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Guo C, Zhang G, Wu C, Lei Y, Wang Y, Yang J. Emerging trends in small molecule inhibitors targeting aldosterone synthase: A new paradigm in cardiovascular disease treatment. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 274:116521. [PMID: 38820853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) is the rate-limiting enzyme in aldosterone production. In recent years, CYP11B2 has become an appealing target for treating conditions associated with excess aldosterone, such as hypertension, heart failure, and cardiometabolic diseases. Several small-molecule inhibitors of CYP11B2 have demonstrated efficacy in both preclinical studies and clinical trials. Among them, the tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative Baxdrostat has entered clinical trial phases and demonstrated efficacy in treating patients with hypertension. However, the high homology (>93 %) between CYP11B2 and steroid-11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1), which catalyzes cortisol production, implies that insufficient drug specificity can lead to severe side effects. Developing selective inhibitors for CYP11B2 remains a considerable challenge that requires ongoing attention. This review summarizes recent research progress on small-molecule inhibitors targeting CYP11B2, focusing on structure-activity relationships (SAR) and structural optimization. It discusses strategies for enhancing the specificity and inhibitory activity of inhibitors, while also exploring potential applications and future prospects for CYP11B2 inhibitors, providing a theoretical foundation for developing the new generation of CYP11B2-targeted medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Guangbing Zhang
- Frontier Innovation Center for Dental Medicine Plus, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengyong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Lei
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, General Practice Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China.
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jinliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Research Unit of Gene and Immunotherapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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Meguro M, Miyauchi S, Kanao-Arisumi Y, Naito S, Suzuki K, Inoue S, Yamada K, Homma T, Chiba K, Nara F, Furuzono S. Identification of sulfonylpyrimidines as novel selective aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 108:117775. [PMID: 38851000 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
4-[(5-[2-Methyl-5-(methylsulfonyl)pentan-2-yl]sulfonylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino]benzonitrile 2 was identified as a novel potent aldosterone synthase inhibitor. Compound 2 was found to inhibit human CYP11B2 in the nanomolar range, and showed an aldosterone-lowering effect in a furosemide-treated cynomolgus monkey model. Although human CYP11B2 has the high homology sequence with human CYP11B1, compound 2 showed more than 80 times higher selectivity over human CYP11B1 in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Meguro
- Shinagawa R&D Center, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan.
| | - Satoru Miyauchi
- Technology Division, Technology Business Management Group, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-12-1, Shinomiya, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa 254-0014, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kanao-Arisumi
- Pharmaunion Co., Ltd., 1-23-39 Hiikawa, Jounan-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 814-0153, Japan
| | - Satoru Naito
- Site Operations Department, Shinagawa Site Operation Group, Daiichi Sankyo Business Associe Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Kanae Suzuki
- Shinagawa R&D Center, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Shinichi Inoue
- Daiichi Sankyo Inc., 211 Mt. Airy Road, Basking Ridge, NJ 07920, USA
| | - Keisuke Yamada
- Medical Affairs Division, Medical Affairs Planning Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 3-5-1, Nihonbashi-Honcho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8426, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Homma
- Shinagawa R&D Center, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Chiba
- Shinagawa R&D Center, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Futoshi Nara
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., 8-1-28, Akashicho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0044, Japan
| | - Shinji Furuzono
- Shinagawa R&D Center, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
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Crompton M, Skinner LJ, Satchell SC, Butler MJ. Aldosterone: Essential for Life but Damaging to the Vascular Endothelium. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1004. [PMID: 37371584 PMCID: PMC10296074 DOI: 10.3390/biom13061004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin angiotensin aldosterone system is a key regulator of blood pressure. Aldosterone is the final effector of this pathway, acting predominantly via mineralocorticoid receptors. Aldosterone facilitates the conservation of sodium and, with it, water and acts as a powerful stimulus for potassium excretion. However, evidence for the pathological impact of excess mineralocorticoid receptor stimulation is increasing. Here, we discussed how in the heart, hyperaldosteronism is associated with fibrosis, cardiac dysfunction, and maladaptive hypertrophy. In the kidney, aldosterone was shown to cause proteinuria and fibrosis and may contribute to the progression of kidney disease. More recently, studies suggested that aldosterone excess damaged endothelial cells. Here, we reviewed how damage to the endothelial glycocalyx may contribute to this process. The endothelial glycocalyx is a heterogenous, negatively charged layer on the luminal surface of cells. Aldosterone exposure alters this layer. The resulting structural changes reduced endothelial reactivity in response to protective shear stress, altered permeability, and increased immune cell trafficking. Finally, we reviewed current therapeutic strategies for limiting endothelial damage and suggested that preventing glycocalyx remodelling in response to aldosterone exposure may provide a novel strategy, free from the serious adverse effect of hyperkalaemia seen in response to mineralocorticoid blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matthew J. Butler
- Bristol Renal, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
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4
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Sterligov G, Ageshina AA, Rzhevskiy SA, Shurupova OV, Topchiy MA, Minaeva LI, Asachenko AF. One-Pot Modified Madelung Synthesis of 3-Tosyl- and 3-Cyano-1,2-disubstituted Indoles. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:38505-38511. [PMID: 36340104 PMCID: PMC9631411 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A One-pot, two-step procedure for the synthesis of 1,2-disubstituted-3-tosyl and 1,2-disubstituted-3-cyanoindoles from the corresponding N-(o-tolyl)benzamides is reported. The developed procedure is operationally simple, does not utilize any transition metals, and provides variably substituted indoles in good yields from readily available starting materials.
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5
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Wu J, Ding X, Tan X. A patent review of aldosterone synthase inhibitors (2014-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 32:13-28. [PMID: 34365871 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1965991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Aldosterone synthase (AS) is a key enzyme involved in the final three rate-limiting steps of the biosynthesis pathway of aldosterone, and its inhibition has been considered as an effective strategy to treat hypertension, heart failure, and related cardio-metabolic diseases. AREA COVERED This review provides an update on the discovery and development of aldosterone synthase inhibitors by means of patents published between January 2014 and March 2021. The molecules are classified by pharmaceutical company with progress that has been made in clinical trials being highlighted. EXPERT OPINION Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) and aldosterone synthase inhibitors (ASI) represent two of the main approaches for the blockade of aldosterone. Clinical success, as well as foreseen side effects of steroidal MRAs, prompted the discovery and development of ASI. Since the observation of decreased cortisol levels in clinical trials for LCI699, subsequent efforts have been largely focused on improving its selectivity over hCYP11B1. Candidates with improved potency and selectivity are under investigation across a wide range of indications. Whether ASI will provide an additional therapeutic advantage over current safe and selective non-steroidal MRAs is highly anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefei Tan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Shanghai, China
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Sander K, Gendron T, Cybulska KA, Sirindil F, Zhou J, Kalber TL, Lythgoe MF, Kurzawinski TR, Brown MJ, Williams B, Årstad E. Development of [ 18F]AldoView as the First Highly Selective Aldosterone Synthase PET Tracer for Imaging of Primary Hyperaldosteronism. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9321-9329. [PMID: 34137616 PMCID: PMC8273890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to synthesize a fluorine-18 labeled, highly selective aldosterone synthase (hCYP11B2) inhibitor, [18F]AldoView, and to assess its potential for the detection of aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) with positron emission tomography in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism (PHA). Using dibenzothiophene sulfonium salt chemistry, [18F]AldoView was obtained in high radiochemical yield in one step from [18F]fluoride. In mice, the tracer showed a favorable pharmacokinetic profile, including rapid distribution and clearance. Imaging in the adrenal tissue from patients with PHA revealed diffuse binding patterns in the adrenal cortex, avid binding in some adenomas, and "hot spots" consistent with aldosterone-producing cell clusters. The binding pattern was in good visual agreement with the antibody staining of hCYP11B2 and distinguished areas with normal and excessive hCYP11B2 expression. Taken together, [18F]AldoView is a promising tracer for the detection of APAs in patients with PHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Sander
- Centre for Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, University College London, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, U.K
| | - Thibault Gendron
- Centre for Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, University College London, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, U.K
| | - Klaudia A Cybulska
- Centre for Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, University College London, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, U.K
| | - Fatih Sirindil
- Centre for Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, University College London, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, U.K
| | - Junhua Zhou
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, U.K
| | - Tammy L Kalber
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, U.K
| | - Mark F Lythgoe
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, U.K
| | - Tom R Kurzawinski
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7DN, U.K
| | - Morris J Brown
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, U.K
| | - Bryan Williams
- NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 7DN, U.K.,Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Erik Årstad
- Centre for Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, University College London, 5 Gower Place, London WC1E 6BS, U.K
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Aldosterone synthase inhibitors for cardiovascular diseases: A comprehensive review of preclinical, clinical and in silico data. Pharmacol Res 2020; 163:105332. [PMID: 33271294 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Aldosterone, the main mineralocorticoid hormone, plays a fundamental role in maintaining blood pressure (BP)and volume under hypovolemic conditions. However, in numerous diseases, where it is produced in excess, it plays a detrimental role and contributes to cardiovascular events and ultimately to death in a multitude of patients. The seminal observation that the fungicide-derivative fadrozole blunted steroidogenesis has led to develop several agents to inhibit aldosterone synthase (AS, CYP11B2), the mitochondrial NADH-dependent enzyme that is necessary for aldosterone biosynthesis. Aldosterone synthase inhibitors (ASI) have, thereafter, been conceived and investigated in phase I and phase II studies. We herein reviewed the ASIs available so far considering their chemical structure, the related aldosterone synthase binding and pharmacodynamic properties. We also examined the promising results obtained with ASIs that have already been tested in phase II human studies.
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Liu Y, Wu J, Zhou M, Chen W, Li D, Wang Z, Hornsperger B, Aebi JD, Märki HP, Kuhn B, Wang L, Kuglstatter A, Benz J, Müller S, Hochstrasser R, Ottaviani G, Xin J, Kirchner S, Mohr S, Verry P, Riboulet W, Shen HC, Mayweg AV, Amrein K, Tan X. Discovery of 3-Pyridyl Isoindolin-1-one Derivatives as Potent, Selective, and Orally Active Aldosterone Synthase (CYP11B2) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6876-6897. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Sparks SM, Danger DP, Hoekstra WJ, Leesnitzer T, Schotzinger RJ, Yates CM, Becherer JD. Development of Highly Selective Pyrimidine-Based Aldosterone Synthase (CYP11B2) Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1056-1060. [PMID: 31312408 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess aldosterone production and signaling are primary contributors to numerous cardiovascular disorders including primary aldosteronism and resistant hypertension. Recently, inhibition of aldosterone synthesis via the enzyme aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) has been pursued to ameliorate the negative effects of elevated aldosterone. Herein, we report the development of aldosterone synthase inhibitors using a pyrimidine-based metal binding group leading to the highly selective CYP11B2 inhibitor 22. Superior selectivity combined with robust pharmacokinetics afforded highly selective in vivo aldosterone suppression in a monkey model of adrenal steroidogenesis, demonstrating the potential for selective aldosterone lowering in humans with pyrimidine 22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Sparks
- Selenity Therapeutics, 4505 Emperor Boulevard, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| | - Dana P. Danger
- OpAns, 4134 South Alston Avenue, Durham, North Carolina 27713, United States
| | - William J. Hoekstra
- Selenity Therapeutics, 4505 Emperor Boulevard, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| | - Tony Leesnitzer
- OpAns, 4134 South Alston Avenue, Durham, North Carolina 27713, United States
| | - Robert J. Schotzinger
- Selenity Therapeutics, 4505 Emperor Boulevard, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| | - Christopher M. Yates
- Selenity Therapeutics, 4505 Emperor Boulevard, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
| | - J. David Becherer
- Selenity Therapeutics, 4505 Emperor Boulevard, Durham, North Carolina 27703, United States
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10
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Benzophenones as xanthone-open model CYP11B1 inhibitors potentially useful for promoting wound healing. Bioorg Chem 2019; 86:401-409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Feelders RA, Newell-Price J, Pivonello R, Nieman LK, Hofland LJ, Lacroix A. Advances in the medical treatment of Cushing's syndrome. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2019; 7:300-312. [PMID: 30033041 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(18)30155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cushing's syndrome is associated with multisystem morbidity and, when suboptimally treated, increased mortality. Medical therapy is an option for patients if surgery is not successful and can be classified into pituitary-directed drugs, steroid synthesis inhibitors, and glucocorticoid receptor antagonists. In the last decade there have been new developments in each drug category. Targeting dopamine and somatostatin receptors on corticotroph adenomas with cabergoline or pasireotide, or both, controls cortisol production in up to 40% of patients. Potential new targets in corticotroph adenomas include the epidermal growth factor receptor, cyclin-dependent kinases, and heat shock protein 90. Osilodrostat and levoketoconazole are new inhibitors of steroidogenesis and are currently being evaluated in multicentre trials. CORT125134 is a new selective glucocorticoid receptor antagonist under investigation. We summarise the drug therapies for various forms of Cushing's syndrome and focus on emerging drugs and drug targets that have the potential for new and effective tailor-made pharmacotherapy for patients with Cushing's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Feelders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - John Newell-Price
- Academic Unit of Endocrinology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Rosario Pivonello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Università Federico II di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Lynnette K Nieman
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Diabetes and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andre Lacroix
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Research Centre, Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
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Abstract
The mineralocorticoid aldosterone is an important regulator of blood pressure and electrolyte balance. However, excess aldosterone can be deleterious as a driver of inflammation, vascular remodeling and tissue fibrosis associated with cardiometabolic diseases. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA) and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) antagonists are current clinical therapies used to antagonize deleterious effects of aldosterone in patients. MRAs compete with aldosterone for binding at its cognate receptor thereby limiting its effect while RAS antagonists reduce aldosterone levels indirectly by blocking the stimulatory effect of angiotensin. Both MRAs and RAS antagonists can result in incomplete inhibition of the harmful effects of excess aldosterone. Aldosterone synthase (AS) inhibitors (ASI) attenuate the production of aldosterone directly and have been proposed as an alternative to MRAs and RAS blockers. Cortisol synthase (CS) is an enzyme closely related to AS and responsible for generating the important glucocorticoid cortisol, required for maintaining critical metabolic and immune responses. The importance of selectivity against CS is shown by early examples of ASIs that were only modestly selective and as such, attenuated cortisol responses when evaluated in patients. Recently, next-generation, highly selective ASIs have been described and are presently being evaluated in the clinic as an alternative to angiotensin and MR antagonists for cardiometabolic disease. Herein we provide a brief review of the challenges associated with discovery of selective ASIs and the transition from the early compounds that paved the way toward the next-generation of highly selective ASIs currently under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Weldon
- Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States.
| | - Nicholas F Brown
- Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
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Sakakibara R, Sasaki W, Onda Y, Yamaguchi M, Ushirogochi H, Hiraga Y, Sato K, Nishio M, Egi Y, Takedomi K, Shimizu H, Ohbora T, Akahoshi F. Discovery of Novel Pyrazole-Based Selective Aldosterone Synthase (CYP11B2) Inhibitors: A New Template to Coordinate the Heme-Iron Motif of CYP11B2. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5594-5608. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Sakakibara
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Wataru Sasaki
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Yuichi Onda
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Minami Yamaguchi
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Hideki Ushirogochi
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Yuki Hiraga
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Kanako Sato
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Masashi Nishio
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Egi
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Kei Takedomi
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Shimizu
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ohbora
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Akahoshi
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50, Kawagishi, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
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14
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Drifting of heme-coordinating group in imidazolylmethylxanthones leading to improved selective inhibition of CYP11B1. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:60-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Lindsay-Scott PJ, Gallagher PT. Synthesis of heterocycles from arylacetonitriles: Powerful tools for medicinal chemists. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Hoyt SB, Taylor J, London C, Ali A, Ujjainwalla F, Tata J, Struthers M, Cully D, Wisniewski T, Ren N, Bopp C, Sok A, Verras A, McMasters D, Chen Q, Tung E, Tang W, Salituro G, Clemas J, Zhou G, MacNeil D, Duffy R, Xiong Y. Discovery of indazole aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) inhibitors as potential treatments for hypertension. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2384-2388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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17
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Meguro M, Miyauchi S, Kanao Y, Naito S, Suzuki K, Inoue S, Yamada K, Homma T, Chiba K, Nara F, Furuzono S. 4-Anilino-pyrimidine, novel aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) inhibitors bearing pyrimidine structures. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1902-1906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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18
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Petrilli WL, Hoyt SB, London C, McMasters D, Verras A, Struthers M, Cully D, Wisniewski T, Ren N, Bopp C, Sok A, Chen Q, Li Y, Tung E, Tang W, Salituro G, Knemeyer I, Karanam B, Clemas J, Zhou G, Gibson J, Shipley CA, MacNeil DJ, Duffy R, Tata JR, Ujjainwalla F, Ali A, Xiong Y. Discovery of Spirocyclic Aldosterone Synthase Inhibitors as Potential Treatments for Resistant Hypertension. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:128-132. [PMID: 28105288 PMCID: PMC5238464 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein we report the discovery and hit-to-lead optimization of a series of spirocyclic piperidine aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) inhibitors. Compounds from this series display potent CYP11B2 inhibition, good selectivity versus related CYP enzymes, and lead-like physical and pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney L. Petrilli
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Scott B. Hoyt
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Clare London
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Daniel McMasters
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andreas Verras
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mary Struthers
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Doris Cully
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Thomas Wisniewski
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ning Ren
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Charlene Bopp
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrea Sok
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Qing Chen
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ying Li
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Elaine Tung
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Wei Tang
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gino Salituro
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ian Knemeyer
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Bindhu Karanam
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Joseph Clemas
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gaochao Zhou
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jack Gibson
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Carrie Ann Shipley
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Douglas J. MacNeil
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ruth Duffy
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - James R. Tata
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Feroze Ujjainwalla
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Amjad Ali
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yusheng Xiong
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Chemistry Modeling & Informatics, Hypertension, Drug Metabolism
& Pharmacokinetics, and In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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19
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Imidazopyridyl compounds as aldosterone synthase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:143-146. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Bogman K, Schwab D, Delporte ML, Palermo G, Amrein K, Mohr S, De Vera Mudry MC, Brown MJ, Ferber P. Preclinical and Early Clinical Profile of a Highly Selective and Potent Oral Inhibitor of Aldosterone Synthase (CYP11B2). Hypertension 2016; 69:189-196. [PMID: 27872236 PMCID: PMC5142369 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.07716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Primary hyperaldosteronism is a common cause of resistant hypertension. Aldosterone is produced in the adrenal by aldosterone synthase (AS, encoded by the gene CYP11B2). AS shares 93% homology to 11β-hydroxylase (encoded by the gene CYP11B1), responsible for cortisol production. This homology has hitherto impeded the development of a drug, which selectively suppresses aldosterone but not cortisol production, as a new treatment for primary hyperaldosteronism. We now report the development of RO6836191 as a potent (Ki 13 nmol/L) competitive inhibitor of AS, with in vitro selectivity >100-fold over 11β-hydroxylase. In cynomolgus monkeys challenged with synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone, single doses of RO6836191 inhibited aldosterone synthesis without affecting the adrenocorticotropic hormone–induced rise in cortisol. In repeat-dose toxicity studies in monkeys, RO6836191 reproduced the adrenal changes of the AS−/− mouse: expansion of the zona glomerulosa; increased expression of AS (or disrupted green fluorescent protein gene in the AS−/− mouse); hypertrophy, proliferation, and apoptosis of zona glomerulosa cells. These changes in the monkey were partially reversible and partially preventable by electrolyte supplementation and treatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. In healthy subjects, single doses of RO6836191, across a 360-fold dose range, reduced plasma and urine aldosterone levels with maximum suppression at a dose of 10 mg, but unchanged cortisol, on adrenocorticotropic hormone challenge, up to 360 mg, and increase in the precursors 11-deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol only at or >90 mg. In conclusion, RO6836191 demonstrates that it is possible to suppress aldosterone production completely in humans without affecting cortisol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrijn Bogman
- From the Clinical Pharmacology (K.B., D.S., M.-L.D.), Biostatistics (G.P.), Discovery (K.A.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.M., M.C.D.V.M.), and Translational Medicine, Cardiovascular Diseases (P.F.), Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland; and Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (M.J.B).
| | - Dietmar Schwab
- From the Clinical Pharmacology (K.B., D.S., M.-L.D.), Biostatistics (G.P.), Discovery (K.A.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.M., M.C.D.V.M.), and Translational Medicine, Cardiovascular Diseases (P.F.), Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland; and Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (M.J.B)
| | - Marie-Laure Delporte
- From the Clinical Pharmacology (K.B., D.S., M.-L.D.), Biostatistics (G.P.), Discovery (K.A.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.M., M.C.D.V.M.), and Translational Medicine, Cardiovascular Diseases (P.F.), Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland; and Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (M.J.B)
| | - Giuseppe Palermo
- From the Clinical Pharmacology (K.B., D.S., M.-L.D.), Biostatistics (G.P.), Discovery (K.A.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.M., M.C.D.V.M.), and Translational Medicine, Cardiovascular Diseases (P.F.), Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland; and Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (M.J.B)
| | - Kurt Amrein
- From the Clinical Pharmacology (K.B., D.S., M.-L.D.), Biostatistics (G.P.), Discovery (K.A.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.M., M.C.D.V.M.), and Translational Medicine, Cardiovascular Diseases (P.F.), Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland; and Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (M.J.B)
| | - Susanne Mohr
- From the Clinical Pharmacology (K.B., D.S., M.-L.D.), Biostatistics (G.P.), Discovery (K.A.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.M., M.C.D.V.M.), and Translational Medicine, Cardiovascular Diseases (P.F.), Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland; and Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (M.J.B)
| | - Maria Cristina De Vera Mudry
- From the Clinical Pharmacology (K.B., D.S., M.-L.D.), Biostatistics (G.P.), Discovery (K.A.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.M., M.C.D.V.M.), and Translational Medicine, Cardiovascular Diseases (P.F.), Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland; and Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (M.J.B)
| | - Morris J Brown
- From the Clinical Pharmacology (K.B., D.S., M.-L.D.), Biostatistics (G.P.), Discovery (K.A.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.M., M.C.D.V.M.), and Translational Medicine, Cardiovascular Diseases (P.F.), Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland; and Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (M.J.B)
| | - Philippe Ferber
- From the Clinical Pharmacology (K.B., D.S., M.-L.D.), Biostatistics (G.P.), Discovery (K.A.), Pharmaceutical Sciences (S.M., M.C.D.V.M.), and Translational Medicine, Cardiovascular Diseases (P.F.), Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland; and Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (M.J.B)
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21
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Gobbi S, Hu Q, Zimmer C, Belluti F, Rampa A, Hartmann RW, Bisi A. Targeting Steroidogenic Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) with 6-Substituted 1-Imidazolylmethylxanthones. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1770-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gobbi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Via Belmeloro 6 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Qingzhong Hu
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry; Saarland University & Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS); Universitätscampus E8 1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Christina Zimmer
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry; Saarland University & Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS); Universitätscampus E8 1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Federica Belluti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Via Belmeloro 6 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Angela Rampa
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Via Belmeloro 6 40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry; Saarland University & Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS); Universitätscampus E8 1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Alessandra Bisi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology; University of Bologna; Via Belmeloro 6 40126 Bologna Italy
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22
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Martin RE, Lehmann J, Alzieu T, Lenz M, Carnero Corrales MA, Aebi JD, Märki HP, Kuhn B, Amrein K, Mayweg AV, Britton R. Synthesis of annulated pyridines as inhibitors of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2). Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:5922-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00848h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of potent and selective aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) inhibitors were prepared in one step through an intermolecular Kondrat'eva reaction.
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