1
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Gill JK, Shaw GS. Using Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) to Understand the Ubiquitination Landscape. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400193. [PMID: 38632088 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a fluorescence technique that allows quantitative measurement of protein interactions, kinetics and dynamics. This review covers the use of FRET to study the structures and mechanisms of ubiquitination and related proteins. We survey FRET assays that have been developed where donor and acceptor fluorophores are placed on E1, E2 or E3 enzymes and ubiquitin (Ub) to monitor steady-state and real-time transfer of Ub through the ubiquitination cascade. Specialized FRET probes placed on Ub and Ub-like proteins have been developed to monitor Ub removal by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) that result in a loss of a FRET signal upon cleavage of the FRET probes. FRET has also been used to understand conformational changes in large complexes such as multimeric E3 ligases and the proteasome, frequently using sophisticated single molecule methods. Overall, FRET is a powerful tool to help unravel the intricacies of the complex ubiquitination system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jashanjot Kaur Gill
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A5C1
| | - Gary S Shaw
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A5C1
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2
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Park SY, Kim MW, Kang JH, Hwang JH, Choi H, Park J, Seong JK, Yoon YS, Oh SH. Loss of Ninjurin1 alleviates acetaminophen-induced liver injury via enhancing AMPKα-NRF2 pathway. Life Sci 2024; 350:122782. [PMID: 38848941 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP), a widely used pain and fever reliever, is a major contributor to drug-induced liver injury, as its toxic metabolites such as NAPQI induce oxidative stress and hepatic necrosis. While N-acetylcysteine serves as the primary treatment for APAP-induced liver injury (AILI), its efficacy is confined to a narrow window of 8-24 h post-APAP overdose. Beyond this window, liver transplantation emerges as the final recourse, prompting ongoing research to pinpoint novel therapeutic targets aimed at enhancing AILI treatment outcomes. Nerve injury-induced protein 1 (Ninjurin1; Ninj1), initially recognized as an adhesion molecule, has been implicated in liver damage stemming from factors like TNFα and ischemia-reperfusion. Nonetheless, its role in oxidative stress-related liver diseases, including AILI, remains unexplored. In this study, we observed up-regulation of Ninj1 expression in the livers of both human DILI patients and the AILI mouse model. Through the utilization of Ninj1 null mice, hepatocyte-specific Ninj1 KO mice, and myeloid-specific Ninj1 KO mice, we unveiled that the loss of Ninj1 in hepatocytes, rather than myeloid cells, exerts alleviative effects on AILI irrespective of sex dependency. Further in vitro experiments demonstrated that Ninj1 deficiency shields hepatocytes from APAP-induced oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunctions, and cell death by bolstering NRF2 stability via activation of AMPKα. In summary, our findings imply that Ninj1 likely plays a role in AILI, and its deficiency confers protection against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity through the AMPKα-NRF2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Yong Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Woo Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21963, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ho Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21963, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21963, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21963, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeo Sung Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Oh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Bagal SK, Astles PC, Diène C, Argyrou A, Crafter C, Cassar DJ, Fallan C, Hock A, Jones T, Moreau K, Lamont GM, Lamont S, Michaloglou C, Packer MJ, Pike A, Ramos-Montoya A, Scott JS, Shaw J, Shologu Z. Discovery of a Series of Orally Bioavailable Androgen Receptor Degraders for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer. J Med Chem 2024; 67:11732-11750. [PMID: 38991141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling plays a key role in the progression of prostate cancer. This study describes the discovery and optimization of a novel series of AR PROTAC degraders that recruit the Cereblon (CRBN) E3 ligase. Having identified a series of AR ligands based on 4-(4-phenyl-1-piperidyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile, our PROTAC optimization strategy focused on linker connectivity and CRBN ligand SAR to deliver potent degradation of AR in LNCaP cells. This work culminated in compounds 11 and 16 which demonstrated good rodent oral bioavailability. Subsequent SAR around the AR binding region brought in an additional desirable feature, degradation of the important treatment resistance mutation L702H. Compound 22 (AZ'3137) possessed an attractive profile showing degradation of AR and L702H mutant AR with good oral bioavailability across species. The compound also inhibited AR signaling in vitro and tumor growth in vivo in a mouse prostate cancer xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Coura Diène
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | | | | | | | | | - Andreas Hock
- Discovery Sciences R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Thomas Jones
- Discovery Sciences R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | - Kevin Moreau
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | | | - Scott Lamont
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | | | | | - Andy Pike
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
| | | | | | - Joseph Shaw
- Discovery Sciences R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, U.K
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4
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Steinebach C, Bricelj A, Murgai A, Sosič I, Bischof L, Ng YLD, Heim C, Maiwald S, Proj M, Voget R, Feller F, Košmrlj J, Sapozhnikova V, Schmidt A, Zuleeg MR, Lemnitzer P, Mertins P, Hansen FK, Gütschow M, Krönke J, Hartmann MD. Leveraging Ligand Affinity and Properties: Discovery of Novel Benzamide-Type Cereblon Binders for the Design of PROTACs. J Med Chem 2023; 66:14513-14543. [PMID: 37902300 PMCID: PMC10641816 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Immunomodulatory imide drugs (IMiDs) such as thalidomide, pomalidomide, and lenalidomide are the most common cereblon (CRBN) recruiters in proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) design. However, these CRBN ligands induce the degradation of IMiD neosubstrates and are inherently unstable, degrading hydrolytically under moderate conditions. In this work, we simultaneously optimized physiochemical properties, stability, on-target affinity, and off-target neosubstrate modulation features to develop novel nonphthalimide CRBN binders. These efforts led to the discovery of conformationally locked benzamide-type derivatives that replicate the interactions of the natural CRBN degron, exhibit enhanced chemical stability, and display a favorable selectivity profile in terms of neosubstrate recruitment. The utility of the most potent ligands was demonstrated by their transformation into potent degraders of BRD4 and HDAC6 that outperform previously described reference PROTACs. Together with their significantly decreased neomorphic ligase activity on IKZF1/3 and SALL4, these ligands provide opportunities for the design of highly selective and potent chemically inert proximity-inducing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleša Bricelj
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Arunima Murgai
- Department
of Hematology, Oncology, and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin
Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Izidor Sosič
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luca Bischof
- Max
Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yuen Lam Dora Ng
- Department
of Hematology, Oncology, and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin
Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher Heim
- Max
Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Samuel Maiwald
- Max
Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matic Proj
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rabea Voget
- Pharmaceutical
Institute, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Felix Feller
- Pharmaceutical
Institute, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Janez Košmrlj
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, SI 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Valeriia Sapozhnikova
- Department
of Hematology, Oncology, and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin
Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
- Max
Delbrück
Center for Molecular Medicine, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
- German
Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, DKFZ, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annika Schmidt
- Department
of Hematology, Oncology, and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin
Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian Rudolf Zuleeg
- Department
of Hematology, Oncology, and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin
Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patricia Lemnitzer
- Department
of Hematology, Oncology, and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin
Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Mertins
- Max
Delbrück
Center for Molecular Medicine, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin
Institute of Health, D-10178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Finn K. Hansen
- Pharmaceutical
Institute, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical
Institute, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Krönke
- Department
of Hematology, Oncology, and Cancer Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin
Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
- German
Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, DKFZ, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus D. Hartmann
- Max
Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty
Institute of Biochemistry, University of
Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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5
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Park SY, Gurung R, Hwang JH, Kang JH, Jung HJ, Zeb A, Hwang JI, Park SJ, Maeng HJ, Shin D, Oh SH. Development of KEAP1-targeting PROTAC and its antioxidant properties: In vitro and in vivo. Redox Biol 2023; 64:102783. [PMID: 37348157 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress due to abnormal accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an initiator of a large number of human diseases, and thus, the elimination and prevention of excessive ROS are important aspects of preventing the development of such diseases. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is an essential transcription factor that defends against oxidative stress, and its function is negatively controlled by Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1). Therefore, activating NRF2 by inhibiting KEAP1 is viewed as a strategy for combating oxidative stress-related diseases. Here, we generated a cereblon (CRBN)-based proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC), which we named SD2267, that induces the proteasomal degradation of KEAP1 and leads to NRF2 activation. As was intended, SD2267 bound to KEAP1, recruited CRBN, and induced the degradation of KEAP1. Furthermore, the KEAP1 degradation efficacy of SD2267 was diminished by MG132 (a proteasomal degradation inhibitor) but not by chloroquine (an autophagy inhibitor), which suggested that KEAP1 degradation by SD2267 was proteasomal degradation-dependent and autophagy-independent. Following KEAP1 degradation, SD2267 induced the nuclear translocation of NRF2, which led to the expression of NRF2 target genes and attenuated ROS accumulation induced by acetaminophen (APAP) in hepatocytes. Based on in vivo pharmacokinetic study, SD2267 was injected intraperitoneally at 1 or 3 mg/kg in APAP-induced liver injury mouse model. We observed that SD2267 degraded hepatic KEAP1 and attenuated APAP-induced liver damage. Summarizing, we described the synthesis of a KEAP1-targeting PROTAC (SD2267) and its efficacy and mode of action in vitro and in vivo. The results obtained suggest that SD2267 could be used to treat hepatic diseases related to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Yong Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Raju Gurung
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ho Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Alam Zeb
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Ik Hwang
- Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jean Park
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Joo Maeng
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyun Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung Hyun Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Heim C, Spring AK, Kirchgäßner S, Schwarzer D, Hartmann MD. Cereblon neo-substrate binding mimics the recognition of the cyclic imide degron. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 646:30-35. [PMID: 36701892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In targeted protein degradation, immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) or cereblon (CRBN) E3 ligase modulatory drugs (CELMoDs) recruit neo-substrate proteins to the E3 ubiquitin ligase receptor CRBN for ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. While the structural basis of this mechanism is generally understood, we have only recently described the recognition mode of the natural CRBN degron. In this communication, we reveal that the IMiD- or CELMoD-mediated binding of neo-substrates closely mimics the recognition of natural degrons. In crystal structures, we identify a conserved binding mode for natural degron peptides with an elaborate hydrogen bonding network involving the backbone of each of the six C-terminal degron residues, without the involvement of side chains. In a structural comparison, we show that neo-substrates recruited by IMiDs or CELMoDs emulate every single hydrogen bond of this network and thereby explain the origins of the largely sequence-independent recognition of neo-substrates. Our results imply that the V388I substitution in CRBN does not impair natural degron recognition and complete the structural basis for the rational design of CRBN effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Heim
- Max Planck Institute for Biology, Tübingen, Germany; Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; NanoTemper Technologies GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Sören Kirchgäßner
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Schwarzer
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcus D Hartmann
- Max Planck Institute for Biology, Tübingen, Germany; Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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7
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Liu Y, Song Y, Xu Y, Jiang M, Lu H. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a novel series of 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)isoquinoline-1,3(2 H,4 H)-dione derivatives as cereblon modulators. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:1715-1723. [PMID: 35698881 PMCID: PMC9225785 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2087219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we designed and synthesised a novel series of 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)isoquinoline-1,3(2H,4H)-dione derivatives as cereblon (CRBN) modulators. The results of the CCK8 assay revealed potent antiproliferative activity for the selected compound 10a against NCI-H929 (IC50=2.25 µM) and U239 (IC50=5.86 µM) cell lines. Compound 10a also can inhibit the TNF-α level (IC50=0.76 µM) in LPS stimulated PMBC and showed nearly no toxicity to this normal human cell line. The TR-FRET assay showed compound 10a having potent inhibitory activity against CRBN (IC50=4.83 µM), and the docking study confirmed a nice fitting of 10a into the active sites of CRBN. Further biology studies revealed compound 10a can increase the apoptotic events, arrest the NCI-H929 cells at G0/G1 cell cycle, and induce the ubiquitination degradation of IKZF1 and IKZF3 proteins by CRL4CRBN. These preliminary results suggested that compound 10a could serve as a potential antitumor drug and worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuming Song
- Department of VIP Unit, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingju Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Meixu Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haibin Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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8
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Heim C, Spring AK, Kirchgäßner S, Schwarzer D, Hartmann MD. Identification and structural basis of C-terminal cyclic imides as natural degrons for cereblon. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 637:66-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Ichikawa S, Flaxman HA, Xu W, Vallavoju N, Lloyd HC, Wang B, Shen D, Pratt MR, Woo CM. The E3 ligase adapter cereblon targets the C-terminal cyclic imide degron. Nature 2022; 610:775-782. [PMID: 36261529 PMCID: PMC10316063 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin E3 ligase substrate adapter cereblon (CRBN) is a target of thalidomide and lenalidomide1, therapeutic agents used in the treatment of haematopoietic malignancies2-4 and as ligands for targeted protein degradation5-7. These agents are proposed to mimic a naturally occurring degron; however, the structural motif recognized by the thalidomide-binding domain of CRBN remains unknown. Here we report that C-terminal cyclic imides, post-translational modifications that arise from intramolecular cyclization of glutamine or asparagine residues, are physiological degrons on substrates for CRBN. Dipeptides bearing the C-terminal cyclic imide degron substitute for thalidomide when embedded within bifunctional chemical degraders. Addition of the degron to the C terminus of proteins induces CRBN-dependent ubiquitination and degradation in vitro and in cells. C-terminal cyclic imides form adventitiously on physiologically relevant timescales throughout the human proteome to afford a degron that is endogenously recognized and removed by CRBN. The discovery of the C-terminal cyclic imide degron defines a regulatory process that may affect the physiological function and therapeutic engagement of CRBN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Ichikawa
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hope A Flaxman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wenqing Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nandini Vallavoju
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hannah C Lloyd
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Binyou Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dacheng Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew R Pratt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christina M Woo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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10
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Heim C, Hartmann MD. High-resolution structures of the bound effectors avadomide (CC-122) and iberdomide (CC-220) highlight advantages and limitations of the MsCI4 soaking system. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2022; 78:290-298. [PMID: 35234143 PMCID: PMC8900816 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798322000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Using the MsCI4 soaking system, the binding of the next-generation thalidomide-derived immunomodulatory drugs avadomide (CC-122) and iberdomide (CC-220) to cereblon was characterized at high resolution, highlighting the utility of the MsCI4 system for studies of the structure–activity relationship of cereblon effectors. Cereblon (CRBN) is the substrate receptor of the CRL4CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase and is a central player in targeted protein degradation. It is the target of the thalidomide-derived immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) and is one of the most widely employed receptors for proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), both of which induce the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Structural studies of ligand binding to CRBN are crucial to elucidate the mechanisms of action and for mediation of side effects, ultimately aiding the development of next-generation IMiDs and PROTACs. With this aim, a crystal-soaking system based on the single-domain bacterial homologue MsCI4 has previously been established and used to delineate the binding modes of several classes of small molecules, including FDA-approved drugs, at the molecular level. Here, this system was used to characterize the binding of the next-generation IMiDs avadomide (CC-122) and iberdomide (CC-220) at high resolution, highlighting the advantages and limitations of the MsCI4 system and its implications for the development of future cereblon effectors.
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11
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Tao Y, Chen L, Pan M, Zhu F, Zhu D. Tailored Biosensors for Drug Screening, Efficacy Assessment, and Toxicity Evaluation. ACS Sens 2021; 6:3146-3162. [PMID: 34516080 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors have been flourishing in the field of drug discovery with pronounced developments in the past few years. They facilitate the screening and discovery of innovative drugs. However, there is still a lack of critical reviews that compare the merits and shortcomings of these biosensors from a pharmaceutical point of view. This contribution presents a critical and up-to-date overview on the recent progress of tailored biosensors, including surface plasmon resonance, fluorescent, photoelectrochemical, and electrochemical systems with emphasis on their mechanisms and applications in drug screening, efficacy assessment, and toxicity evaluation. Multiple functional nanomaterials have also been incorporated into the biosensors. Representative examples of each type of biosensors are discussed in terms of design strategy, response mechanism, and potential applications. In the end, we also compare the results and summarize the major insights gained from the works, demonstrating the challenges and prospects of biosensors-assisted drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Meiling Pan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Fei Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Dong Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
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12
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Hsueh SC, Luo W, Tweedie D, Kim DS, Kim YK, Hwang I, Gil JE, Han BS, Chiang YH, Selman W, Hoffer BJ, Greig NH. N-Adamantyl Phthalimidine: A New Thalidomide-like Drug That Lacks Cereblon Binding and Mitigates Neuronal and Synaptic Loss, Neuroinflammation, and Behavioral Deficits in Traumatic Brain Injury and LPS Challenge. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:980-1000. [PMID: 33860215 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation contributes to delayed secondary cell death following traumatic brain injury (TBI), has the potential to chronically exacerbate the initial insult, and represents a therapeutic target that has largely failed to translate into human efficacy. Thalidomide-like drugs have effectively mitigated neuroinflammation across cellular and animal models of TBI and neurodegeneration but are complicated by adverse actions in humans. We hence developed N-adamantyl phthalimidine (NAP) as a new thalidomide-like drug to mitigate inflammation without binding to cereblon, a key target associated with the antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, and teratogenic actions seen in this drug class. We utilized a phenotypic drug discovery approach that employed multiple cellular and animal models and ultimately examined immunohistochemical, biochemical, and behavioral measures following controlled cortical impact (CCI) TBI in mice. NAP mitigated LPS-induced inflammation across cellular and rodent models and reduced oligomeric α-synuclein and amyloid-β mediated inflammation. Following CCI TBI, NAP mitigated neuronal and synaptic loss, neuroinflammation, and behavioral deficits, and is unencumbered by cereblon binding, a key protein underpinning the teratogenic and adverse actions of thalidomide-like drugs in humans. In summary, NAP represents a new class of thalidomide-like drugs with anti-inflammatory actions for promising efficacy in the treatment of TBI and potentially longer-term neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih Chang Hsueh
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Weiming Luo
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - David Tweedie
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - Dong Seok Kim
- AevisBio, Inc., Gaithersburg Maryland 20878, United States.,Aevis Bio, Inc., Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Kyung Kim
- Aevis Bio, Inc., Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Hwang
- Aevis Bio, Inc., Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Gil
- Aevis Bio, Inc., Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Baek-Soo Han
- Research Center for Biodefence, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Warren Selman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Barry J Hoffer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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13
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Heim C, Maiwald S, Steinebach C, Collins MK, Strope J, Chau CH, Figg WD, Gütschow M, Hartmann MD. On the correlation of cereblon binding, fluorination and antiangiogenic properties of immunomodulatory drugs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 534:67-72. [PMID: 33310190 PMCID: PMC7815984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cereblon (CRBN), the substrate receptor of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, is a target of thalidomide and thalidomide-derived immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs). The binding of these IMiDs to CRBN alters the substrate specificity of the ligase, thereby mediating multiple effects that are exploited in cancer therapy. However, to date, it is not clear which other possible targets might be involved in the efficacy of IMiDs. One especially prominent effect of a number of thalidomide analogs is their ability to inhibit angiogenesis, which is typically enhanced in fluorinated analogs. So far, the involvement of CRBN in antiangiogenic effects is under debate. Here, starting from a systematic set of thalidomide analogs and employing a quantitative in vitro CRBN-binding assay, we study the correlation of fluorination, CRBN binding and antiangiogenic effects. We clearly identify fluorination to correlate both with CRBN binding affinity and with antiangiogenic effects, but do not find a correlation between the latter two phenomena, indicating that the main target for the antiangiogenic effects of thalidomide analogs still remains to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Heim
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Samuel Maiwald
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Matthew K Collins
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Strope
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cindy H Chau
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William D Figg
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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14
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Maiwald S, Heim C, Hernandez Alvarez B, Hartmann MD. Sweet and Blind Spots in E3 Ligase Ligand Space Revealed by a Thermophoresis-Based Assay. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 12:74-81. [PMID: 33488967 PMCID: PMC7812675 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
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Repurposing E3 ubiquitin ligases
for targeted protein degradation
via customized molecular glues or proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs)
is an increasingly important therapeutic modality. Currently, a major
limitation in the design of suitable molecular glues and PROTACs is
our fragmentary understanding of E3 ligases and their ligand space.
We here describe a quantitative assay for the discovery and characterization
of E3 ligase ligands that is based on the thermophoretic behavior
of a custom reporter ligand. Thereby, it is orthogonal to commonly
employed fluorescence-based assays and less affected by the optical
properties of test compounds. It can be employed for the high-throughput
screening of compound libraries for a given ligase but also for hit
validation, which we demonstrate with the identification of unexpected
well-binders and non-binders, yielding new insights into the ligand
space of cereblon (CRBN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Maiwald
- Department of Protein Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Max-Planck-Ring 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christopher Heim
- Department of Protein Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Max-Planck-Ring 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birte Hernandez Alvarez
- Department of Protein Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Max-Planck-Ring 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcus D. Hartmann
- Department of Protein Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Max-Planck-Ring 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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15
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Lin W, Li Y, Min J, Liu J, Yang L, Lee RE, Chen T. Development of BODIPY FL Thalidomide As a High-Affinity Fluorescent Probe for Cereblon in a Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Assay. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:2564-2575. [PMID: 33070611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ligands for cereblon, a component of a functional E3 ligase complex that targets proteins for proteolysis, are critical for developing molecular glues and proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), which have therapeutic implications for various diseases. However, the lack of sensitivity of previously reported assays limits characterization of cereblon ligands. To address this shortcoming, we developed BODIPY FL thalidomide (10) as a high-affinity fluorescent probe for the human cereblon protein, with a Kd value of 3.6 nM. We then used BODIPY FL thalidomide (10) to develop a cereblon time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) binding assay. The IC50 values of the cereblon ligand pomalidomide (8) were 6.4 nM in our cereblon TR-FRET binding assay, 264.8 nM in a previously reported Cy5-conjugated thalidomide (7)-mediated fluorescence polarization (FP) assay, and 1.2 μM in a previously reported Cy5-conjugated cereblon modulator (compound 7) (9)-mediated TR-FRET assay, indicating that our cereblon TR-FRET binding assay is 41- and 187-fold more sensitive than these two previously published assays. With our cereblon TR-FRET binding assay, we detected binding of cereblon ligands but not binding of bromodomain-containing protein 4 or von Hippel-Lindau ligands, thereby demonstrating its selectivity. Our cereblon TR-FRET binding assay was very stable and detected changes in phthalimide activity due to thalidomide isomerization. Therefore, the BODIPY FL thalidomide (10)-mediated cereblon TR-FRET binding assay we designed is highly sensitive, selective, and stable and will aid the development and characterization of novel cereblon ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Lin
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 1000, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Yongtao Li
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 1000, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Jaeki Min
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 1000, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Jiuyu Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 1000, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 1000, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Richard E Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 1000, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Mail Stop 1000, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
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16
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Heim C, Pliatsika D, Mousavizadeh F, Bär K, Hernandez Alvarez B, Giannis A, Hartmann MD. De-Novo Design of Cereblon (CRBN) Effectors Guided by Natural Hydrolysis Products of Thalidomide Derivatives. J Med Chem 2019; 62:6615-6629. [PMID: 31251063 PMCID: PMC6750895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation via cereblon (CRBN), a substrate receptor of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, is an increasingly important strategy in various clinical settings, in which the substrate specificity of CRBN is altered via the binding of small-molecule effectors. To date, such effectors are derived from thalidomide and confer a broad substrate spectrum that is far from being fully characterized. Here, we employed a rational and modular approach to design novel and minimalistic CRBN effectors. In this approach, we took advantage of the binding modes of hydrolyzed metabolites of several thalidomide-derived effectors, which we elucidated via crystallography. These yielded key insights for the optimization of the minimal core binding moiety and its linkage to a chemical moiety that imparts substrate specificity. Based on this scaffold, we present a first active de-novo CRBN effector that is able to degrade the neo-substrate IKZF3 in the cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Heim
- Department
of Protein Evolution, Max Planck Institute
for Developmental Biology, Max-Planck-Ring 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dimanthi Pliatsika
- Faculty
for Chemistry und Mineralogy, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Farnoush Mousavizadeh
- Faculty
for Chemistry und Mineralogy, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Bär
- Department
of Protein Evolution, Max Planck Institute
for Developmental Biology, Max-Planck-Ring 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birte Hernandez Alvarez
- Department
of Protein Evolution, Max Planck Institute
for Developmental Biology, Max-Planck-Ring 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Athanassios Giannis
- Faculty
for Chemistry und Mineralogy, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marcus D. Hartmann
- Department
of Protein Evolution, Max Planck Institute
for Developmental Biology, Max-Planck-Ring 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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17
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Steinebach C, Sosič I, Lindner S, Bricelj A, Kohl F, Ng YLD, Monschke M, Wagner KG, Krönke J, Gütschow M. A MedChem toolbox for cereblon-directed PROTACs. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1037-1041. [PMID: 31304001 PMCID: PMC6596386 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00185a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A modular chemistry toolbox was developed for cereblon-directed PROTACs. A variety of linkers was attached to a CRBN ligand via the 4-amino position of pomalidomide. We used linkers of different constitution to modulate physicochemical properties. We equipped one terminus of the linker with a set of functional groups, e.g. protected amines, protected carboxylic acids, alkynes, chloroalkanes, and protected alcohols, all of which are considered to be attractive for PROTAC design. We also highlight different opportunities for the expansion of the medicinal chemists' PROTAC toolbox towards heterobifunctional molecules, e.g. with biotin, fluorescent, hydrophobic and peptide tags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Steinebach
- Pharmaceutical Institute , Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , 53121 Bonn , Germany .
| | - Izidor Sosič
- Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Ljubljana , 1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Stefanie Lindner
- Department of Internal Medicine III , University Hospital Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 23 , 89081 Ulm , Germany
| | - Aleša Bricelj
- Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Ljubljana , 1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Franziska Kohl
- Pharmaceutical Institute , Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , 53121 Bonn , Germany .
| | - Yuen Lam Dora Ng
- Department of Internal Medicine III , University Hospital Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 23 , 89081 Ulm , Germany
| | - Marius Monschke
- Pharmaceutical Institute , Pharmaceutical Technology , University of Bonn , Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 3 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Karl G Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Institute , Pharmaceutical Technology , University of Bonn , Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 3 , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Jan Krönke
- Department of Internal Medicine III , University Hospital Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 23 , 89081 Ulm , Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute , Pharmaceutical Chemistry I , University of Bonn , An der Immenburg 4 , 53121 Bonn , Germany .
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18
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Boichenko I, Bär K, Deiss S, Heim C, Albrecht R, Lupas AN, Hernandez Alvarez B, Hartmann MD. Chemical Ligand Space of Cereblon. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:11163-11171. [PMID: 31459225 PMCID: PMC6644994 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The protein cereblon serves as a substrate receptor of a ubiquitin ligase complex that can be tuned toward different target proteins by cereblon-binding agents. This approach to targeted protein degradation is exploited in different clinical settings and has sparked the development of a growing number of thalidomide derivatives. Here, we probe the chemical space of cereblon binding beyond such derivatives and work out a simple set of chemical requirements, delineating the metaclass of cereblon effectors. We report co-crystal structures for a diverse set of compounds, including commonly used pharmaceuticals, but also find that already minimalistic cereblon-binding moieties might exert teratogenic effects in zebrafish. Our results may guide the design of a post-thalidomide generation of therapeutic cereblon effectors and provide a framework for the circumvention of unintended cereblon binding by negative design for future pharmaceuticals.
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19
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Matyskiela ME, Zhang W, Man HW, Muller G, Khambatta G, Baculi F, Hickman M, LeBrun L, Pagarigan B, Carmel G, Lu CC, Lu G, Riley M, Satoh Y, Schafer P, Daniel TO, Carmichael J, Cathers BE, Chamberlain PP. A Cereblon Modulator (CC-220) with Improved Degradation of Ikaros and Aiolos. J Med Chem 2017; 61:535-542. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Matyskiela
- 1Celgene Corporation, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite
100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Weihong Zhang
- 1Celgene Corporation, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite
100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Hon-Wah Man
- 1Celgene Corporation, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite
100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - George Muller
- 1Celgene Corporation, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite
100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Godrej Khambatta
- 1Celgene Corporation, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite
100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Frans Baculi
- 1Celgene Corporation, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite
100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Matthew Hickman
- 1Celgene Corporation, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite
100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Laurie LeBrun
- 1Celgene Corporation, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite
100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Barbra Pagarigan
- 1Celgene Corporation, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite
100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Gilles Carmel
- 1Celgene Corporation, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite
100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Chin-Chun Lu
- 1Celgene Corporation, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite
100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Gang Lu
- 1Celgene Corporation, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite
100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mariko Riley
- 1Celgene Corporation, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite
100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yoshitaka Satoh
- 1Celgene Corporation, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite
100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Peter Schafer
- 1Celgene Corporation, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite
100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Thomas O. Daniel
- 1Celgene Corporation, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite
100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - James Carmichael
- 1Celgene Corporation, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite
100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brian E. Cathers
- 1Celgene Corporation, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite
100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Philip P. Chamberlain
- 1Celgene Corporation, 10300 Campus Point Drive, Suite
100, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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20
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Radioligand binding assay for accurate determination of nuclear retinoid X receptors: A case of triorganotin endocrine disrupting ligands. Toxicol Lett 2016; 254:32-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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