1
|
Bolcaen J, Kleynhans J, Nair S, Verhoeven J, Goethals I, Sathekge M, Vandevoorde C, Ebenhan T. A perspective on the radiopharmaceutical requirements for imaging and therapy of glioblastoma. Theranostics 2021; 11:7911-7947. [PMID: 34335972 PMCID: PMC8315062 DOI: 10.7150/thno.56639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous clinical trials and pre-clinical developments, the treatment of glioblastoma (GB) remains a challenge. The current survival rate of GB averages one year, even with an optimal standard of care. However, the future promises efficient patient-tailored treatments, including targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT). Advances in radiopharmaceutical development have unlocked the possibility to assess disease at the molecular level allowing individual diagnosis. This leads to the possibility of choosing a tailored, targeted approach for therapeutic modalities. Therapeutic modalities based on radiopharmaceuticals are an exciting development with great potential to promote a personalised approach to medicine. However, an effective targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) for the treatment of GB entails caveats and requisites. This review provides an overview of existing nuclear imaging and TRT strategies for GB. A critical discussion of the optimal characteristics for new GB targeting therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals and clinical indications are provided. Considerations for target selection are discussed, i.e. specific presence of the target, expression level and pharmacological access to the target, with particular attention to blood-brain barrier crossing. An overview of the most promising radionuclides is given along with a validation of the relevant radiopharmaceuticals and theranostic agents (based on small molecules, peptides and monoclonal antibodies). Moreover, toxicity issues and safety pharmacology aspects will be presented, both in general and for the brain in particular.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bolcaen
- Radiobiology, Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Janke Kleynhans
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure NPC, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Shankari Nair
- Radiobiology, Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Ingeborg Goethals
- Ghent University Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mike Sathekge
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure NPC, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Charlot Vandevoorde
- Radiobiology, Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas Ebenhan
- Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure NPC, Pretoria, South Africa
- Nuclear Medicine Department, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Han J, Takeda R, Liu X, Konno H, Abe H, Hiramatsu T, Moriwaki H, Soloshonok VA. Preparative Method for Asymmetric Synthesis of ( S)-2-Amino-4,4,4-trifluorobutanoic Acid. Molecules 2019; 24:E4521. [PMID: 31835583 PMCID: PMC6943542 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enantiomerically pure derivatives of 2-amino-4,4,4-trifluorobutanoic acid are in great demand as bioisostere of leucine moiety in the drug design. Here, we disclose a method specifically developed for large-scale (>150 g) preparation of the target (S)-N-Fmoc-2-amino-4,4,4-trifluorobutanoic acid. The method employs a recyclable chiral auxiliary to form the corresponding Ni(II) complex with glycine Schiff base, which is alkylated with CF3-CH2-I under basic conditions. The resultant alkylated Ni(II) complex is disassembled to reclaim the chiral auxiliary and 2-amino-4,4,4-trifluorobutanoic acid, which is in situ converted to the N-Fmoc derivative. The whole procedure was reproduced several times for consecutive preparation of over 300 g of the target (S)-N-Fmoc-2-amino-4,4,4-trifluorobutanoic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Han
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China; (J.H.); (X.L.)
| | - Ryosuke Takeda
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 533-0024, Japan; (R.T.); (T.H.)
| | - Xinyi Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China; (J.H.); (X.L.)
| | - Hiroyuki Konno
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992‑8510, Japan;
| | - Hidenori Abe
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 533-0024, Japan; (R.T.); (T.H.)
| | - Takahiro Hiramatsu
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 533-0024, Japan; (R.T.); (T.H.)
| | - Hiroki Moriwaki
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 533-0024, Japan; (R.T.); (T.H.)
| | - Vadim A. Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Plaza Bizkaia, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wu R, Liu S, Liu Y, Sun Y, Cheng X, Huang Y, Yang Z, Wu Z. Synthesis and biological evaluation of [18F](2S,4S)4-(3-fluoropropyl) arginine as a tumor imaging agent. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 183:111730. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
4
|
Mei H, Han J, Klika KD, Izawa K, Sato T, Meanwell NA, Soloshonok VA. Applications of fluorine-containing amino acids for drug design. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 186:111826. [PMID: 31740056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine-containing amino acids are becoming increasingly prominent in new drugs due to two general trends in the modern pharmaceutical industry. Firstly, the growing acceptance of peptides and modified peptides as drugs; and secondly, fluorine editing has become a prevalent protocol in drug-candidate optimization. Accordingly, fluorine-containing amino acids represent one of the more promising and rapidly developing areas of research in organic, bio-organic and medicinal chemistry. The goal of this Review article is to highlight the current state-of-the-art in this area by profiling 42 selected compounds that combine fluorine and amino acid structural elements. The compounds under discussion represent pharmaceutical drugs currently on the market, or in clinical trials as well as examples of drug-candidates that although withdrawn from development had a significant impact on the progress of medicinal chemistry and/or provided a deeper understanding of the nature and mechanism of biological action. For each compound, we present features of biological activity, a brief history of the design principles and the development of the synthetic approach, focusing on the source of tailor-made amino acid structures and fluorination methods. General aspects of the medicinal chemistry of fluorine-containing amino acids and synthetic methodology are briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Mei
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jianlin Han
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Karel D Klika
- Molecular Structure Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan.
| | - Tatsunori Sato
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543-4000, United States.
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Plaza Bizkaia, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mei H, Han J, White S, Butler G, Soloshonok VA. Perfluoro-3-ethyl-2,4-dimethyl-3-pentyl persistent radical: A new reagent for direct, metal-free radical trifluoromethylation and polymer initiation. J Fluor Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2019.109370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
6
|
Tokairin Y, Soloshonok VA, Konno H, Moriwaki H, Röschenthaler GV. Convenient synthesis of racemic 4,4-difluoro glutamic acid derivatives via Michael-type additions of Ni(II)-complex of dehydroalanine Schiff bases. J Fluor Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2019.109376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
7
|
Mei H, Han J, Takeda R, Sakamoto T, Miwa T, Minamitsuji Y, Moriwaki H, Abe H, Soloshonok VA. Practical Method for Preparation of ( S)-2-Amino-5,5,5-trifluoropentanoic Acid via Dynamic Kinetic Resolution. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:11844-11851. [PMID: 31460294 PMCID: PMC6682081 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This work reports an operationally convenient ∼20 g scale synthesis of (S)-2-amino-5,5,5-trifluoropentanoic acid and its Fmoc-derivative via dynamic kinetic resolution of the corresponding racemate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Mei
- College
of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jianlin Han
- College
of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ryosuke Takeda
- Hamari
Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 533-0024, Japan
- Department
of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Tsubasa Sakamoto
- Hamari
Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 533-0024, Japan
| | - Toshio Miwa
- Hamari
Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 533-0024, Japan
| | - Yutaka Minamitsuji
- Hamari
Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 533-0024, Japan
| | - Hiroki Moriwaki
- Hamari
Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 533-0024, Japan
| | - Hidenori Abe
- Hamari
Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 533-0024, Japan
| | - Vadim A. Soloshonok
- Department
of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- IKERBASQUE—Basque
Foundation for Science, María
Díaz de Haro 3, Plaza Bizkaia, Bilbao 48013, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Huang Y, Liu S, Wu R, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Hong H, Zhang A, Xiao H, Liu Y, Wu Z, Zhu L, Kung HF. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of a novel glutamine derivative: (2S,4S)4-[ 18F]FEBGln. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1047-1050. [PMID: 30871772 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the preparation of a novel glutamine derivative, (2S,4S)-2,5-diamino-4-(4-(2-fluoroethoxy)benzyl)-5-oxopentanoic acid, (2S, 4S)4-[18F]FEBGln ([18F]4), through efficient organic and radiosyntheses. In vitro assays of [18F]4 using MCF-7 cells showed that it entered cells via multiple amino acid transporter systems including system L and ASC2 transporters but not through the system A transporter. [18F]4 showed promising properties for tumor imaging and may serve as a lead compound for further optimizing and targeting the system L transporter associated with enhanced glutamine metabolism in cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Song Liu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Renbo Wu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Haiyan Hong
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Aili Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hao Xiao
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yajing Liu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zehui Wu
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Lin Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hank F Kung
- Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Verhoeven J, Hulpia F, Kersemans K, Bolcaen J, De Lombaerde S, Goeman J, Descamps B, Hallaert G, Van den Broecke C, Deblaere K, Vanhove C, Van der Eycken J, Van Calenbergh S, Goethals I, De Vos F. New fluoroethyl phenylalanine analogues as potential LAT1-targeting PET tracers for glioblastoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2878. [PMID: 30814660 PMCID: PMC6393465 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine ([18F]FET) as a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for brain tumor imaging might have some limitations because of the relatively low affinity for the L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1). To assess the stereospecificity and evaluate the influence of aromatic ring modification of phenylalanine LAT1 targeting tracers, six different fluoroalkylated phenylalanine analogues were synthesized. After in vitro Ki determination, the most promising compound, 2-[18F]-2-fluoroethyl-L-phenylalanine (2-[18F]FELP), was selected for further evaluation and in vitro comparison with [18F]FET. Subsequently, 2-[18F]FELP was assessed in vivo and compared with [18F]FET and [18F]FDG in a F98 glioblastoma rat model. 2-[18F]FELP showed improved in vitro characteristics over [18F]FET, especially when the affinity and specificity for system L is concerned. Based on our results, 2-[18F]FELP is a promising new PET tracer for brain tumor imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabian Hulpia
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ken Kersemans
- Ghent University Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Julie Bolcaen
- Ghent University Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Jan Goeman
- Laboratory for Organic and Bio-organic synthesis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Descamps
- IBiTech-MEDISIP Ghent University, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Giorgio Hallaert
- Ghent University Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Karel Deblaere
- Ghent University Hospital, Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian Vanhove
- IBiTech-MEDISIP Ghent University, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johan Van der Eycken
- Laboratory for Organic and Bio-organic synthesis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Ingeborg Goethals
- Ghent University Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip De Vos
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nodwell MB, Yang H, Merkens H, Malik N, Čolović M, Björn Wagner, Martin RE, Bénard F, Schaffer P, Britton R. 18F-Branched-Chain Amino Acids: Structure-Activity Relationships and PET Imaging Potential. J Nucl Med 2019; 60:1003-1009. [PMID: 30683769 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.220483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The large, neutral L-type amino acid transporters (LAT1-LAT4) are sodium-independent transporters that are widely distributed throughout the body. LAT expression levels are increased in many types of cancer, and their expression increases as cancers progress, leading to high expression levels in high-grade tumors and metastases. Because of the key role and overexpression of LAT in many types of cancer, radiolabeled LAT substrates are promising candidates for nuclear imaging of malignancies that are not well revealed by conventional radiotracers. The goal of this study was to examine the structure-activity relationships of a series of 18F-labeled amino acids that were predicted to be substrates of the LAT transport system. Methods: Using a photocatalytic radical fluorination, we prepared a series of 11 fluorinated branched-chain amino acids and evaluated them and their nonfluorinated parents in a cell-based LAT affinity assay. We radiofluorinated selected branched-chain amino acids via the same radical fluorination reaction and evaluated tumor uptake in U-87 glioma xenograft-bearing mice. Results: Structure-activity relationship trends observed in a LAT affinity assay were maintained in further in vitro studies, as well as in vivo using a U-87 xenograft model. LAT1 uptake was tolerant of fluorinated amino acid stereochemistry and chain length. PET imaging and biodistribution studies showed that the tracer (S)-5-18F-fluorohomoleucine had rapid tumor uptake, favorable in vivo kinetics, and good stability. Conclusion: By using an in vitro affinity assay, we could predict LAT-mediated cancer cell uptake in a panel of fluorinated amino acids. These predictions were consistent when applied to different cell lines and murine tumor models, and several new tracers may be suitable for further development as oncologic PET imaging agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Nodwell
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hua Yang
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Helen Merkens
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Noeen Malik
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Milena Čolović
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Björn Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland; and
| | - Rainer E Martin
- Medicinal Chemistry, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - François Bénard
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul Schaffer
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.,Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert Britton
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|