader M. Brain penetrant kinase inhibitors: Learning from kinase neuroscience discovery. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1981-1991. [PMID: 29752185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A recent review of kinase inhibitors in clinical trials for brain cancer noted differences in the properties of these compounds relative to the mean property parameters associated with drugs marketed for CNS-associated conditions. However, many of these kinase drugs arose from opportunistic observations of brain activity, rather than design or flow schemes focused on optimizing CNS penetration. Thus, this digest examines kinase inhibitors that have been developed specifically for neurodegenerative indications such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease, and considers design, flow scheme, and the physicochemical properties associated with compounds that have demonstrated brain penetrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Shi
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Mary Mader
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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21
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Williamson DS, Smith GP, Acheson-Dossang P, Bedford ST, Chell V, Chen IJ, Daechsel JCA, Daniels Z, David L, Dokurno P, Hentzer M, Herzig MC, Hubbard RE, Moore JD, Murray JB, Newland S, Ray SC, Shaw T, Surgenor AE, Terry L, Thirstrup K, Wang Y, Christensen KV. Design of Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) Inhibitors Using a Crystallographic Surrogate Derived from Checkpoint Kinase 1 (CHK1). J Med Chem 2017; 60:8945-8962. [PMID: 29023112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), such as G2019S, are associated with an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease. Surrogates for the LRRK2 kinase domain based on checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) mutants were designed, expressed in insect cells infected with baculovirus, purified, and crystallized. X-ray structures of the surrogates complexed with known LRRK2 inhibitors rationalized compound potency and selectivity. The CHK1 10-point mutant was preferred, following assessment of surrogate binding affinity with LRRK2 inhibitors. Fragment hit-derived arylpyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine LRRK2 inhibitors underwent structure-guided optimization using this crystallographic surrogate. LRRK2-pSer935 HEK293 IC50 data for 22 were consistent with binding to Ala2016 in LRRK2 (equivalent to Ala147 in CHK1 10-point mutant structure). Compound 22 was shown to be potent, moderately selective, orally available, and brain-penetrant in wild-type mice, and confirmation of target engagement was demonstrated, with LRRK2-pSer935 IC50 values for 22 in mouse brain and kidney being 1.3 and 5 nM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Williamson
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd. , Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GB, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Simon T Bedford
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd. , Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GB, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Chell
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd. , Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GB, United Kingdom
| | - I-Jen Chen
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd. , Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GB, United Kingdom
| | | | - Zoe Daniels
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd. , Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GB, United Kingdom
| | | | - Pawel Dokurno
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd. , Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GB, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Roderick E Hubbard
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd. , Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GB, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D Moore
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd. , Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GB, United Kingdom
| | - James B Murray
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd. , Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GB, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Newland
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd. , Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GB, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart C Ray
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd. , Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GB, United Kingdom
| | - Terry Shaw
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd. , Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GB, United Kingdom
| | - Allan E Surgenor
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd. , Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GB, United Kingdom
| | - Lindsey Terry
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd. , Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GB, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Thirstrup
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd. , Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GB, United Kingdom
| | - Yikang Wang
- Vernalis (R&D) Ltd. , Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6GB, United Kingdom
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22
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Smith GP, Badolo L, Chell V, Chen IJ, Christensen KV, David L, Daechsel JA, Hentzer M, Herzig MC, Mikkelsen GK, Watson SP, Williamson DS. The design and SAR of a novel series of 2-aminopyridine based LRRK2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4500-4505. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Assessing molecular scaffolds for CNS drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:965-969. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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24
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Salado IG, Zaldivar-Diez J, Sebastián-Pérez V, Li L, Geiger L, González S, Campillo NE, Gil C, Morales AV, Perez DI, Martinez A. Leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitors based on indolinone scaffold: Potential pro-neurogenic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 138:328-342. [PMID: 28688273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is one of the most pursued targets for Parkinson's disease (PD) therapy. Moreover, it has recently described its role in regulating Wnt signaling and thus, it may be involved in adult neurogenesis. This new hypothesis could give rise to double disease-modifying agents firstly by the benefits of inhibiting LRRK2 and secondly by promoting adult neurogenesis. Herein we report, the design, synthesis, biological evaluation, SAR and potential binding mode of indoline-like LRRK2 inhibitors and their preliminary neurogenic effect in neural precursor cells isolated from adult mice ventricular-subventricular zone. These results open new therapeutic horizons for the use of LRRK2 inhibitors as neuroregenerative agents. Moreover, the indolinone derivatives here prepared, inhibitors of the kinase activity of LRRK2, may be considered as pharmacological probes to study the potential neuroregeneration of the damaged brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene G Salado
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefa Zaldivar-Diez
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Sebastián-Pérez
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lingling Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Larissa Geiger
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia González
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria E Campillo
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Gil
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aixa V Morales
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel I Perez
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Martinez
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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25
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Cogo S, Greggio E, Lewis PA. Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2: beyond Parkinson's and beyond kinase inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:751-753. [PMID: 28609155 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1342968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Cogo
- a Department of Biology , University of Padova , Padua , Italy.,b School of Pharmacy , University of Reading , Reading , United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Greggio
- a Department of Biology , University of Padova , Padua , Italy
| | - Patrick A Lewis
- b School of Pharmacy , University of Reading , Reading , United Kingdom.,c Department of Molecular Neuroscience , UCL Institute of Neurology , London , United Kingdom
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26
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Wang M, Gao M, Xu Z, Zheng QH. Synthesis of [11C]HG-10-102-01 as a new potential PET agent for imaging of LRRK2 enzyme in Parkinson’s disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1351-1355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Originally thought to be nondruggable, kinases represent attractive drug targets for pharmaceutical companies and academia. To date, there are over 40 kinase inhibitors approved by the US FDA, with 32 of these being small molecules, in addition to the three mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor macrolides (sirolimus, temsirolimus and everolimus). Despite the rapid development of kinase inhibitors for cancer, presently none of these agents are approved for CNS indications. This mini perspective highlights selected kinase targets for CNS disorders, of which brain-permeable small-molecule inhibitors are reported, with demonstrated preclinical proof-of-concept efficacy. This is followed by a brief discussion on the key challenges of blood–brain barrier penetration and selectivity profiles in developing kinase inhibitors for CNS disorders.
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28
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Christensen KV, Smith GP, Williamson DS. Development of LRRK2 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017; 56:37-80. [PMID: 28314412 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Linkage and genome-wide association studies have identified a genetic risk locus for late-onset Parkinson's disease in chromosome 12, originally identified as PARK6. The causative gene was identified to code for a large multifunctional protein, LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2). The combined genetic and biochemical evidence supports a hypothesis in which the LRRK2 kinase function is causally involved in the pathogenesis of sporadic and familial forms of PD, and therefore that LRRK2 kinase inhibitors could be useful for treatment. Although LRRK2 has so far not been crystallised, the use of homology modelling and crystallographic surrogates has allowed the optimisation of chemical structures such that compounds of high selectivity with good brain penetration and appropriate pharmacokinetic properties are now available for understanding the biology of LRRK2 in vitro and in vivo. This chapter reviews LRRK2 biology, the structural biology of LRRK2 and gives an overview of inhibitors of LRRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Christensen
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark
| | - G P Smith
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark
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29
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Qin Q, Zhi LT, Li XT, Yue ZY, Li GZ, Zhang H. Effects of LRRK2 Inhibitors on Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurotransmission. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 23:162-173. [PMID: 27943591 PMCID: PMC5248597 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most prevalent cause of familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). Because most pathogenic LRRK2 mutations result in enhanced kinase activity, it suggests that LRRK2 inhibitors may serve as a potential treatment for PD. To evaluate whether LRRK2 inhibitors are effective therapies for PD, it is crucial to know whether LRRK2 inhibitors will affect dopaminergic (DAergic) neurotransmission. However, to date, there is no study to investigate the impact of LRRK2 inhibitors on DAergic neurotransmission. AIMS To address this gap in knowledge, we examined the effects of three types of LRRK2 inhibitors (LRRK2-IN-1, GSK2578215A, and GNE-7915) on dopamine (DA) release in the dorsal striatum using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry and DA neuron firing in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) using patch clamp in mouse brain slices. RESULTS We found that LRRK2-IN-1 at a concentration higher than 1 μM causes off-target effects and decreases DA release, whereas GSK2578215A and GNE-7915 do not. All three inhibitors at 1 μM have no effect on DA release and DA neuron firing rate. We have further assessed the effects of the inhibitors in two preclinical LRRK2 mouse models (i.e., BAC transgenic hG2019S and hR1441G) and demonstrated that GNE-7915 enhances DA release and synaptic vesicle mobilization/recycling. CONCLUSION GNE-7915 can be validated for further therapeutic development for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Qin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China.,Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lian-Teng Zhi
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xian-Ting Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhen-Yu Yue
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guo-Zhong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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G2385R and I2020T Mutations Increase LRRK2 GTPase Activity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:7917128. [PMID: 27314038 PMCID: PMC4897664 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7917128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The LRRK2 mutation is a major causal mutation in familial Parkinson's disease. Although LRRK2 contains functional GTPase and kinase domains and their activities are altered by pathogenic mutations, most studies focused on LRRK2 kinase activity because the most prevalent mutant, G2019S, enhances kinase activity. However, the G2019S mutation is extremely rare in the Asian population. Instead, the G2385R mutation was reported as a major risk factor in the Asian population. Similar to other LRRK2 studies, G2385R studies have also focused on kinase activity. Here, we investigated GTPase activities of G2385R with other LRRK2 mutants, such as G2019S, R1441C, and I2020T, as well as wild type (WT). Our results suggest that both I2020T and G2385R contain GTPase activities stronger than that of WT. A kinase assay using the commercial recombinant proteins showed that I2020T harbored stronger activity, whereas G2385R had weaker activity than that of WT, as reported previously. This is the first report of LRRK2 I2020T and G2385R GTPase activities and shows that most of the LRRK2 mutations that are pathogenic or a risk factor altered either kinase or GTPase activity, suggesting that their physiological consequences are caused by altered enzyme activities.
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31
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Activation Mechanism of LRRK2 and Its Cellular Functions in Parkinson's Disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 2016:7351985. [PMID: 27293958 PMCID: PMC4880697 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7351985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human LRRK2 (Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2) has been associated with both familial and idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). Although several LRRK2 mediated pathways and interaction partners have been identified, the cellular functions of LRRK2 and LRRK2 mediated progression of PD are still only partially understood. LRRK2 belongs to the group of Roco proteins which are characterized by the presence of a Ras-like G-domain (Roc), a C-terminal of Roc domain (COR), a kinase, and several protein-protein interaction domains. Roco proteins exhibit a complex activation mechanism involving intramolecular signaling, dimerization, and substrate/effector binding. Importantly, PD mutations in LRRK2 have been linked to a decreased GTPase and impaired kinase activity, thus providing putative therapeutic targets. To fully explore these potential targets it will be crucial to understand the function and identify the pathways responsible for LRRK2-linked PD. Here, we review the recent progress in elucidating the complex LRRK2 activation mechanism, describe the accumulating evidence that link LRRK2-mediated PD to mitochondrial dysfunction and aberrant autophagy, and discuss possible ways for therapeutically targeting LRRK2.
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32
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Meanwell NA. Improving Drug Design: An Update on Recent Applications of Efficiency Metrics, Strategies for Replacing Problematic Elements, and Compounds in Nontraditional Drug Space. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:564-616. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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33
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Gunaydin H. Probabilistic Approach to Generating MPOs and Its Application as a Scoring Function for CNS Drugs. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:89-93. [PMID: 26819672 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiparameter optimization (MPO) scoring functions are popular tools for providing guidance on how to design desired molecules in medicinal chemistry. The utility of a new probabilistic MPO (pMPO) scoring function method and its application as a scoring function for CNS drugs are described in this letter. In this new approach, a minimal number of statistically determined empirical boundaries is combined with the probability distribution of the desired molecules to define desirability functions. This approach attempts to minimize the number of parameters that define MPO scores while maintaining a high level of predictive power. Results obtained from a test-set of orally approved drugs show that the pMPO approach described here can be used to separate desired molecules from undesired ones with accuracy comparable to a Bayesian model with the advantage of better human interpretability. The application of this pMPO approach for blood-brain barrier penetrant drugs is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Gunaydin
- Department of Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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