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Quancard J, Vulpetti A, Bach A, Cox B, Guéret SM, Hartung IV, Koolman HF, Laufer S, Messinger J, Sbardella G, Craft R. The European Federation for Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology (EFMC) Best Practice Initiative: Hit Generation. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300002. [PMID: 36892096 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Hit generation is a crucial step in drug discovery that will determine the speed and chance of success of identifying drug candidates. Many strategies are now available to identify chemical starting points, or hits, and each biological target warrants a tailored approach. In this set of best practices, we detail the essential approaches for target centric hit generation and the opportunities and challenges they come with. We then provide guidance on how to validate hits to ensure medicinal chemistry is only performed on compounds and scaffolds that engage the target of interest and have the desired mode of action. Finally, we discuss the design of integrated hit generation strategies that combine several approaches to maximize the chance of identifying high quality starting points to ensure a successful drug discovery campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Quancard
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Vulpetti
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anders Bach
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brian Cox
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9RH, UK
| | - Stéphanie M Guéret
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 43183, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingo V Hartung
- Medicinal Chemistry, Global R&D, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Hannes F Koolman
- Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Straße 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Stefan Laufer
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy & Biochemistry, Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72070, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Josef Messinger
- Medicine Design, Orionpharma, Orionintie 1, 02101, Espoo, Finland
| | - Gianluca Sbardella
- Department of Pharmacy, Epigenetic Med Chem Lab, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Russell Craft
- Medicinal chemistry, Symeres, Kadijk 3, 9747 AT, Groningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Zhang W, Wu M, Vadlakonda S, Juarez L, Cheng X, Muppa S, Chintareddy V, Vogeti L, Kellogg-Yelder D, Williams J, Polach K, Chen X, Raman K, Babu Y, Kotian P. Scaffold hopping via ring opening enables identification of acyclic compounds as new complement Factor D inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 74:117034. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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3
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Gavriilaki E, Papakonstantinou A, Agrios KA. Novel Insights into Factor D Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7216. [PMID: 35806224 PMCID: PMC9267021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement-mediated diseases or complementopathies, such as Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), cold agglutinin disease (CAD), and transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA), demand advanced complement diagnostics and therapeutics be adopted in a vast field of medical specialties, such as hematology, transplantation, rheumatology, and nephrology. The miracle of complement inhibitors as "orphan drugs" has dramatically improved morbidity and mortality in patients with otherwise life-threatening complementopathies. Efficacy has been significantly improved by upstream inhibition in patients with PNH. Different molecules may exert diverse characteristics in vitro and in vivo. Further studies remain to show safety and efficacy of upstream inhibition in other complementopathies. In addition, cost and availability issues are major drawbacks of current treatments. Therefore, further developments are warranted to address the unmet clinical needs in the field of complementopathies. This state-of-the-art narrative review aims to delineate novel insights into factor D inhibition as a promising target for complementopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Gavriilaki
- Hematology Department, G Papanicolaou Hospital, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anna Papakonstantinou
- Department of Urology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos A. Agrios
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Ave., Villanova, PA 19085, USA
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4
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Fragment-to-lead tailored in silico design. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2021; 40:44-57. [PMID: 34916022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) emerged as a disruptive technology and became established during the last two decades. Its rationality and low entry costs make it appealing, and the numerous examples of approved drugs discovered through FBDD validate the approach. However, FBDD still faces numerous challenges. Perhaps the most important one is the transformation of the initial fragment hits into viable leads. Fragment-to-lead (F2L) optimization is resource-intensive and is therefore limited in the possibilities that can be actively pursued. In silico strategies play an important role in F2L, as they can perform a deeper exploration of chemical space, prioritize molecules with high probabilities of being active and generate non-obvious ideas. Here we provide a critical overview of current in silico strategies in F2L optimization and highlight their remarkable impact. While very effective, most solutions are target- or fragment- specific. We propose that fully integrated in silico strategies, capable of automatically and systematically exploring the fast-growing available chemical space can have a significant impact on accelerating the release of fragment originated drugs.
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5
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Wiles JA, Galvan MD, Podos SD, Geffner M, Huang M. Discovery and Development of the Oral Complement Factor D Inhibitor Danicopan (ACH-4471). Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:4165-4180. [PMID: 31573880 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666191001130342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Complement plays a vital role in our innate immune defense against invasive microorganisms. Excessive complement activation or insufficient control of activation on host cells, however, is associated with several chronic disorders. Essential to the activation and amplification of the Alternative Pathway (AP) of complement, Complement Factor D (CFD) is a specific serine protease that cleaves its unique substrate, Complement Factor B (CFB) in complex with an activated form of complement component 3 (C3), to generate the AP C3 convertases C3(H2O)Bb and C3bBb. These convertases comprise a central component in eliciting effector responses following AP activation, and they also enable a powerful amplification loop for both the Classical Pathway (CP) and Lectin Pathway (LP) of complement. Because CFD is not required for the activation of either the CP or LP, selective CFD inhibition presents a favorable therapeutic approach to modulating complement activity that leaves intact the effector functions following CP and LP activation and thus poses a lower risk of bacterial infection than other complement-directed approaches. This review provides an update on inhibitors of CFD, which have evolved from irreversible small molecules that demonstrate poor selectivity to reversible small molecules and monoclonal antibodies that demonstrate exceptional selectivity and potency. The reversible small-molecule inhibitor danicopan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Wiles
- Drug Discovery, Achillion Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Manuel D Galvan
- Drug Discovery, Achillion Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Steven D Podos
- Drug Discovery, Achillion Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Michael Geffner
- Drug Development, Achillion Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Mingjun Huang
- Drug Discovery, Achillion Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
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6
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Troelsen NS, Clausen MH. Library Design Strategies To Accelerate Fragment‐Based Drug Discovery. Chemistry 2020; 26:11391-11403. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj S. Troelsen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark Kemitorvet 207 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Mads H. Clausen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics Department of Chemistry Technical University of Denmark Kemitorvet 207 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark
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7
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Lorthiois E, Roache J, Barnes-Seeman D, Altmann E, Hassiepen U, Turner G, Duvadie R, Hornak V, Karki RG, Schiering N, Weihofen WA, Perruccio F, Calhoun A, Fazal T, Dedic D, Durand C, Dussauge S, Fettis K, Tritsch F, Dentel C, Druet A, Liu D, Kirman L, Lachal J, Namoto K, Bevan D, Mo R, Monnet G, Muller L, Zessis R, Huang X, Lindsley L, Currie T, Chiu YH, Fridrich C, Delgado P, Wang S, Hollis-Symynkywicz M, Berghausen J, Williams E, Liu H, Liang G, Kim H, Hoffmann P, Hein A, Ramage P, D’Arcy A, Harlfinger S, Renatus M, Ruedisser S, Feldman D, Elliott J, Sedrani R, Maibaum J, Adams CM. Structure-Based Design and Preclinical Characterization of Selective and Orally Bioavailable Factor XIa Inhibitors: Demonstrating the Power of an Integrated S1 Protease Family Approach. J Med Chem 2020; 63:8088-8113. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edwige Lorthiois
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - James Roache
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David Barnes-Seeman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eva Altmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Hassiepen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gordon Turner
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rohit Duvadie
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Viktor Hornak
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rajeshri G. Karki
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nikolaus Schiering
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wilhelm A. Weihofen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Francesca Perruccio
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amy Calhoun
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tanzina Fazal
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Darija Dedic
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Durand
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Solene Dussauge
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kamal Fettis
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Tritsch
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Celine Dentel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adelaide Druet
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Donglei Liu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Louise Kirman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Julie Lachal
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kenji Namoto
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Douglas Bevan
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rose Mo
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gabriela Monnet
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lionel Muller
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard Zessis
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xueming Huang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Loren Lindsley
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Treeve Currie
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yu-Hsin Chiu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Cary Fridrich
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peter Delgado
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shuangxi Wang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Joerg Berghausen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric Williams
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hong Liu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Guiqing Liang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hyungchul Kim
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peter Hoffmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andreas Hein
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Ramage
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Allan D’Arcy
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Harlfinger
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Renatus
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Ruedisser
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Feldman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey 07396, United States
| | - Jason Elliott
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Richard Sedrani
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Juergen Maibaum
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christopher M. Adams
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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8
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Cheng KJ, Hsieh CM, Nepali K, Liou JP. Ocular Disease Therapeutics: Design and Delivery of Drugs for Diseases of the Eye. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10533-10593. [PMID: 32482069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ocular drug discovery field has evidenced significant advancement in the past decade. The FDA approvals of Rhopressa, Vyzulta, and Roclatan for glaucoma, Brolucizumab for wet age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD), Luxturna for retinitis pigmentosa, Dextenza (0.4 mg dexamethasone intracanalicular insert) for ocular inflammation, ReSure sealant to seal corneal incisions, and Lifitegrast for dry eye represent some of the major developments in the field of ocular therapeutics. A literature survey also indicates that gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and target discovery through genomic research represent significant promise as potential strategies to achieve tissue repair or regeneration and to attain therapeutic benefits in ocular diseases. Overall, the emergence of new technologies coupled with first-in-class entries in ophthalmology are highly anticipated to restructure and boost the future trends in the field of ophthalmic drug discovery. This perspective focuses on various aspects of ocular drug discovery and the recent advances therein. Recent medicinal chemistry campaigns along with a brief overview of the structure-activity relationships of the diverse chemical classes and developments in ocular drug delivery (ODD) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Ju Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 111, Section 3, Xing-Long Road, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ming Hsieh
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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9
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Mainolfi N, Ehara T, Karki RG, Anderson K, Mac Sweeney A, Liao SM, Argikar UA, Jendza K, Zhang C, Powers J, Klosowski DW, Crowley M, Kawanami T, Ding J, April M, Forster C, Serrano-Wu M, Capparelli M, Ramqaj R, Solovay C, Cumin F, Smith TM, Ferrara L, Lee W, Long D, Prentiss M, De Erkenez A, Yang L, Liu F, Sellner H, Sirockin F, Valeur E, Erbel P, Ostermeier D, Ramage P, Gerhartz B, Schubart A, Flohr S, Gradoux N, Feifel R, Vogg B, Wiesmann C, Maibaum J, Eder J, Sedrani R, Harrison RA, Mogi M, Jaffee BD, Adams CM. Discovery of 4-((2 S,4 S)-4-Ethoxy-1-((5-methoxy-7-methyl-1 H-indol-4-yl)methyl)piperidin-2-yl)benzoic Acid (LNP023), a Factor B Inhibitor Specifically Designed To Be Applicable to Treating a Diverse Array of Complement Mediated Diseases. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5697-5722. [PMID: 32073845 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The alternative pathway (AP) of the complement system is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of several human diseases including age-related macular degeneration, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), and various glomerular diseases. The serine protease factor B (FB) is a key node in the AP and is integral to the formation of C3 and C5 convertase. Despite the prominent role of FB in the AP, selective orally bioavailable inhibitors, beyond our own efforts, have not been reported previously. Herein we describe in more detail our efforts to identify FB inhibitors by high-throughput screening (HTS) and leveraging insights from several X-ray cocrystal structures during optimization efforts. This work culminated in the discovery of LNP023 (41), which is currently being evaluated clinically in several diverse AP mediated indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nello Mainolfi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Takeru Ehara
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rajeshri G Karki
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Karen Anderson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Aengus Mac Sweeney
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sha-Mei Liao
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Keith Jendza
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chun Zhang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - James Powers
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Daniel W Klosowski
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Maura Crowley
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Toshio Kawanami
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jian Ding
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Myriam April
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Cornelia Forster
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Serrano-Wu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Capparelli
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rrezarta Ramqaj
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Solovay
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Frederic Cumin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas M Smith
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Luciana Ferrara
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wendy Lee
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Debby Long
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Melissa Prentiss
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andrea De Erkenez
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Louis Yang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Fang Liu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Holger Sellner
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Finton Sirockin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric Valeur
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paulus Erbel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Ostermeier
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Ramage
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Gerhartz
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Schubart
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Flohr
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Gradoux
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland Feifel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Vogg
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Wiesmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Maibaum
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Eder
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard Sedrani
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard A Harrison
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Muneto Mogi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bruce D Jaffee
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher M Adams
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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10
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Karki RG, Powers J, Mainolfi N, Anderson K, Belanger DB, Liu D, Ji N, Jendza K, Gelin CF, Mac Sweeney A, Solovay C, Delgado O, Crowley M, Liao SM, Argikar UA, Flohr S, La Bonte LR, Lorthiois EL, Vulpetti A, Brown A, Long D, Prentiss M, Gradoux N, de Erkenez A, Cumin F, Adams C, Jaffee B, Mogi M. Design, Synthesis, and Preclinical Characterization of Selective Factor D Inhibitors Targeting the Alternative Complement Pathway. J Med Chem 2019; 62:4656-4668. [PMID: 30995036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Complement factor D (FD), a highly specific S1 serine protease, plays a central role in the amplification of the alternative complement pathway (AP) of the innate immune system. Dysregulation of AP activity predisposes individuals to diverse disorders such as age-related macular degeneration, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II, and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Previously, we have reported the screening efforts and identification of reversible benzylamine-based FD inhibitors (1 and 2) binding to the open active conformation of FD. In continuation of our drug discovery program, we designed compounds applying structure-based approaches to improve interactions with FD and gain selectivity against S1 serine proteases. We report herein the design, synthesis, and medicinal chemistry optimization of the benzylamine series culminating in the discovery of 12, an orally bioavailable and selective FD inhibitor. 12 demonstrated systemic suppression of AP activation in a lipopolysaccharide-induced AP activation model as well as local ocular suppression in intravitreal injection-induced AP activation model in mice expressing human FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeshri G Karki
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - James Powers
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Nello Mainolfi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Karen Anderson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - David B Belanger
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Donglei Liu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Nan Ji
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Keith Jendza
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Christine F Gelin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Aengus Mac Sweeney
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Catherine Solovay
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Omar Delgado
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Maura Crowley
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Sha-Mei Liao
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Stefanie Flohr
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Laura R La Bonte
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Edwige L Lorthiois
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Anna Vulpetti
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Ann Brown
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Debby Long
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Melissa Prentiss
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Nathalie Gradoux
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Andrea de Erkenez
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Frederic Cumin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Christopher Adams
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Bruce Jaffee
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Muneto Mogi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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11
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Mortenson PN, Erlanson DA, de Esch IJP, Jahnke W, Johnson CN. Fragment-to-Lead Medicinal Chemistry Publications in 2017. J Med Chem 2018; 62:3857-3872. [PMID: 30462504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This Miniperspective is the third in a series reviewing fragment-to-lead publications from a given year. Following our reviews for 2015 and 2016, this Miniperspective provides tabulated summaries of relevant articles published in 2017 along with some general observations. In addition, we discuss insights obtained from analysis of the combined data set of 85 examples from all three years of publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Mortenson
- Astex Pharmaceuticals , 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road , Cambridge CB4 0QA , United Kingdom
| | - Daniel A Erlanson
- Carmot Therapeutics Inc. , 740 Heinz Avenue , Berkeley , California 94710 , United States
| | - Iwan J P de Esch
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS) , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , De Boelelaan 1108 , 1081 HZ , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Jahnke
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics , Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , 4002 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Christopher N Johnson
- Astex Pharmaceuticals , 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road , Cambridge CB4 0QA , United Kingdom
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12
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Molecular dynamic simulations, ALIE surface, Fukui functions geometrical, molecular docking and vibrational spectra studies of tetra chloro p and m -xylene. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Dalvit C, Vulpetti A. Ligand-Based Fluorine NMR Screening: Principles and Applications in Drug Discovery Projects. J Med Chem 2018; 62:2218-2244. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Vulpetti
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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14
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Qi F, Yoneda T, Neya S, Hoshino T. Simulation Time Required for Diminishing the Initial Conformational Deviations among Protein Crystal Structures. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:8503-8515. [PMID: 30125105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b04800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multiple crystal structures of a single kind of protein can be generally separated into several groups from their conformational deviations. A major factor causing the structural separation is the space group of crystals, in which precipitating agents have a strong influence on the packing of proteins in a crystal. In this study, we examined whether the separated groups of protein crystal structures can be merged into one group by computer simulation without a precipitating agent. The crystal structures of hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL), myoglobin (Mb), hemoglobin (Hb), and human serum albumin (HSA) were selected as samples for molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. For example, 25 MD simulations were performed for HEWL, with 25 computational models being built from different crystal structures. Cluster analysis was applied to 25 snapshot structures obtained at the same time point from the respective simulation trajectories and the cluster analysis was repeated every 5 ns during the simulations. As a result, the separated cluster groups were basically merged into one group with only a few exceptions. In HEWL, noticeable conformational changes from the crystal structures were observed after heating. The dependence of the simulated structures on the initial crystals was diminished, and all of the clusters were merged into one group at 20 ns of MD simulation. In Mb, all of the clusters were merged into one group at 10 ns. For Hb and HSA, the time necessary for merging the structures became longer. In Hb, the initial group separation gradually became ambiguous after pre-equilibration, and the time required for diminishing the dependence on the crystal structure was 130 ns except for one cluster group. In HSA, 160 ns was necessary for all of the clusters to be merged into one group. These times provide important index for judging the equilibration of protein simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Qi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chiba University , Inohana 1-8-1 , Chuo-ku , Chiba 260-8675 , Japan
| | - Tomoki Yoneda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chiba University , Inohana 1-8-1 , Chuo-ku , Chiba 260-8675 , Japan
| | - Saburo Neya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chiba University , Inohana 1-8-1 , Chuo-ku , Chiba 260-8675 , Japan
| | - Tyuji Hoshino
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chiba University , Inohana 1-8-1 , Chuo-ku , Chiba 260-8675 , Japan
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15
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Vulpetti A, Ostermann N, Randl S, Yoon T, Mac Sweeney A, Cumin F, Lorthiois E, Rüdisser S, Erbel P, Maibaum J. Discovery and Design of First Benzylamine-Based Ligands Binding to an Unlocked Conformation of the Complement Factor D. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:490-495. [PMID: 29795765 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement Factor D, a serine protease of the S1 family and key component of the alternative pathway amplification loop, represents a promising target for the treatment of several prevalent and rare diseases linked to the innate immune system. Previously reported FD inhibitors have been shown to bind to the FD active site in its self-inhibited conformation characterized by the presence of a salt bridge at the bottom of the S1 pocket between Asp189 and Arg218. We report herein a new set of small-molecule FD ligands that harbor a basic S1 binding moiety directly binding to the carboxylate of Asp189, thereby displacing the Asp189-Arg218 ionic interaction and significantly changing the conformation of the self-inhibitory loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vulpetti
- Novartis Pharma AG, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nils Ostermann
- Novartis Pharma AG, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Randl
- Novartis Pharma AG, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Taeyoung Yoon
- Novartis Pharma AG, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aengus Mac Sweeney
- Novartis Pharma AG, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frederic Cumin
- Novartis Pharma AG, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edwige Lorthiois
- Novartis Pharma AG, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Rüdisser
- Novartis Pharma AG, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Erbel
- Novartis Pharma AG, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Maibaum
- Novartis Pharma AG, Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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16
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Chen JJ, Schmucker LN, Visco DP. Pharmaceutical Machine Learning: Virtual High-Throughput Screens Identifying Promising and Economical Small Molecule Inhibitors of Complement Factor C1s. Biomolecules 2018; 8:E24. [PMID: 29735903 PMCID: PMC6023033 DOI: 10.3390/biom8020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
When excessively activated, C1 is insufficiently regulated, which results in tissue damage. Such tissue damage causes the complement system to become further activated to remove the resulting tissue damage, and a vicious cycle of activation/tissue damage occurs. Current Food and Drug Administration approved treatments include supplemental recombinant C1 inhibitor, but these are extremely costly and a more economical solution is desired. In our work, we have utilized an existing data set of 136 compounds that have been previously tested for activity against C1. Using these compounds and the activity data, we have created models using principal component analysis, genetic algorithm, and support vector machine approaches to characterize activity. The models were then utilized to virtually screen the 72 million compound PubChem repository. This first round of virtual high-throughput screening identified many economical and promising inhibitor candidates, a subset of which was tested to validate their biological activity. These results were used to retrain the models and rescreen PubChem in a second round vHTS. Hit rates for the first round vHTS were 57%, while hit rates for the second round vHTS were 50%. Additional structure⁻property analysis was performed on the active and inactive compounds to identify interesting scaffolds for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Chen
- Department of Biology, The University of Akron, 302 Buchtel Common, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
| | - Lyndsey N Schmucker
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, 302 Buchtel Common, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
| | - Donald P Visco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, 302 Buchtel Common, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
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17
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18
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Abstract
The increasing number of clinical conditions that involve a pathological contribution from the complement system - many of which affect the kidneys - has spurred a regained interest in therapeutic options to modulate this host defence pathway. Molecular insight, technological advances, and the first decade of clinical experience with the complement-specific drug eculizumab, have contributed to a growing confidence in therapeutic complement inhibition. More than 20 candidate drugs that target various stages of the complement cascade are currently being evaluated in clinical trials, and additional agents are in preclinical development. Such diversity is clearly needed in view of the complex and distinct involvement of complement in a wide range of clinical conditions, including rare kidney disorders, transplant rejection and haemodialysis-induced inflammation. The existing drugs cannot be applied to all complement-driven diseases, and each indication has to be assessed individually. Alongside considerations concerning optimal points of intervention and economic factors, patient stratification will become essential to identify the best complement-specific therapy for each individual patient. This Review provides an overview of the therapeutic concepts, targets and candidate drugs, summarizes insights from clinical trials, and reflects on existing challenges for the development of complement therapeutics for kidney diseases and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ricklin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios C Mastellos
- National Center for Scientific Research 'Demokritos', Patr. Gregoriou E & 27 Neapoleos Str, 15341 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Edimara S Reis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 401 Stellar Chance, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - John D Lambris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 401 Stellar Chance, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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19
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Dalvit C, Knapp S. 19 F NMR isotropic chemical shift for efficient screening of fluorinated fragments which are racemates and/or display multiple conformers. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2017; 55:1091-1095. [PMID: 28762528 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine ligand-based NMR spectroscopy is now an established method for performing binding screening against a macromolecular target. Typically, the transverse relaxation rate of the fluorine signals is monitored in the absence and presence of the target. However, useful structural information can sometimes be obtained from the analysis of the fluorine isotropic chemical shift. This is particularly relevant for molecules that are racemates and/or display multiple conformers. The large difference in fluorine isotropic chemical shift between free and bound state deriving mainly from the breaking and/or making of intramolecular and/or intermolecular hydrogen bonds allows the detection of very weak affinity ligands. According to our experimental results, racemates should always be included in the generation of the fluorinated fragment libraries. The selection or the availability of only one of the enantiomers for the fluorinated screening library could result in missing relevant chemical scaffold motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Dalvit
- Faculty of Science, University of Neuchatel, 2000, Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Riedberg Campus, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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20
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Iyer A, Xu W, Reid RC, Fairlie DP. Chemical Approaches to Modulating Complement-Mediated Diseases. J Med Chem 2017; 61:3253-3276. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abishek Iyer
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Weijun Xu
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robert C. Reid
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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21
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Lorthiois E, Anderson K, Vulpetti A, Rogel O, Cumin F, Ostermann N, Steinbacher S, Mac Sweeney A, Delgado O, Liao SM, Randl S, Rüdisser S, Dussauge S, Fettis K, Kieffer L, de Erkenez A, Yang L, Hartwieg C, Argikar UA, La Bonte LR, Newton R, Kansara V, Flohr S, Hommel U, Jaffee B, Maibaum J. Discovery of Highly Potent and Selective Small-Molecule Reversible Factor D Inhibitors Demonstrating Alternative Complement Pathway Inhibition in Vivo. J Med Chem 2017. [PMID: 28621538 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The highly specific S1 serine protease factor D (FD) plays a central role in the amplification of the complement alternative pathway (AP) of the innate immune system. Genetic associations in humans have implicated AP activation in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and AP dysfunction predisposes individuals to disorders such as paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). The combination of structure-based hit identification and subsequent optimization of the center (S)-proline-based lead 7 has led to the discovery of noncovalent reversible and selective human factor D (FD) inhibitors with drug-like properties. The orally bioavailable compound 2 exerted excellent potency in 50% human whole blood in vitro and blocked AP activity ex vivo after oral administration to monkeys as demonstrated by inhibition of membrane attack complex (MAC) formation. Inhibitor 2 demonstrated sustained oral and ocular efficacy in a model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic AP activation in mice expressing human FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwige Lorthiois
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karen Anderson
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Anna Vulpetti
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Rogel
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frederic Cumin
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nils Ostermann
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Aengus Mac Sweeney
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Omar Delgado
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sha-Mei Liao
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stefan Randl
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Rüdisser
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Solene Dussauge
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kamal Fettis
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Kieffer
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea de Erkenez
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Louis Yang
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Constanze Hartwieg
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Laura R La Bonte
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ronald Newton
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Viral Kansara
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stefanie Flohr
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Hommel
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bruce Jaffee
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jürgen Maibaum
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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