1
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Dale NC, Hoyer D, Jacobson LH, Pfleger KDG, Johnstone EKM. Orexin Signaling: A Complex, Multifaceted Process. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:812359. [PMID: 35496914 PMCID: PMC9044999 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.812359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The orexin system comprises two G protein-coupled receptors, OX1 and OX2 receptors (OX1R and OX2R, respectively), along with two endogenous agonists cleaved from a common precursor (prepro-orexin), orexin-A (OX-A) and orexin-B (OX-B). For the receptors, a complex array of signaling behaviors has been reported. In particular, it becomes obvious that orexin receptor coupling is very diverse and can be tissue-, cell- and context-dependent. Here, the early signal transduction interactions of the orexin receptors will be discussed in depth, with particular emphasis on the direct G protein interactions of each receptor. In doing so, it is evident that ligands, additional receptor-protein interactions and cellular environment all play important roles in the G protein coupling profiles of the orexin receptors. This has potential implications for our understanding of the orexin system’s function in vivo in both central and peripheral environments, as well as the development of novel agonists, antagonists and possibly allosteric modulators targeting the orexin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha C. Dale
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Daniel Hoyer
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Laura H. Jacobson
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin D. G. Pfleger
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Perth, WA, Australia
- Dimerix Limited, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Kevin D. G. Pfleger,
| | - Elizabeth K. M. Johnstone
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Elizabeth K. M. Johnstone,
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2
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Allosteric interactions via the orthosteric ligand binding sites in a constitutive G-protein-coupled receptor homodimer. Pharmacol Res 2020; 166:105116. [PMID: 32783977 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
I interpret some recent data to indicate that co-operative effects take place between the (identical) orthosteric binding sites in a G-protein-coupled receptor dimer. In the current study, the reasonability of this concept was tested by creating a mathematical model. The model is composed of a symmetrical constitutive receptor dimer in which the protomers are able to affect each other allosterically, and it includes binding, receptor activation and signal amplification steps. The model was utilized for analyses of previous data as well as simulations of predicted behaviour. The model demonstrates the behaviour stated in the hypotheses, i.e. even an apparently neutral receptor ligand can allosterically affect agonist binding or receptor activation by binding to the normal orthosteric ligand binding site. Therewith the speculated allosteric action originating from the orthosteric binding site of the dimeric receptor is a realistic possibility. The results of the simulations and curve fitting constitute a reasonable starting point for further studies, and the model can be utilized to design meaningful experiments to investigate these questions.
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3
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Cartography of rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors across vertebrate genomes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7058. [PMID: 31064998 PMCID: PMC6504862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33120-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We conduct a cartography of rhodopsin-like non-olfactory G protein-coupled receptors in the Ensembl database. The most recent genomic data (releases 90–92, 90 vertebrate genomes) are analyzed through the online interface and receptors mapped on phylogenetic guide trees that were constructed based on a set of ~14.000 amino acid sequences. This snapshot of genomic data suggest vertebrate genomes to harbour 142 clades of GPCRs without human orthologues. Among those, 69 have not to our knowledge been mentioned or studied previously in the literature, of which 28 are distant from existing receptors and likely new orphans. These newly identified receptors are candidates for more focused evolutionary studies such as chromosomal mapping as well for in-depth pharmacological characterization. Interestingly, we also show that 37 of the 72 human orphan (or recently deorphanized) receptors included in this study cluster into nineteen closely related groups, which implies that there are less ligands to be identified than previously anticipated. Altogether, this work has significant implications when discussing nomenclature issues for GPCRs.
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4
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Turku A, Leino TO, Karhu L, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Kukkonen JP, Wallén EAA, Xhaard H. Structure-Activity Relationships of 1-Benzoylazulenes at the OX 1 and OX 2 Orexin Receptors. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:965-981. [PMID: 30892823 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated the potential of di- or trisubstituted azulenes as ligands (potentiators, weak agonists, and antagonists) of the orexin receptors. In this study we investigated 27 1-benzoylazulene derivatives, uncovering seven potentiators of the orexin response on OX1 and two weak dual orexin receptor agonists. For potentiators, replacement of the azulene scaffold by indole retained the activity of four out of six compounds. The structure-activity relationships for agonism and potentiation can be summarized into a bicyclic aromatic ring system substituted with two hydrogen-bond acceptors (1-position, benzoyl; 6-position, carboxyl/ester) within 7-8 Å of each other; a third acceptor at the 3-position is also well tolerated. The same pharmacophoric signature is found in the preferred conformations of the orexin receptor agonist Nag26 from molecular dynamics simulations. Subtle changes switch the activity between weak agonism and potentiation, suggesting overlapping binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainoleena Turku
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teppo O Leino
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lasse Karhu
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jyrki P Kukkonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erik A A Wallén
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henri Xhaard
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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5
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Karhu L, Magarkar A, Bunker A, Xhaard H. Determinants of Orexin Receptor Binding and Activation-A Molecular Dynamics Study. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:2609-2622. [PMID: 30786708 PMCID: PMC6727383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b10220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We
assess the stability of two previously suggested binding modes
for the neuropeptide orexin-A in the OX2 receptor through
extensive molecular dynamics simulations. As the activation determinants
of the receptor remain unknown, we simulated an unliganded receptor
and two small-molecular ligands, the antagonist suvorexant and the
agonist Nag26 for comparison. Each system was simulated in pure POPC
membrane as well as in the 25% cholesterol–POPC membrane. In
total, we carried out 36 μs of simulations. Through this set
of simulations, we report a stable binding mode for the C-terminus
of orexin-A. In addition, we suggest interactions that would promote
orexin receptor activation, as well as others that would stabilize
the inactive state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Karhu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki , POB 56, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Aniket Magarkar
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki , POB 56 , FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Alex Bunker
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki , POB 56 , FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Henri Xhaard
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki , POB 56, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
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6
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Nepovimova E, Janockova J, Misik J, Kubik S, Stuchlik A, Vales K, Korabecny J, Mezeiova E, Dolezal R, Soukup O, Kobrlova T, Pham NL, Nguyen TD, Konecny J, Kuca K. Orexin supplementation in narcolepsy treatment: A review. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:961-975. [PMID: 30426515 DOI: 10.1002/med.21550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Narcolepsy is a rare, chronic neurological disease characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, vivid hallucinations, and sleep paralysis. Narcolepsy occurs in approximately 1 of 3000 people, affecting mainly adolescents aged 15 to 30 years. Recently, people with narcolepsy were shown to exhibit extensive orexin/hypocretin neuronal loss. The orexin system regulates sleep/wake control via complex interactions with monoaminergic, cholinergic and GABA-ergic neuronal systems. Currently, no cure for narcolepsy exists, but some symptoms can be controlled with medication (eg, stimulants, antidepressants, etc). Orexin supplementation represents a more sophisticated way to treat narcolepsy because it addresses the underlying cause of the disease and not just the symptoms. Research on orexin supplementation in the treatment of sleep disorders has strongly increased over the past two decades. This review focuses on a brief description of narcolepsy, the mechanisms by which the orexin system regulates sleep/wake cycles, and finally, possible therapeutic options based on orexin supplementation in animal models and patients with narcolepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Janockova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Misik
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Stepan Kubik
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Stuchlik
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Vales
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Mezeiova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Kobrlova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ngoc Lam Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Thuy Duong Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Konecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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7
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Janockova J, Dolezal R, Nepovimova E, Kobrlova T, Benkova M, Kuca K, Konecny J, Mezeiova E, Melikova M, Hepnarova V, Ring A, Soukup O, Korabecny J. Investigation of New Orexin 2 Receptor Modulators Using In Silico and In Vitro Methods. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112926. [PMID: 30423961 PMCID: PMC6278354 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptides, orexin A and orexin B (also known as hypocretins), are produced in hypothalamic neurons and belong to ligands for orphan G protein-coupled receptors. Generally, the primary role of orexins is to act as excitatory neurotransmitters and regulate the sleep process. Lack of orexins may lead to sleep disorder narcolepsy in mice, dogs, and humans. Narcolepsy is a neurological disorder of alertness characterized by a decrease of ability to manage sleep-wake cycles, excessive daytime sleepiness, and other symptoms, such as cataplexy, vivid hallucinations, and paralysis. Thus, the discovery of orexin receptors, modulators, and their causal implication in narcolepsy is the most important advance in sleep-research. The presented work is focused on the evaluation of compounds L1–L11 selected by structure-based virtual screening for their ability to modulate orexin receptor type 2 (OX2R) in comparison with standard agonist orexin-A together with their blood-brain barrier permeability and cytotoxicity. We can conclude that the studied compounds possess an affinity towards the OX2R. However, the compounds do not have intrinsic activity and act as the antagonists of this receptor. It was shown that L4 was the most potent antagonistic ligand to orexin A and displayed an IC50 of 2.2 µM, offering some promise mainly for the treatment of insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Janockova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Center for Basic and Applied Research, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Tereza Kobrlova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Marketa Benkova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Konecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Mezeiova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Michaela Melikova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Vendula Hepnarova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Avi Ring
- Norwegian Defence Research Establishment, Gunnar Randersvei 42, 2007 Kjeller, Norway.
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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8
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Rinne MK, Leino TO, Turku A, Turunen PM, Steynen Y, Xhaard H, Wallén EA, Kukkonen JP. Pharmacological characterization of the orexin/hypocretin receptor agonist Nag 26. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 837:137-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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9
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Leino TO, Turku A, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Kukkonen JP, Xhaard H, Wallén EA. Azulene-based compounds for targeting orexin receptors. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:88-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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10
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Tsuneki H, Wada T, Sasaoka T. Chronopathophysiological implications of orexin in sleep disturbances and lifestyle-related disorders. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 186:25-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Karhu L, Weisell J, Turunen PM, Leino TO, Pätsi H, Xhaard H, Kukkonen JP, Wallén EAA. Stapled truncated orexin peptides as orexin receptor agonists. Peptides 2018; 102:54-60. [PMID: 29475074 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The peptides orexin-A and -B, the endogenous agonists of the orexin receptors, have similar 19-amino-acid C-termini which retain full maximum response as truncated peptides with only marginally reduced potency, while further N-terminal truncations successively reduce the activity. The peptides have been suggested to bind in an α-helical conformation, and truncation beyond a certain critical length is likely to disrupt the overall helical structure. In this study, we set out to stabilize the α-helical conformation of orexin-A15-33 via peptide stapling at four different sites. At a suggested hinge region, we varied the length of the cross-linker as well as replaced the staple with two α-aminoisobutyric acid residues. Modifications close to the peptide C-terminus, which is crucial for activity, were not allowed. However, central and N-terminal modifications yielded bioactive peptides, albeit with decreased potencies. This provides evidence that the orexin receptors can accommodate and be activated by α-helical peptides. The decrease in potency is likely linked to a stabilization of suboptimal peptide conformation or blocking of peptide backbone-receptor interactions at the hinge region by the helical stabilization or the modified amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Karhu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, POB 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Janne Weisell
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Pauli M Turunen
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, POB 66, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, POB 63, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Teppo O Leino
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, POB 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Henri Pätsi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, POB 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Henri Xhaard
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, POB 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jyrki P Kukkonen
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, POB 66, FI-00014, University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, POB 63, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Erik A A Wallén
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, POB 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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12
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Yang B, Li X, He L, Zhu Y. Computer-aided design of temozolomide derivatives based on alkylglycerone phosphate synthase structure with isothiocyanate and their pharmacokinetic/toxicity prediction and anti-tumor activity in vitro. Biomed Rep 2018; 8:235-240. [PMID: 29599977 PMCID: PMC5867473 DOI: 10.3892/br.2018.1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the development of temozolomide (TMZ), a novel type of glioma therapeutic drug, malignant glioma remains to cause severe damage to human health. The present study aimed to utilize the molecular biological differences between tumor and normal cells to design TMZ derivatives with improved selectivity and targeting using computer-aided drug design (CADD). Taking alkylglycerone phosphate synthase (AGPS) as a target, a 3D structure-activity relationship model was built using CADD technology; molecular docking of isothiocyanate (ITC) and TMZ compounds was conducted; ITC-TMZ derivatives were designed; and predictions on the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) processes and toxicity of the ITC-TMZ derivatives were established in order to obtain improved understanding of the structure-activity relationship of the candidate compounds. Using these techniques, it was identified that the docking scores of the structural derivatives S1-9 were higher than that of TMZ. Additionally, S3, −6, −7, −8, −9 and −10 exhibited enhanced ADME and similar toxicity to that of TMZ. The half maximal inhibitory concentrations of the CADD derivatives were also assessed in the glioma U87MG and U251 cell lines, and the activities of S1, −3, −8 and −10 were determined to be greater than that of TMZ, suggesting their potential as anti-cancer drugs with adequate AGPS targeting, ADME/toxicity and anti-tumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Lu He
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vessels and Neural Degeneration, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, P.R. China
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13
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Pagoria PF, Zhang MX, Zuckerman NB, DeHope AJ, Parrish DA. Synthesis and characterization of multicyclic oxadiazoles and 1-hydroxytetrazoles as energetic materials. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-017-2122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Boss
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Roch
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Research, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
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Turku A, Rinne MK, Boije af Gennäs G, Xhaard H, Lindholm D, Kukkonen JP. Orexin receptor agonist Yan 7874 is a weak agonist of orexin/hypocretin receptors and shows orexin receptor-independent cytotoxicity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178526. [PMID: 28575023 PMCID: PMC5456073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Two promising lead structures of small molecular orexin receptor agonist have been reported, but without detailed analyses of the pharmacological properties. One of them, 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-[2-imino-3-(4-methylbenzyl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl]ethan-1-ol (Yan 7874), is commercially available, and we set out to analyze its properties. As test system we utilized human OX1 and OX2 orexin receptor-expressing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) K1 cells as well as control CHO-K1 and neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells. Gq-coupling was assessed by measurement of intracellular Ca2+ and phospholipase C activity, and the coupling to Gi and Gs by adenylyl cyclase inhibition and stimulation, respectively. At concentrations above 1 μM, strong Ca2+ and low phospholipase C responses to Yan 7874 were observed in both OX1- and OX2-expressing cells. However, a major fraction of the response was not mediated by orexin receptors, as determined utilizing the non-selective orexin receptor antagonist N-biphenyl-2-yl-1-{[(1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]acetyl}-L-prolinamide (TCS 1102) as well as control CHO-K1 cells. Yan 7874 did not produce any specific adenylyl cyclase response. Some experiments suggested an effect on cell viability by Yan 7874, and we thus analyzed this. Within a few hours of exposure, Yan 7874 markedly changed cell morphology (shrunken, rich in vacuoles), reduced growth, promoted cell detachment, and induced necrotic cell death. The effect was equal in cells expressing orexin receptors or not. Thus, Yan 7874 is a weak partial agonist of orexin receptors. It also displays strong off-target effects in the same concentration range, culminating in necrotic cell demise. This makes Yan 7874 unsuitable as orexin receptor agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainoleena Turku
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maiju K. Rinne
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gustav Boije af Gennäs
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henri Xhaard
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dan Lindholm
- Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jyrki P. Kukkonen
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Equihua-Benítez AC, Guzmán-Vásquez K, Drucker-Colín R. Understanding sleep-wake mechanisms and drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:643-657. [PMID: 28511597 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1329818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although not discernible at first glance, sleep is a highly active and regulated brain state. Although we spend practically one third of our lifetimes in this stage, its importance is often taken for granted. Sleep loss can lead to disease, error and economic loss. Our understanding of how sleep is achieved has greatly advanced in recent years, and with that, the management of sleep disorders has improved. There is still room for improvement and recently many new compounds have reached clinical trials with a few being approved for commercial use. Areas covered: In this review, the authors make the case of sleep disorders as a matter of public health. The mechanisms of sleep transition are discussed emphasizing the wake and sleep promoting interaction of different brain regions. Finally, advances in pharmacotherapy are examined in the context of chronic insomnia and narcolepsy. Expert opinion: The orexinergic system is an example of a breakthrough in sleep medicine that has catalyzed drug development. Nevertheless, sleep is a topic still with many unanswered questions. That being said, the melanin-concentrating hormone system is becoming increasingly relevant and we speculate it will be the next target of sleep medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clementina Equihua-Benítez
- a Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular , Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México
| | - Khalil Guzmán-Vásquez
- a Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular , Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México
| | - René Drucker-Colín
- a Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular , Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , México
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