1
|
Chen Y, Guo Y, Li S, Xu J, Ning W, Zhao C, Wang J, Qu Y, Zhang M, Zhou W, Cui Q, Zhang H. Remdesivir inhibits the progression of glioblastoma by enhancing endoplasmic reticulum stress. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:114037. [PMID: 36427388 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive primary malignant brain tumors. The major challenge is the lack of effective therapeutic drugs due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and tumor heterogeneity. Remdesivir (RDV), a new member of the nucleotide analog family, has previously been shown to have excellent antiviral effects and BBB penetration, and was predicted here to have anti-GBM effects. In vitro experiments, RDV significantly inhibited the growth of GBM cells, with IC50 values markedly lower than those of normal cell lines or the same cell lines treated with temozolomide. Moreover, in multiple mouse models, RDV not only distinctly inhibited the progression and improved the prognosis of GBM but also exhibited a promising biosafety profile, as manifested by the lack of significant body weight loss, liver or kidney dysfunction or organ structural damage after administration. Furthermore, we investigated the anti-GBM mechanism by RNA-seq and identified that RDV might induce apoptosis of GBM cells by enhancing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activating the PERK-mediated unfolded protein response. In conclusion, our results indicated that RDV might serve as a novel agent for GBM treatment by increasing ER stress and inducing apoptosis in GBM cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yuduo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Shenglun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jiacheng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Weihai Ning
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yanming Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Mingshan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Wanlu Zhou
- Co., Ltd of JeaMoon Technology, 6Rd Middle Zuojiazhuang, Beijing 100028, China
| | - Qinghua Cui
- Co., Ltd of JeaMoon Technology, 6Rd Middle Zuojiazhuang, Beijing 100028, China.
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanbo Brain Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100093, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yokoyama T, Fujii S, Ostermann A, Schrader TE, Nabeshima Y, Mizuguchi M. Neutron crystallographic analysis of the nucleotide-binding domain of Hsp72 in complex with ADP. IUCRJ 2022; 9:562-572. [PMID: 36071806 PMCID: PMC9438496 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252522006297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The 70 kDa heat-shock proteins (Hsp70s) are ATP-dependent molecular chaperones that contain an N-terminal nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and a C-terminal substrate-binding domain. Hsp70s bind to misfolded/unfolded proteins and thereby prevent their aggregation. The ATP hydrolysis reaction in the NBD plays a key role in allosteric control of the binding of substrate proteins. In the present study, the neutron crystal structure of the NBD of Hsp72, a heat-inducible Hsp70 family member, was solved in complex with ADP in order to study the structure-function relationship with a focus on hydrogens. ADP bound to Hsp72 was fully deprotonated, and the catalytically important residues, including Asp10, Asp199 and Asp206, are also deprotonated. Neutron analysis also enabled the characterization of the water clusters in the NBD. Enzymatic assays and X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed that the Y149A mutation exhibited a higher ATPase activity and caused disruption of the water cluster and incorporation of an additional magnesium ion. Tyr149 was suggested to contribute to the low intrinsic ATPase activity and to stabilize the water cluster. Collectively, these structural studies will help to elucidate the molecular basis of the function of Hsp72.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yokoyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugkitani, Toyama 930-0914, Japan
| | - Shiho Fujii
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugkitani, Toyama 930-0914, Japan
| | - Andreas Ostermann
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universtät München, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Tobias E. Schrader
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Yuko Nabeshima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugkitani, Toyama 930-0914, Japan
| | - Mineyuki Mizuguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugkitani, Toyama 930-0914, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moll A, Ramirez LM, Ninov M, Schwarz J, Urlaub H, Zweckstetter M. Hsp multichaperone complex buffers pathologically modified Tau. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3668. [PMID: 35760815 PMCID: PMC9237115 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31396-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder in which misfolding and aggregation of pathologically modified Tau is critical for neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. The two central chaperones Hsp70 and Hsp90 coordinate protein homeostasis, but the nature of the interaction of Tau with the Hsp70/Hsp90 machinery has remained enigmatic. Here we show that Tau is a high-affinity substrate of the human Hsp70/Hsp90 machinery. Complex formation involves extensive intermolecular contacts, blocks Tau aggregation and depends on Tau’s aggregation-prone repeat region. The Hsp90 co-chaperone p23 directly binds Tau and stabilizes the multichaperone/substrate complex, whereas the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CHIP efficiently disassembles the machinery targeting Tau to proteasomal degradation. Because phosphorylated Tau binds the Hsp70/Hsp90 machinery but is not recognized by Hsp90 alone, the data establish the Hsp70/Hsp90 multichaperone complex as a critical regulator of Tau in neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by the accumulation of aggregated tau protein. Here the authors find that Hsp chaperones, which normally protect cell homeostasis, can assemble with co-chaperones in a “multichaperone machinery” to target tau aggregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Moll
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,Department for NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lisa Marie Ramirez
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,Department for NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Momchil Ninov
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,University Medical Center Goettingen, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Bioanalytics, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Juliane Schwarz
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,University Medical Center Goettingen, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Bioanalytics, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,University Medical Center Goettingen, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Bioanalytics, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Von-Siebold-Str. 3a, 37075, Göttingen, Germany. .,Department for NMR-based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Unravelling the Interaction of Piperlongumine with the Nucleotide-Binding Domain of HSP70: A Spectroscopic and In Silico Study. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14121298. [PMID: 34959698 PMCID: PMC8703466 DOI: 10.3390/ph14121298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Piperlongumine (PPL) is an alkaloid extracted from several pepper species that exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties. Nevertheless, the molecular mode of action of PPL that confers such powerful pharmacological properties remains unknown. From this perspective, spectroscopic methods aided by computational modeling were employed to characterize the interaction between PPL and nucleotide-binding domain of heat shock protein 70 (NBD/HSP70), which is involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy along with time-resolved fluorescence revealed the complex formation based on a static quenching mechanism. Van't Hoff analyses showed that the binding of PPL toward NBD is driven by equivalent contributions of entropic and enthalpic factors. Furthermore, IDF and Scatchard methods applied to fluorescence intensities determined two cooperative binding sites with Kb of (6.3 ± 0.2) × 104 M-1. Circular dichroism determined the thermal stability of the NBD domain and showed that PPL caused minor changes in the protein secondary structure. Computational simulations elucidated the microenvironment of these interactions, showing that the binding sites are composed mainly of polar amino acids and the predominant interaction of PPL with NBD is Van der Waals in nature.
Collapse
|
5
|
Aljoundi A, El Rashedy A, Soliman MES. Distinguishing the optimal binding mechanism through reversible and irreversible inhibition analysis of HSP72 protein in cancer therapy. Comput Biol Med 2021; 132:104301. [PMID: 33751994 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, covalent inhibitors have gained much interest and are living up to their reputation as a powerful tool in drug discovery. Covalent inhibitors possess several significant advantages, including increased biochemical efficiency, prolonged duration and the ability to target shallow, solvent-exposed substrate-binding domains. One of the enzymes that have been both covalently and non-covalently targeted is the heat shock protein 72 (HSP72). This elevated enzyme expression in cancer cells may be responsible for tumorigenesis and tumor progression by providing chemotherapy resistance. A critical gap remains in the molecular understanding of the structural mechanism's covalent and non-covalent binding to HSP72. In this study, we explore the most optimal binding mechanism in the inhibition of the HSP72. Based on the molecular dynamic analyses, it was evident that the non-covalent complex showed more stability than the covalent complex. The covalent ligand, however, was more able to induce and stabilize the sealed conformation of the HSP72-NBD ATP binding domain throughout the. Also, the non-covalent ligand does not induce any significant conformational change as it remained close to the shape of the unbound complex; and the affinity is only dependent on the multiple hydrogen bonds in contrast to the covalent ligand. This is supported by the secondary structure elements and principal component analysis that was more dominant in the covalently inhibited complex. Covalent bond induced the α-helices sealed conformation of the HSP72-NBD; based on our findings, this will prevent other small molecules from interacting at the ATP binding site domain. Moreover, inhibition of the ATP binding domain can directly affect the ATPs protein folding mechanism of the HSP72 enzyme. The essential dynamic analysis presented in this report compliments the binding mechanism of HSP72, establishing covalent inhibition as the preferred method of inhibiting the HSP72 protein. The findings from this study may assist in the design of more target-specific HSP72 covalent inhibitors exploring the surface-exposed lysine residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aimen Aljoundi
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Ahmed El Rashedy
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E S Soliman
- Molecular Bio-computation and Drug Design Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Detailed Characterization of the Cooperative Binding of Piperine with Heat Shock Protein 70 by Molecular Biophysical Approaches. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120629. [PMID: 33353024 PMCID: PMC7766160 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, for the first time, details of the complex formed by heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) independent nucleotide binding domain (NBD) and piperine were characterized through experimental and computational molecular biophysical methods. Fluorescence spectroscopy results revealed positive cooperativity between the two binding sites. Circular dichroism identified secondary conformational changes. Molecular dynamics along with molecular mechanics Poisson Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) reinforced the positive cooperativity, showing that the affinity of piperine for NBD increased when piperine occupied both binding sites instead of one. The spontaneity of the complexation was demonstrated through the Gibbs free energy (∆G < 0 kJ/mol) for different temperatures obtained experimentally by van’t Hoff analysis and computationally by umbrella sampling with the potential of mean force profile. Furthermore, the mean forces which drove the complexation were disclosed by van’t Hoff and MM/PBSA as being the non-specific interactions. In conclusion, the work revealed characteristics of NBD and piperine interaction, which may support further drug discover studies.
Collapse
|
7
|
Jones AM. Dialling-In New Reactivity into the Shono-Type Anodic Oxidation Reaction. CHEM REC 2020; 21:2120-2129. [PMID: 33146948 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This Personal Account describes the author's groups' research in the field of electrosynthetic anodic oxidation, beginning with initial trial and error attempts with the Shono oxidation. Early setbacks with complex rotameric amide mixtures, provided the ideal environment for the discovery of the Oxa-Shono reaction-Osp 2 -Csp 3 bond cleavage of esters-providing two useful products in one-step: aldehyde selective oxidation level products and a mild de-esterification method to afford carboxylic acids in the process. The development of the Oxa-Shono reaction provided the impetus for the discovery of other electrically propelled-Nsp 2 -Csp 2 and Nsp 2 -Csp 3 -bond breaking reactions in bioactive amide and sulfonamide systems. Understanding the voltammetric behaviour of the molecule under study, switching between controlled current- or controlled potential- electrolysis, and restricting electron flow (the reagent), affords exquisite control over the reaction outcomes in batch and flow. Importantly, this bio-inspired advance in electrosynthetic dealkylation chemistry mimics the metabolic outcomes observed in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Jones
- School of Pharmacy, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Darby JF, Vidler LR, Simpson PJ, Al-Lazikani B, Matthews SJ, Sharp SY, Pearl LH, Hoelder S, Workman P. Solution structure of the Hop TPR2A domain and investigation of target druggability by NMR, biochemical and in silico approaches. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16000. [PMID: 32994435 PMCID: PMC7524759 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71969-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone that plays an important role in tumour biology by promoting the stabilisation and activity of oncogenic 'client' proteins. Inhibition of Hsp90 by small-molecule drugs, acting via its ATP hydrolysis site, has shown promise as a molecularly targeted cancer therapy. Owing to the importance of Hop and other tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-containing cochaperones in regulating Hsp90 activity, the Hsp90-TPR domain interface is an alternative site for inhibitors, which could result in effects distinct from ATP site binders. The TPR binding site of Hsp90 cochaperones includes a shallow, positively charged groove that poses a significant challenge for druggability. Herein, we report the apo, solution-state structure of Hop TPR2A which enables this target for NMR-based screening approaches. We have designed prototype TPR ligands that mimic key native 'carboxylate clamp' interactions between Hsp90 and its TPR cochaperones and show that they block binding between Hop TPR2A and the Hsp90 C-terminal MEEVD peptide. We confirm direct TPR-binding of these ligands by mapping 1H-15N HSQC chemical shift perturbations to our new NMR structure. Our work provides a novel structure, a thorough assessment of druggability and robust screening approaches that may offer a potential route, albeit difficult, to address the chemically challenging nature of the Hop TPR2A target, with relevance to other TPR domain interactors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John F Darby
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Lewis R Vidler
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Peter J Simpson
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Bruker UK Ltd, Banner Lane, Coventry, CV4 9GH, UK
| | - Bissan Al-Lazikani
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Stephen J Matthews
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Swee Y Sharp
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Laurence H Pearl
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
- Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Swen Hoelder
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Paul Workman
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Convergence Science Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research and Imperial College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Aljoundi A, El Rashedy A, Appiah-Kubi P, Soliman MES. Coupling of HSP72 α-Helix Subdomains by the Unexpected Irreversible Targeting of Lysine-56 over Cysteine-17; Coevolution of Covalent Bonding. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184239. [PMID: 32947765 PMCID: PMC7570744 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent inhibition has recently gained a resurgence of interest in several drug discovery areas. The expansion of this approach is based on evidence elucidating the selectivity and potency of covalent inhibitors when bound to particular amino acids of a biological target. The unexpected covalent inhibition of heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) by covalently targeting Lys-56 instead of Cys-17 was an interesting observation. However, the structural basis and conformational changes associated with this preferential coupling to Lys-56 over Cys-17 remain unclear. To resolve this mystery, we employed structural and dynamic analyses to investigate the structural basis and conformational dynamics associated with the unexpected covalent inhibition. Our analyses reveal that the coupling of the irreversible inhibitor to Lys-56 is intrinsically less dynamic than Cys-17. Conformational dynamics analyses further reveal that the coupling of the inhibitor to Lys-56 induced a closed conformation of the nucleotide-binding subdomain (NBD) α-helices, in contrast, an open conformation was observed in the case of Cys-17. The closed conformation maintained the crucial salt-bridge between Glu-268 and Lys-56 residues, which strengthens the interaction affinity of the inhibitor nearly identical to adenosine triphosphate (ADP/Pi) bound to the HSP72-NBD. The outcome of this report provides a substantial shift in the conventional direction for the design of more potent covalent inhibitors.
Collapse
|
10
|
Albakova Z, Armeev GA, Kanevskiy LM, Kovalenko EI, Sapozhnikov AM. HSP70 Multi-Functionality in Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030587. [PMID: 32121660 PMCID: PMC7140411 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 70-kDa heat shock proteins (HSP70s) are abundantly present in cancer, providing malignant cells selective advantage by suppressing multiple apoptotic pathways, regulating necrosis, bypassing cellular senescence program, interfering with tumor immunity, promoting angiogenesis and supporting metastasis. This direct involvement of HSP70 in most of the cancer hallmarks explains the phenomenon of cancer "addiction" to HSP70, tightly linking tumor survival and growth to the HSP70 expression. HSP70 operates in different states through its catalytic cycle, suggesting that it can multi-function in malignant cells in any of these states. Clinically, tumor cells intensively release HSP70 in extracellular microenvironment, resulting in diverse outcomes for patient survival. Given its clinical significance, small molecule inhibitors were developed to target different sites of the HSP70 machinery. Furthermore, several HSP70-based immunotherapy approaches were assessed in clinical trials. This review will explore different roles of HSP70 on cancer progression and emphasize the importance of understanding the flexibility of HSP70 nature for future development of anti-cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zarema Albakova
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia; (G.A.A.); (A.M.S.)
- Department of Immunology, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (L.M.K.); (E.I.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Grigoriy A. Armeev
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia; (G.A.A.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Leonid M. Kanevskiy
- Department of Immunology, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (L.M.K.); (E.I.K.)
| | - Elena I. Kovalenko
- Department of Immunology, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (L.M.K.); (E.I.K.)
| | - Alexander M. Sapozhnikov
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia; (G.A.A.); (A.M.S.)
- Department of Immunology, Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (L.M.K.); (E.I.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Workman P. Reflections and Outlook on Targeting HSP90, HSP70 and HSF1 in Cancer: A Personal Perspective. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1243:163-179. [PMID: 32297218 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-40204-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This personal perspective focuses on small-molecule inhibitors of proteostasis networks in cancer-specifically the discovery and development of chemical probes and drugs acting on the molecular chaperones HSP90 and HSP70, and on the HSF1 stress pathway. Emphasis is on progress made and lessons learned and a future outlook is provided. Highly potent, selective HSP90 inhibitors have proved invaluable in exploring the role of this molecular chaperone family in biology and disease pathology. Clinical activity was observed, especially in non small cell lung cancer and HER2 positive breast cancer. Optimal use of HSP90 inhibitors in oncology will likely require development of creative combination strategies. HSP70 family members have proved technically harder to drug. However, recent progress has been made towards useful chemical tool compounds and these may signpost future clinical drug candidates. The HSF1 stress pathway is strongly validated as a target for cancer therapy. HSF1 itself is a ligandless transcription factor that is extremely challenging to drug directly. HSF1 pathway inhibitors have been identified mostly by phenotypic screening, including a series of bisamides from which a clinical candidate has been identified for treatment of ovarian cancer, multiple myeloma and potentially other cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Workman
- CRUK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pettinger J, Carter M, Jones K, Cheeseman MD. Kinetic Optimization of Lysine-Targeting Covalent Inhibitors of HSP72. J Med Chem 2019; 62:11383-11398. [PMID: 31725295 PMCID: PMC6959841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The covalent inhibition mechanism of action, which overcomes competition with high-affinity, high-abundance substrates of challenging protein targets, can deliver effective chemical probes and drugs. The success of this strategy has centered on exposed cysteine residues as nucleophiles but the low abundance of cysteine in the proteome has limited its application. We have recently reported our discovery that lysine-56 in the difficult-to-drug target HSP72 could form a covalent bond with a small-molecule inhibitor. We now disclose the optimization of these targeted covalent inhibitors using rational design. Essential to our optimization was the development of a new covalent fluorescence polarization assay, which allows for the direct measurement of the key kinetic parameter in covalent inhibitor design, kinact/KI, extrapolation of the underlying parameters, kinact and Ki, and direct comparison to reversible analogues. Using our approach, we demonstrate a >100-fold enhancement in covalent efficiency and key learnings in lysine-selective electrophile optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Pettinger
- Cancer Research UK Cancer
Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer
Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Carter
- Cancer Research UK Cancer
Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer
Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Jones
- Cancer Research UK Cancer
Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer
Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew D. Cheeseman
- Cancer Research UK Cancer
Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer
Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Combination of Anti-Cancer Drugs with Molecular Chaperone Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215284. [PMID: 31652993 PMCID: PMC6862641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Most molecular chaperones belonging to heat shock protein (HSP) families are known to protect cancer cells from pathologic, environmental and pharmacological stress factors and thereby can hamper anti-cancer therapies. In this review, we present data on inhibitors of the heat shock response (particularly mediated by the chaperones HSP90, HSP70, and HSP27) either as a single treatment or in combination with currently available anti-cancer therapeutic approaches. An overview of the current literature reveals that the co-administration of chaperone inhibitors and targeting drugs results in proteotoxic stress and violates the tumor cell physiology. An optimal drug combination should simultaneously target cytoprotective mechanisms and trigger the imbalance of the tumor cell physiology.
Collapse
|
14
|
Kandala D, Del Piano A, Minati L, Clamer M. Targeting Translation Activity at the Ribosome Interface with UV-Active Small Molecules. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:10336-10345. [PMID: 31460127 PMCID: PMC6648492 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Puromycin is a well-known antibiotic that is used to study the mechanism of protein synthesis and to monitor ribosome activity due to its incorporation into nascent peptide chains. However, puromycin effects outside the ribosome catalytic core remain unexplored. Here, we developed two analogues (3PB and 3PC) of the 3'-end of tyrosylated-tRNA that can efficiently interact with several proteins associated with ribosomes. We biochemically characterized the binding of these analogues and globally mapped the direct small molecule-protein interactions in living cells using clickable and photoreactive puromycin-like probes in combination with in-depth mass spectrometry. We identified a list of proteins targeted by the molecules during ribosome activity (e.g., GRP78), and we addressed possible uses of the probes to sense the activity of protein synthesis and to capture associated RNA. By coupling genome-wide RNA sequencing methods with these molecules, the characterization of unexplored translational control mechanisms will be feasible.
Collapse
|
15
|
Evans LE, Jones K, Cheeseman MD. Targeting secondary protein complexes in drug discovery: studying the druggability and chemical biology of the HSP70/BAG1 complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 53:5167-5170. [PMID: 28439591 PMCID: PMC5708526 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01376k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A non-nucleotide FP-probe was designed to study the mechanism of action and druggability of the secondary HSP70/BAG1 complex.
Proteins typically carry out their biological functions as multi-protein complexes, which can significantly affect the affinity of small-molecule inhibitors. HSP70 is an important target in oncology, so to study its chemical biology and the drug discovery potential of the HSP70/BAG1 complex, we designed a high-affinity non-nucleotide fluorescence polarisation probe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E Evans
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK.
| | - Keith Jones
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK.
| | - Matthew D Cheeseman
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit at The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gill DM, Iveson M, Collins I, Jones AM. A Mitsunobu reaction to functionalized cyclic and bicyclic N-arylamines. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
17
|
Perlíková P, Hocek M. Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (7-deazapurine) as a privileged scaffold in design of antitumor and antiviral nucleosides. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:1429-1460. [PMID: 28834581 PMCID: PMC5656927 DOI: 10.1002/med.21465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
7-Deazapurine (pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine) nucleosides are important analogues of biogenic purine nucleosides with diverse biological activities. Replacement of the N7 atom with a carbon atom makes the five-membered ring more electron rich and brings a possibility of attaching additional substituents at the C7 position. This often leads to derivatives with increased base-pairing in DNA or RNA or better binding to enzymes. Several types of 7-deazapurine nucleosides with potent cytostatic or cytotoxic effects have been identified. The most promising are 7-hetaryl-7-deazaadenosines, which are activated in cancer cells by phosphorylation and get incorporated both to RNA (causing inhibition of proteosynthesis) and to DNA (causing DNA damage). Mechanism of action of other types of cytostatic nucleosides, 6-hetaryl-7-deazapurine and thieno-fused deazapurine ribonucleosides, is not yet known. Many 7-deazaadenosine derivatives are potent inhibitors of adenosine kinases. Many types of sugar-modified derivatives of 7-deazapurine nucleosides are also strong antivirals. Most important are 2'-C-methylribo- or 2'-C-methyl-2'-fluororibonucleosides with anti-HCV activities (several compounds underwent clinical trials). Some underexplored areas of potential interest are also outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Perlíková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryCzech Academy of SciencesCZ‐16610Prague 6Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryCzech Academy of SciencesCZ‐16610Prague 6Czech Republic
- Department of Organic ChemistryFaculty of ScienceCharles University in PragueCZ‐12843Prague 2Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pettinger J, Jones K, Cheeseman MD. Lysine-Targeting Covalent Inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15200-15209. [PMID: 28853194 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Targeted covalent inhibitors have gained widespread attention in drug discovery as a validated method to circumvent acquired resistance in oncology. This strategy exploits small-molecule/protein crystal structures to design tightly binding ligands with appropriately positioned electrophilic warheads. Whilst most focus has been on targeting binding-site cysteine residues, targeting nucleophilic lysine residues can also represent a viable approach to irreversible inhibition. However, owing to the basicity of the ϵ-amino group in lysine, this strategy generates a number of specific challenges. Herein, we review the key principles for inhibitor design, give historical examples, and present recent developments that demonstrate the potential of lysine targeting for future drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Pettinger
- Cancer Research, UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Keith Jones
- Cancer Research, UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Matthew D Cheeseman
- Cancer Research, UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Pettinger
- Cancer Research, UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit; The Institute of Cancer Research; London SW7 3RP Großbritannien
| | - Keith Jones
- Cancer Research, UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit; The Institute of Cancer Research; London SW7 3RP Großbritannien
| | - Matthew D. Cheeseman
- Cancer Research, UK, Cancer Therapeutics Unit; The Institute of Cancer Research; London SW7 3RP Großbritannien
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yokoyama T, Ostermann A, Schrader TE, Mizuguchi M. Large-scale crystallization and neutron crystallographic analysis of HSP70 in complex with ADP. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2017; 73:555-559. [PMID: 28994403 PMCID: PMC5633922 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x1701264x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
HSP70 belongs to the heat-shock protein family and binds to unfolded proteins, driven by ATP hydrolysis, in order to prevent aggregation. Previous X-ray crystallographic analyses of HSP70 have shown that HSP70 binds to ADP with internal water molecules. In order to elucidate the role of the water molecules, including their H/D atoms, a neutron diffraction study of the human HSP70 ATPase domain was initiated. Deuterated large crystals of the HSP-ADP complex (1.2-1.8 mm3) were successfully grown by large-scale crystallization, and a neutron diffraction experiment at BIODIFF resulted in diffraction to a maximum resolution of 2.2 Å. After data reduction, the overall completeness, Rmeas and average I/σ(I) were 90.4%, 11.7% and 8.1, respectively, indicating that the data set was sufficient to visualize H and D atoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yokoyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugutani, Toyama 930-0914, Japan
| | - Andreas Ostermann
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universtät München, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Tobias E. Schrader
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS) at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Mineyuki Mizuguchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugutani, Toyama 930-0914, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pettinger J, Le Bihan Y, Widya M, van Montfort RLM, Jones K, Cheeseman MD. An Irreversible Inhibitor of HSP72 that Unexpectedly Targets Lysine-56. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3536-3540. [PMID: 28225177 PMCID: PMC5412842 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The stress-inducible molecular chaperone, HSP72, is an important therapeutic target in oncology, but inhibiting this protein with small molecules has proven particularly challenging. Validating HSP72 inhibitors in cells is difficult owing to competition with the high affinity and abundance of its endogenous nucleotide substrates. We hypothesized this could be overcome using a cysteine-targeted irreversible inhibitor. Using rational design, we adapted a validated 8-N-benzyladenosine ligand for covalent bond formation and confirmed targeted irreversible inhibition. However, no cysteine in the protein was modified; instead, we demonstrate that lysine-56 is the key nucleophilic residue. Targeting this lysine could lead to a new design paradigm for HSP72 chemical probes and drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Pettinger
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics UnitThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonSW7 3RPUK
| | - Yann‐Vaï Le Bihan
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics UnitThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonSW7 3RPUK
- Division of Structural BiologyThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonSW7 3RPUK
| | - Marcella Widya
- Proteomics Core FacilityThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonSW7 3RPUK
| | - Rob L. M. van Montfort
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics UnitThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonSW7 3RPUK
- Division of Structural BiologyThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonSW7 3RPUK
| | - Keith Jones
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics UnitThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonSW7 3RPUK
| | - Matthew D. Cheeseman
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics UnitThe Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonSW7 3RPUK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zuiderweg ERP, Hightower LE, Gestwicki JE. The remarkable multivalency of the Hsp70 chaperones. Cell Stress Chaperones 2017; 22:173-189. [PMID: 28220454 PMCID: PMC5352603 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-017-0776-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hsp70 proteins are key to maintaining intracellular protein homeostasis. To carry out this task, they employ a large number of cochaperones and adapter proteins. Here, we review what is known about the interaction between the chaperones and partners, with a strong slant toward structural biology. Hsp70s in general, and Hsc70 (HSPA8) in particular, display an amazing array of interfaces with their protein cofactors. We also review the known interactions between Hsp70s with lipids and with active compounds that may become leads toward Hsp70 modulation for treatment of a variety of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik R P Zuiderweg
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Lawrence E Hightower
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California at San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pettinger J, Le Bihan Y, Widya M, van Montfort RLM, Jones K, Cheeseman MD. An Irreversible Inhibitor of HSP72 that Unexpectedly Targets Lysine‐56. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Pettinger
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit The Institute of Cancer Research London SW7 3RP UK
| | - Yann‐Vaï Le Bihan
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit The Institute of Cancer Research London SW7 3RP UK
- Division of Structural Biology The Institute of Cancer Research London SW7 3RP UK
| | - Marcella Widya
- Proteomics Core Facility The Institute of Cancer Research London SW7 3RP UK
| | - Rob L. M. van Montfort
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit The Institute of Cancer Research London SW7 3RP UK
- Division of Structural Biology The Institute of Cancer Research London SW7 3RP UK
| | - Keith Jones
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit The Institute of Cancer Research London SW7 3RP UK
| | - Matthew D. Cheeseman
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit The Institute of Cancer Research London SW7 3RP UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jones AM, Westwood IM, Osborne JD, Matthews TP, Cheeseman MD, Rowlands MG, Jeganathan F, Burke R, Lee D, Kadi N, Liu M, Richards M, McAndrew C, Yahya N, Dobson SE, Jones K, Workman P, Collins I, van Montfort RLM. A fragment-based approach applied to a highly flexible target: Insights and challenges towards the inhibition of HSP70 isoforms. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34701. [PMID: 27708405 PMCID: PMC5052559 DOI: 10.1038/srep34701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The heat shock protein 70s (HSP70s) are molecular chaperones implicated in many cancers and of significant interest as targets for novel cancer therapies. Several HSP70 inhibitors have been reported, but because the majority have poor physicochemical properties and for many the exact mode of action is poorly understood, more detailed mechanistic and structural insight into ligand-binding to HSP70s is urgently needed. Here we describe the first comprehensive fragment-based inhibitor exploration of an HSP70 enzyme, which yielded an amino-quinazoline fragment that was elaborated to a novel ATP binding site ligand with different physicochemical properties to known adenosine-based HSP70 inhibitors. Crystal structures of amino-quinazoline ligands bound to the different conformational states of the HSP70 nucleotide binding domain highlighted the challenges of a fragment-based approach when applied to this particular flexible enzyme class with an ATP-binding site that changes shape and size during its catalytic cycle. In these studies we showed that Ser275 is a key residue in the selective binding of ATP. Additionally, the structural data revealed a potential functional role for the ATP ribose moiety in priming the protein for the formation of the ATP-bound pre-hydrolysis complex by influencing the conformation of one of the phosphate binding loops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Jones
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Isaac M Westwood
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom.,Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - James D Osborne
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas P Matthews
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew D Cheeseman
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Martin G Rowlands
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Jeganathan
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary Burke
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Diane Lee
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Kadi
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Manjuan Liu
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Meirion Richards
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Craig McAndrew
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Norhakim Yahya
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Dobson
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom.,Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Jones
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Workman
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Collins
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Rob L M van Montfort
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom.,Division of Structural Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|