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Barbieri F, Carlen V, Martina MG, Sannio F, Cancade S, Perini C, Restori M, Crespan E, Maga G, Docquier JD, Cagno V, Radi M. 4-Trifluoromethyl bithiazoles as broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents for virus-related bacterial infections or co-infections. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:1589-1600. [PMID: 38784463 PMCID: PMC11110737 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00686g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections involving a variety of microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi are a prominent cause of morbidity and mortality globally, exacerbating various pre-existing respiratory and non-respiratory conditions. Moreover, the ability of bacteria and viruses to coexist might impact the development and severity of lung infections, promoting bacterial colonization and subsequent disease exacerbation. Secondary bacterial infections following viral infections represent a complex challenge to be overcome from a therapeutic point of view. We report herein our efforts in the development of new bithiazole derivatives showing broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against both viruses and bacteria. A series of 4-trifluoromethyl bithiazole analogues was synthesized and screened against selected viruses (hRVA16, EVD68, and ZIKV) and a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Among them, two promising broad-spectrum antimicrobial compounds (8a and 8j) have been identified: both compounds showed low micromolar activity against all tested viruses, 8a showed synergistic activity against E. coli and A. baumannii in the presence of a subinhibitory concentration of colistin, while 8j showed a broader spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Activity against antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates is also reported. Given the ever-increasing need to adequately address viral and bacterial infections or co-infections, this study paves the way for the development of new agents with broad antimicrobial properties and synergistic activity with common antivirals and antibacterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Barbieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco (DipALIFAR), Università degli Studi di Parma Viale delle Scienze, 27/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Vincent Carlen
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital of Lausanne, University of Lausanne 1011 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Maria Grazia Martina
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco (DipALIFAR), Università degli Studi di Parma Viale delle Scienze, 27/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Filomena Sannio
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena Viale Bracci 16 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Sacha Cancade
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena Viale Bracci 16 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Cecilia Perini
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" Via Abbiategrasso 207 I-27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Margherita Restori
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco (DipALIFAR), Università degli Studi di Parma Viale delle Scienze, 27/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Emmanuele Crespan
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" Via Abbiategrasso 207 I-27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Giovanni Maga
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza" Via Abbiategrasso 207 I-27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Jean-Denis Docquier
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena Viale Bracci 16 53100 Siena Italy
| | - Valeria Cagno
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital of Lausanne, University of Lausanne 1011 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Marco Radi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco (DipALIFAR), Università degli Studi di Parma Viale delle Scienze, 27/A 43124 Parma Italy
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Grazia Martina M, Giammarino F, Vicenti I, Groaz E, Rozenski J, Incerti M, Sannio F, Docquier JD, Zazzi M, Radi M. Nucleoside Derivatives of 2,6-Diaminopurine Antivirals: Base-Modified Nucleosides with Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Properties. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300200. [PMID: 37221137 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The plethora of viral outbreaks experienced in the last decade, together with the widespread distribution of many re-emerging and newly emerging viruses, emphasize the urgent need for novel broad-spectrum antivirals as tools for early intervention in case of future epidemics. Non-natural nucleosides have been at the forefront for the treatment of infectious diseases for many years and still represent one of the most successful classes of antiviral molecules on the market. In the attempt to explore the biologically relevant chemical space of this class of antimicrobials, we describe herein the development of novel base-modified nucleosides by converting previously identified 2,6-diaminopurine antivirals into the corresponding D/L ribonucleosides, acyclic nucleosides and prodrug derivatives. A phenotypic screening against viruses belonging to different families (Flaviviridae, Coronaviridae, Retroviridae) and against a panel of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, allowed to identify a few interesting molecules with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Martina
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Giammarino
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Vicenti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Groaz
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-Box 1041, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Jef Rozenski
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-Box 1041, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matteo Incerti
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Filomena Sannio
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Jean Denis Docquier
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie Moléculaire, Centre d'Ingénierie des Protéines, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, Viale Bracci 16, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Radi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
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3
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Mohamed AR, Mostafa A, El Hassab MA, Hedeab GM, Mahmoud SH, George RF, Georgey HH, Abdel Gawad NM, El-Ashrey MK. Insights into targeting SARS-CoV-2: design, synthesis, in silico studies and antiviral evaluation of new dimethylxanthine derivatives. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:899-920. [PMID: 37252103 PMCID: PMC10211320 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00056g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Aiming to achieve efficient activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), the expansion of the structure- and ligand-based drug design approaches was adopted, which has been recently reported by our research group. Purine ring is a corner stone in the development of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) inhibitors. The privileged purine scaffold was elaborated to achieve additional affinity based on hybridization and fragment-based approaches. Thus, the characteristic pharmacophoric features that are required for the inhibition of Mpro and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of SARS-CoV-2 were utilized along with the crystal structure information of both targets. The designed pathways involved rationalized hybridization with large sulfonamide moieties and a carboxamide fragment for the synthesis of ten new dimethylxanthine derivatives. The synthesis was performed under diverse conditions to afford N-alkylated xanthine derivatives, and cyclization afforded tricyclic compounds. Molecular modeling simulations were used to confirm and gain insights into the binding interactions at both targets' active sites. The merit of designed compounds and the in silico studies resulted in the selection of three compounds that were evaluated in vitro to estimate their antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 (compounds 5, 9a and 19 with IC50 values of 38.39, 8.86 and 16.01 μM, respectively). Furthermore, oral toxicity of the selected antiviral candidates was predicted, in addition to cytotoxicity investigations. Compound 9a showed IC50 values of 8.06 and 3.22 μM against Mpro and RdRp of SARS-CoV-2, respectively, in addition to promising molecular dynamics stability in both target active sites. The current findings encourage further specificity evaluations of the promising compounds for confirming their specific protein targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla R Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University Badr City Cairo 11829 Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre Giza 12622 Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A El Hassab
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University Ras-Sedr South Sinai Egypt
| | - Gomaa M Hedeab
- Pharmacology Department and Health Research Unit, Medical College, Jouf University Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University Egypt
| | - Sara H Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre Giza 12622 Egypt
| | - Riham F George
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University Cairo 11562 Egypt
| | - Hanan H Georgey
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University Cairo 11562 Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Technology, Egyptian Chinese University 11786 Cairo Egypt
| | - Nagwa M Abdel Gawad
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University Cairo 11562 Egypt
| | - Mohamed K El-Ashrey
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University Ras-Sedr South Sinai Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University Cairo 11562 Egypt
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Sahu A, Gaur M, Mahanandia NC, Subudhi E, Swain RP, Subudhi BB. Identification of core therapeutic targets for Monkeypox virus and repurposing potential of drugs against them: An in silico approach. Comput Biol Med 2023; 161:106971. [PMID: 37211001 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (mpox virus) outbreak has rapidly spread to 82 non-endemic countries. Although it primarily causes skin lesions, secondary complications and high mortality (1-10%) in vulnerable populations have made it an emerging threat. Since there is no specific vaccine/antiviral, it is desirable to repurpose existing drugs against mpox virus. With little knowledge about the lifecycle of mpox virus, identifying potential inhibitors is a challenge. Nevertheless, the available genomes of mpox virus in public databases represent a goldmine of untapped possibilities to identify druggable targets for the structure-based identification of inhibitors. Leveraging this resource, we combined genomics and subtractive proteomics to identify highly druggable core proteins of mpox virus. This was followed by virtual screening to identify inhibitors with affinities for multiple targets. 125 publicly available genomes of mpox virus were mined to identify 69 highly conserved proteins. These proteins were then curated manually. These curated proteins were funnelled through a subtractive proteomics pipeline to identify 4 highly druggable, non-host homologous targets namely; A20R, I7L, Top1B and VETFS. High-throughput virtual screening of 5893 highly curated approved/investigational drugs led to the identification of common as well as unique potential inhibitors with high binding affinities. The common inhibitors, i.e., batefenterol, burixafor and eluxadoline were further validated by molecular dynamics simulation to identify their best potential binding modes. The affinity of these inhibitors suggests their repurposing potential. This work can encourage further experimental validation for possible therapeutic management of mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Sahu
- Drug Development and Analysis Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, 751030, India
| | - Mahendra Gaur
- Drug Development and Analysis Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, 751030, India; Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India
| | - Nimai Charan Mahanandia
- Division of Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Enketeswara Subudhi
- Centre for Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, 751030, India
| | - Ranjit Prasad Swain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, 751030, India
| | - Bharat Bhusan Subudhi
- Drug Development and Analysis Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, 751030, India.
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Castaño LF, Quiroga J, Abonia R, Insuasty D, Vidal OM, Seña R, Rubio V, Puerto G, Nogueras M, Cobo J, Guzman J, Insuasty A, Insuasty B. Synthesis, Anticancer and Antitubercular Properties of New Chalcones and Their Nitrogen-Containing Five-Membered Heterocyclic Hybrids Bearing Sulfonamide Moiety. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012589. [PMID: 36293443 PMCID: PMC9604400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of sulfonamides, 8a-b, 10, 12, and 14a-b, were synthesized by N-sulfonation reaction with sulfonyl chlorides 6a-b. Five new series of chalcone-sulfonamide hybrids (16-20)a-f were prepared via Claisen–Schmidt condensation of the newly obtained sulfonamides with aromatic aldehydes 15a-f in basic medium. Chalcones substituted with chlorine at position 4 of each series were used as precursors for the generation of their five-membered heterocyclic pyrazoline (22-23)a-d, (24-25)a-b and carbothioamide 27a-f derivatives. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anticancer and antituberculosis activities. To determine their anticancer activity, compounds were screened against sixty human cancer cell lines at a single dose (10 μM). Compounds 17a-c were highly active against LOX IMVI (melanoma), with IC50 values of 0.34, 0.73 and 0.54 μM, respectively. Chalcone 18e showed remarkable results against the entire panel of leukemia cell lines with IC50 values between 0.99–2.52 μM. Moreover, compounds 20e and 20f displayed growth inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv at concentrations below 10 μM. Although they showed low selectivity in cytotoxicity tests against the Vero cell line, further optimization could advance the potential biological activity of the selected compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Fernanda Castaño
- Heterocyclic Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Valle, A.A., Cali 25360, Colombia
| | - Jairo Quiroga
- Heterocyclic Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Valle, A.A., Cali 25360, Colombia
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Photonics-CIBioFI, Universidad del Valle, A.A., Cali 25360, Colombia
| | - Rodrigo Abonia
- Heterocyclic Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Valle, A.A., Cali 25360, Colombia
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Photonics-CIBioFI, Universidad del Valle, A.A., Cali 25360, Colombia
| | - Daniel Insuasty
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Basic Sciences Division, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia
| | - Oscar M. Vidal
- Department of Medicine, Health Division, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia
| | - Rosalia Seña
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Basic Sciences Division, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia
- Department of Medicine, Health Division, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia
| | - Vivian Rubio
- Grupo de Micobacterias, Red TB. Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Gloria Puerto
- Grupo de Micobacterias, Red TB. Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá 111321, Colombia
| | - Manuel Nogueras
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Justo Cobo
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Juan Guzman
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Alberto Insuasty
- Nanostructured Functional Materials Research Group, Universidad CESMAG, Pasto 520003, Colombia
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (B.I.)
| | - Braulio Insuasty
- Heterocyclic Compounds Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Valle, A.A., Cali 25360, Colombia
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Photonics-CIBioFI, Universidad del Valle, A.A., Cali 25360, Colombia
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (B.I.)
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6
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Martina MG, Sannio F, Crespan E, Pavone M, Simoncini A, Barbieri F, Perini C, Pesce E, Maga G, Pedemonte N, Docquier JD, Radi M. Towards Innovative Antibacterial-Correctors for Cystic Fibrosis Targeting the Lung Microbiome with a Multifunctional Effect. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200277. [PMID: 35638249 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease caused by loss-of-function mutations in the CFTR gene, which codes for a defective ion channel. This causes an electrolyte imbalance and results in a spiral of negative effects on multiple organs, most notably the accumulation of thick mucus in the lungs, chronic respiratory tract infections and inflammation leading to pulmonary exacerbation and premature death. Progressive decline of lung function is mainly linked to persistent or recurring infections, mostly caused by bacteria, which require treatments with antibiotics and represent one of the major life-limiting factors in subjects with CF. Treatment of such a complex disease require multiple drugs with a consequent therapeutic burden and complications caused by drug-drug interactions and rapid emergence of bacterial drug resistance. We report herein our recent efforts in developing innovative multifunctional antibiotics specifically tailored to CF by a direct action on bacterial topoisomerases and a potential indirect effect on the pulmonary mucociliary clearance mediated by ΔF508-CFTR correction. The obtained results may pave the way for the development of a simplified therapeutic approach with a single agent acting as multifunctional antibacterial-corrector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Martina
- University of Parma: Universita degli Studi di Parma, Department of Food and Drug, ITALY
| | - Filomena Sannio
- University of Siena: Universita degli Studi di Siena, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, ITALY
| | - Emmanuele Crespan
- CNR: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", ITALY
| | - Marialaura Pavone
- University of Parma: Universita degli Studi di Parma, Department of Food and Drug, ITALY
| | - Alice Simoncini
- University of Parma: Universita degli Studi di Parma, Department of Food and Drug, ITALY
| | - Francesca Barbieri
- University of Parma: Universita degli Studi di Parma, Department of Food and Drug, ITALY
| | - Cecilia Perini
- CNR: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", ITALY
| | - Emanuela Pesce
- Istituto Giannina Gaslini Istituto Pediatrico di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico: Istituto Giannina Gaslini, U.O.C. Genetica Medica, ITALY
| | - Giovanni Maga
- CNR: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", ITALY
| | - Nicoletta Pedemonte
- Istituto Giannina Gaslini Istituto Pediatrico di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico: Istituto Giannina Gaslini, U.O.C. Genetica Medica, ITALY
| | - Jean-Denis Docquier
- University of Siena: Universita degli Studi di Siena, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, ITALY
| | - Marco Radi
- University of Parma, Department of Food and Drug, Viale delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, ITALY
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7
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Brusa I, Sondo E, Falchi F, Pedemonte N, Roberti M, Cavalli A. Proteostasis Regulators in Cystic Fibrosis: Current Development and Future Perspectives. J Med Chem 2022; 65:5212-5243. [PMID: 35377645 PMCID: PMC9014417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In cystic fibrosis (CF), the deletion of phenylalanine 508 (F508del) in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) leads to misfolding and premature degradation of the mutant protein. These defects can be targeted with pharmacological agents named potentiators and correctors. During the past years, several efforts have been devoted to develop and approve new effective molecules. However, their clinical use remains limited, as they fail to fully restore F508del-CFTR biological function. Indeed, the search for CFTR correctors with different and additive mechanisms has recently increased. Among them, drugs that modulate the CFTR proteostasis environment are particularly attractive to enhance therapy effectiveness further. This Perspective focuses on reviewing the recent progress in discovering CFTR proteostasis regulators, mainly describing the design, chemical structure, and structure-activity relationships. The opportunities, challenges, and future directions in this emerging and promising field of research are discussed, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Brusa
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.,Computational & Chemical Biology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Elvira Sondo
- UOC Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Marinella Roberti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.,Computational & Chemical Biology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
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8
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Grazia Martina M, Vicenti I, Bauer L, Crespan E, Rango E, Boccuto A, Olivieri N, Incerti M, Zwaagstra M, Allodi M, Bertoni S, Dreassi E, Zazzi M, van Kuppeveld FJM, Maga G, Radi M. Bithiazole Inhibitors of Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase (PI4KIIIβ) as Broad-Spectrum Antivirals Blocking the Replication of SARS-CoV-2, Zika Virus, and Human Rhinoviruses. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3548-3552. [PMID: 34382337 PMCID: PMC8427023 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over half a century since the description of the first antiviral drug, "old" re-emerging viruses and "new" emerging viruses still represent a serious threat to global health. Their high mutation rate and rapid selection of resistance toward common antiviral drugs, together with the increasing number of co-infections, make the war against viruses quite challenging. Herein we report a host-targeted approach, based on the inhibition of the lipid kinase PI4KIIIβ, as a promising strategy for inhibiting the replication of multiple viruses hijacking this protein. We show that bithiazole inhibitors of PI4KIIIβ block the replication of human rhinoviruses (hRV), Zika virus (ZIKV) and SARS-CoV-2 at low micromolar and sub-micromolar concentrations. However, while the anti-hRV/ZIKV activity can be directly linked to PI4KIIIβ inhibition, the role of PI4KIIIβ in SARS-CoV-2 entry/replication is debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Martina
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Ilaria Vicenti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Lisa Bauer
- Virology Section, Infectious Disease and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Current address: Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emmanuele Crespan
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Enrico Rango
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy.,Current address: Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Adele Boccuto
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Noemi Olivieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Incerti
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Marleen Zwaagstra
- Virology Section, Infectious Disease and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marika Allodi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Simona Bertoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Dreassi
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Virology Section, Infectious Disease and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Maga
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Radi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
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9
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Vicenti I, Martina MG, Boccuto A, De Angelis M, Giavarini G, Dragoni F, Marchi S, Trombetta CM, Crespan E, Maga G, Eydoux C, Decroly E, Montomoli E, Nencioni L, Zazzi M, Radi M. System-oriented optimization of multi-target 2,6-diaminopurine derivatives: Easily accessible broad-spectrum antivirals active against flaviviruses, influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113683. [PMID: 34273661 PMCID: PMC8255191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide circulation of different viruses coupled with the increased frequency and diversity of new outbreaks, strongly highlight the need for new antiviral drugs to quickly react against potential pandemic pathogens. Broad-spectrum antiviral agents (BSAAs) represent the ideal option for a prompt response against multiple viruses, new and re-emerging. Starting from previously identified anti-flavivirus hits, we report herein the identification of promising BSAAs by submitting the multi-target 2,6-diaminopurine chemotype to a system-oriented optimization based on phenotypic screening on cell cultures infected with different viruses. Among the synthesized compounds, 6i showed low micromolar potency against Dengue, Zika, West Nile and Influenza A viruses (IC50 = 0.5–5.3 μM) with high selectivity index. Interestingly, 6i also inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in different cell lines, with higher potency on Calu-3 cells that better mimic the SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo (IC50 = 0.5 μM, SI = 240). The multi-target effect of 6i on flavivirus replication was also analyzed in whole cell studies (in vitro selection and immunofluorescence) and against isolated host/viral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Vicenti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Martina
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Adele Boccuto
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Marta De Angelis
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Giavarini
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Filippo Dragoni
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Serena Marchi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Emmanuele Crespan
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maga
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cecilia Eydoux
- AFMB, CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, UMR 7257, Marseille, France
| | - Etienne Decroly
- AFMB, CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, UMR 7257, Marseille, France
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; VisMederi s.r.l, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Lucia Nencioni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Radi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124, Parma, Italy.
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10
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Pesce E, Pedemonte N, Leoni A, Locatelli A, Morigi R. Synthesis and biological evaluation of thiazole derivatives on basic defects underlying cystic fibrosis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127473. [PMID: 32784089 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease caused by loss-of-function mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene, encoding for CFTR protein. The most frequent mutation is the deletion of phenylalanine at position 508 (F508del), which leads to distinct defects in channel gating and cellular processing. In last years, several thiazole containing small molecules, endowed with dual F508del-CFTR modulator activity, proved to be able to target these defects. In search of new chemical entities able to restore CFTR function, we designed and synthesized a small series of sixteen thiazole derivatives. The designed compounds were studied as correctors and potentiators of F508del-CFTR. Although none of the molecules showed significant corrector activity, compounds 10 and 11 exhibited potentiator effects, thus allowing to determine some basic structural features which enable to obtain F508del-CFTR potentiator activity. In silico ADME studies showed that these derivatives obey Lipinski's rule of five and are expected to be orally bioavailable. Therefore, these molecules may represent a good starting point for the design of analogues endowed with improved CFTR potentiator activity and a good pharmacokinetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Pesce
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Pedemonte
- U.O.C. Genetica Medica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Alberto Leoni
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Locatelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rita Morigi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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11
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Tassini S, Langron E, Delang L, Mirabelli C, Lanko K, Crespan E, Kissova M, Tagliavini G, Fontò G, Bertoni S, Palese S, Giorgio C, Ravanetti F, Ragionieri L, Zamperini C, Mancini A, Dreassi E, Maga G, Vergani P, Neyts J, Radi M. Multitarget CFTR Modulators Endowed with Multiple Beneficial Side Effects for Cystic Fibrosis Patients: Toward a Simplified Therapeutic Approach. J Med Chem 2019; 62:10833-10847. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Tassini
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Emily Langron
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, U.K
| | - Leen Delang
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carmen Mirabelli
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristina Lanko
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emmanuele Crespan
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Miroslava Kissova
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Tagliavini
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Greta Fontò
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Simona Bertoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Simone Palese
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Carmine Giorgio
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Ravanetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Luisa Ragionieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Claudio Zamperini
- Lead Discovery Siena S.r.l., Via Vittorio Alfieri 31, Castelnuovo Berardenga, 53019 Siena, Italy
| | - Arianna Mancini
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Elena Dreassi
- Dipartimento Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maga
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, IGM-CNR, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Vergani
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, U.K
| | - Johan Neyts
- Laboratory of Virology and Experimental Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marco Radi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze, 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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12
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Sulfonamide derivatives as multi-target agents for complex diseases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2042-2050. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Spanò V, Montalbano A, Carbone A, Scudieri P, Galietta LJV, Barraja P. An overview on chemical structures as ΔF508-CFTR correctors. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 180:430-448. [PMID: 31326599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Deletion of phenylalanine at position 508 (F508del) in the CFTR protein, is the most common mutation causing cystic fibrosis (CF). F508del causes misfolding and rapid degradation of CFTR protein a defect that can be targeted with pharmacological agents termed "correctors". Correctors belong to various chemical classes but are generally small molecules based on nitrogen sulfur or oxygen heterocycles. The mechanism of action of correctors is generally unknown but there is experimental evidence that some of them can directly act on mutant CFTR improving folding and stability. Here we overview the characteristics of the various F508del correctors described so far to obtain indications on key chemical structures and modifications that are required for mutant protein rescue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Spanò
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Montalbano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Carbone
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paolo Scudieri
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, NA, Italy
| | - Luis J V Galietta
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli, NA, Italy; Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), University of Naples, "Federico II", 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Barraja
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy.
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14
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Kaptein SJF, Vincetti P, Crespan E, Rivera JIA, Costantino G, Maga G, Neyts J, Radi M. Identification of Broad-Spectrum Dengue/Zika Virus Replication Inhibitors by Functionalization of Quinoline and 2,6-Diaminopurine Scaffolds. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1371-1376. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne J. F. Kaptein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy; KU Leuven; B-3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Paolo Vincetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Parma; Viale delle Scienze, 27/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Emmanuele Crespan
- National Research Council; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR; Via Abbiategrasso 207 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Jorge I. Armijos Rivera
- National Research Council; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR; Via Abbiategrasso 207 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Gabriele Costantino
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Parma; Viale delle Scienze, 27/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Giovanni Maga
- National Research Council; Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR; Via Abbiategrasso 207 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Johan Neyts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy; KU Leuven; B-3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Marco Radi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Parma; Viale delle Scienze, 27/A 43124 Parma Italy
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15
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Mirabelli C, Scheers E, Neyts J. Novel therapeutic approaches to simultaneously target rhinovirus infection and asthma/COPD pathogenesis. F1000Res 2017; 6:1860. [PMID: 29123648 PMCID: PMC5657016 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11978.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses are exclusive respiratory pathogens and the etiological agents of the common cold. These viruses are increasingly reported to cause exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Here, we review the role of rhinovirus infections in the pathogenesis of asthma and COPD and we discuss the current and potential future treatments. We propose that, in order to prevent exacerbations, the design of novel therapeutics should focus on directly acting antivirals but also include the design of drugs that simultaneously inhibit viral replication and alleviate symptoms of asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Mirabelli
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els Scheers
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Azzali E, Machado D, Kaushik A, Vacondio F, Flisi S, Cabassi CS, Lamichhane G, Viveiros M, Costantino G, Pieroni M. Substituted N-Phenyl-5-(2-(phenylamino)thiazol-4-yl)isoxazole-3-carboxamides Are Valuable Antitubercular Candidates that Evade Innate Efflux Machinery. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7108-7122. [PMID: 28749666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases in the world, and the increased number of multidrug-resistant and extremely drug-resistant strains is a significant reason for concern. This makes the discovery of novel antitubercular agents a cogent priority. We have previously addressed this need by reporting a series of substituted 2-aminothiazoles capable to inhibit the growth of actively replicating, nonreplicating persistent, and resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Clues from the structure-activity relationships lining up the antitubercular activity were exploited for the rational design of improved analogues. Two compounds, namely N-phenyl-5-(2-(p-tolylamino)thiazol-4-yl)isoxazole-3-carboxamide 7a and N-(pyridin-2-yl)-5-(2-(p-tolylamino)thiazol-4-yl)isoxazole-3-carboxamide 8a, were found to show high inhibitory activity toward susceptible M. tuberculosis strains, with an MIC90 of 0.125-0.25 μg/mL (0.33-0.66 μM) and 0.06-0.125 μg/mL (0.16-0.32 μM), respectively. Moreover, they maintained good activity also toward resistant strains, and they were selective over other bacterial species and eukaryotic cells, metabolically stable, and apparently not susceptible to the action of efflux pumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Azzali
- Centro Interdipartimentale Misure (CIM) 'G. Casnati', University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Diana Machado
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL , Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Amit Kaushik
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , 1503 East Jefferson Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21231-1002, United States.,Taskforce to Study Resistance Emergence & Antimicrobial development Technology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | | | - Sara Flisi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma , via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Clotilde Silvia Cabassi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma , via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Gyanu Lamichhane
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , 1503 East Jefferson Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21231-1002, United States.,Taskforce to Study Resistance Emergence & Antimicrobial development Technology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Miguel Viveiros
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL , Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal
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