1
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Mainolfi N, Ehara T, Karki RG, Anderson K, Mac Sweeney A, Liao SM, Argikar UA, Jendza K, Zhang C, Powers J, Klosowski DW, Crowley M, Kawanami T, Ding J, April M, Forster C, Serrano-Wu M, Capparelli M, Ramqaj R, Solovay C, Cumin F, Smith TM, Ferrara L, Lee W, Long D, Prentiss M, De Erkenez A, Yang L, Liu F, Sellner H, Sirockin F, Valeur E, Erbel P, Ostermeier D, Ramage P, Gerhartz B, Schubart A, Flohr S, Gradoux N, Feifel R, Vogg B, Wiesmann C, Maibaum J, Eder J, Sedrani R, Harrison RA, Mogi M, Jaffee BD, Adams CM. Discovery of 4-((2 S,4 S)-4-Ethoxy-1-((5-methoxy-7-methyl-1 H-indol-4-yl)methyl)piperidin-2-yl)benzoic Acid (LNP023), a Factor B Inhibitor Specifically Designed To Be Applicable to Treating a Diverse Array of Complement Mediated Diseases. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5697-5722. [PMID: 32073845 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The alternative pathway (AP) of the complement system is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of several human diseases including age-related macular degeneration, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), and various glomerular diseases. The serine protease factor B (FB) is a key node in the AP and is integral to the formation of C3 and C5 convertase. Despite the prominent role of FB in the AP, selective orally bioavailable inhibitors, beyond our own efforts, have not been reported previously. Herein we describe in more detail our efforts to identify FB inhibitors by high-throughput screening (HTS) and leveraging insights from several X-ray cocrystal structures during optimization efforts. This work culminated in the discovery of LNP023 (41), which is currently being evaluated clinically in several diverse AP mediated indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nello Mainolfi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Takeru Ehara
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rajeshri G Karki
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Karen Anderson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Aengus Mac Sweeney
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sha-Mei Liao
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Keith Jendza
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chun Zhang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - James Powers
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Daniel W Klosowski
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Maura Crowley
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Toshio Kawanami
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jian Ding
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Myriam April
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Cornelia Forster
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Serrano-Wu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Capparelli
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rrezarta Ramqaj
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Solovay
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Frederic Cumin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas M Smith
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Luciana Ferrara
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wendy Lee
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Debby Long
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Melissa Prentiss
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andrea De Erkenez
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Louis Yang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Fang Liu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Holger Sellner
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Finton Sirockin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric Valeur
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paulus Erbel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Ostermeier
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Ramage
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Gerhartz
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Schubart
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Flohr
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Gradoux
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland Feifel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Vogg
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Wiesmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Maibaum
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Eder
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard Sedrani
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard A Harrison
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Muneto Mogi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bruce D Jaffee
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher M Adams
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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2
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Ehara T, Adams CM, Bevan D, Ji N, Meredith EL, Belanger DB, Powers J, Kato M, Solovay C, Liu D, Capparelli M, Bolduc P, Grob JE, Daniels MH, Ferrara L, Yang L, Li B, Towler CS, Stacy RC, Prasanna G, Mogi M. The Discovery of ( S)-1-(6-(3-((4-(1-(Cyclopropanecarbonyl)piperidin-4-yl)-2-methylphenyl)amino)-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-4-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-5-methyl-1 H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic Acid, a Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Activator Specifically Designed for Topical Ocular Delivery as a Therapy for Glaucoma. J Med Chem 2018; 61:2552-2570. [PMID: 29498522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), the endogenous receptor for nitric oxide (NO), has been implicated in several diseases associated with oxidative stress. In a pathological oxidative environment, the heme group of sGC can be oxidized becoming unresponsive to NO leading to a loss in the ability to catalyze the production of cGMP. Recently a dysfunctional sGC/NO/cGMP pathway has been implicated in contributing to elevated intraocular pressure associated with glaucoma. Herein we describe the discovery of molecules specifically designed for topical ocular administration, which can activate oxidized sGC restoring the ability to catalyze the production of cGMP. These efforts culminated in the identification of compound (+)-23, which robustly lowers intraocular pressure in a cynomolgus model of elevated intraocular pressure over 24 h after a single topical ocular drop and has been selected for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Ehara
- Global Discovery Chemistry , Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Christopher M Adams
- Global Discovery Chemistry , Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Doug Bevan
- Global Discovery Chemistry , Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Nan Ji
- Global Discovery Chemistry , Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Erik L Meredith
- Global Discovery Chemistry , Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - David B Belanger
- Global Discovery Chemistry , Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - James Powers
- Global Discovery Chemistry , Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Mitsunori Kato
- Global Discovery Chemistry , Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Catherine Solovay
- Global Discovery Chemistry , Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Donglei Liu
- Global Discovery Chemistry , Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Michael Capparelli
- Global Discovery Chemistry , Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Philippe Bolduc
- Global Discovery Chemistry , Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Jonathan E Grob
- Global Discovery Chemistry , Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Matthew H Daniels
- Global Discovery Chemistry , Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Luciana Ferrara
- Ophthalmology Research , Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Louis Yang
- Ophthalmology Research , Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Byron Li
- Ophthalmology Research , Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Christopher S Towler
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Profiling , Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Rebecca C Stacy
- Translational Medicine , Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Ganesh Prasanna
- Ophthalmology Research , Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Muneto Mogi
- Global Discovery Chemistry , Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc. , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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3
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Fu J, Becker C, Cao L, Capparelli M, Denay R, Fujimoto R, Gai Y, Gao Z, Guenat C, Karur S, Kim H, Li W, Li X, Li W, Lochmann T, Lu A, Lu P, Luneau A, Meier N, Mergo W, Ng S, Parker D, Peng Y, Riss B, Rivkin A, Roggo S, Schroeder H, Schuerch F, Simmons RL, Sun F, Sweeney ZK, Tjandra M, Wang M, Wang R, Weiss AH, Wenger N, Wu Q, Xiong X, Xu S, Xu W, Yifru A, Zhao J, Zhou J, Zürcher C, Gallou F. Development of a cyclosporin A derivative with excellent anti-hepatitis C virus potency. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:957-969. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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4
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Fu J, Tjandra M, Becker C, Bednarczyk D, Capparelli M, Elling R, Hanna I, Fujimoto R, Furegati M, Karur S, Kasprzyk T, Knapp M, Leung K, Li X, Lu P, Mergo W, Miault C, Ng S, Parker D, Peng Y, Roggo S, Rivkin A, Simmons RL, Wang M, Wiedmann B, Weiss AH, Xiao L, Xie L, Xu W, Yifru A, Yang S, Zhou B, Sweeney ZK. Potent nonimmunosuppressive cyclophilin inhibitors with improved pharmaceutical properties and decreased transporter inhibition. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8503-16. [PMID: 25310383 DOI: 10.1021/jm500862r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nonimmunosuppressive cyclophilin inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy for the treatment of hepatitis C infection (HCV). However, alisporivir, cyclosporin A, and most other cyclosporins are potent inhibitors of OATP1B1, MRP2, MDR1, and other important drug transporters. Reduction of the side chain hydrophobicity of the P4 residue preserves cyclophilin binding and antiviral potency while decreasing transporter inhibition. Representative inhibitor 33 (NIM258) is a less potent transporter inhibitor relative to previously described cyclosporins, retains anti-HCV activity in cell culture, and has an acceptable pharmacokinetic profile in rats and dogs. An X-ray structure of 33 bound to rat cyclophilin D is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Fu
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
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5
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Meredith EL, Ksander G, Monovich L, Papillon JPN, Liu Q, Miranda K, Morris P, Rao C, Burgis R, Capparelli M, Hu QY, Singh A, Rigel DF, Jeng AY, Beil M, Fu F, Hu CW, LaSala D. Discovery and in Vivo Evaluation of Potent Dual CYP11B2 (Aldosterone Synthase) and CYP11B1 Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:1203-7. [PMID: 24900631 PMCID: PMC4027133 DOI: 10.1021/ml400324c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone is a key signaling component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and as such has been shown to contribute to cardiovascular pathology such as hypertension and heart failure. Aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) is responsible for the final three steps of aldosterone synthesis and thus is a viable therapeutic target. A series of imidazole derived inhibitors, including clinical candidate 7n, have been identified through design and structure-activity relationship studies both in vitro and in vivo. Compound 7n was also found to be a potent inhibitor of 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1), which is responsible for cortisol production. Inhibition of CYP11B1 is being evaluated in the clinic for potential treatment of hypercortisol diseases such as Cushing's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik L. Meredith
- Novartis
Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gary Ksander
- Novartis
Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lauren
G. Monovich
- Novartis
Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Julien P. N. Papillon
- Novartis
Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Qian Liu
- Novartis
Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Karl Miranda
- Novartis
Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Patrick Morris
- Novartis
Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chang Rao
- Novartis
Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Robin Burgis
- Novartis
Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Capparelli
- Novartis
Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Qi-Ying Hu
- Novartis
Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alok Singh
- Novartis
Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dean F. Rigel
- Novartis
Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East
Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Arco Y. Jeng
- Novartis
Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East
Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Michael Beil
- Novartis
Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East
Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Fumin Fu
- Novartis
Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East
Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Chii-Whei Hu
- Novartis
Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East
Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Daniel LaSala
- Novartis
Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East
Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
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6
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Gamber GG, Meredith E, Zhu Q, Yan W, Rao C, Capparelli M, Burgis R, Enyedy I, Zhang JH, Soldermann N, Beattie K, Rozhitskaya O, Koch KA, Pagratis N, Hosagrahara V, Vega RB, McKinsey TA, Monovich L. 3,5-diarylazoles as novel and selective inhibitors of protein kinase D. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1447-51. [PMID: 21300545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and preliminary studies of the SAR of novel 3,5-diarylazole inhibitors of Protein Kinase D (PKD) are reported. Notably, optimized compounds in this class have been found to be active in cellular assays of phosphorylation-dependant HDAC5 nuclear export, orally bioavailable, and highly selective versus a panel of additional putative histone deacetylase (HDAC) kinases. Therefore these compounds could provide attractive tools for the further study of PKD/HDAC5 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel G Gamber
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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7
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Meredith EL, Beattie K, Burgis R, Capparelli M, Chapo J, Dipietro L, Gamber G, Enyedy I, Hood DB, Hosagrahara V, Jewell C, Koch KA, Lee W, Lemon DD, McKinsey TA, Miranda K, Pagratis N, Phan D, Plato C, Rao C, Rozhitskaya O, Soldermann N, Springer C, van Eis M, Vega RB, Yan W, Zhu Q, Monovich LG. Identification of potent and selective amidobipyridyl inhibitors of protein kinase D. J Med Chem 2010; 53:5422-38. [PMID: 20684592 DOI: 10.1021/jm100076w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and biological evaluation of potent and selective PKD inhibitors are described herein. The compounds described in the present study selectively inhibit PKD among other putative HDAC kinases. The PKD inhibitors of the present study blunt phosphorylation and subsequent nuclear export of HDAC4/5 in response to diverse agonists. These compounds further establish the central role of PKD as an HDAC4/5 kinase and enhance the current understanding of cardiac myocyte signal transduction. The in vivo efficacy of a representative example compound on heart morphology is reported herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik L Meredith
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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8
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Monovich L, Vega RB, Meredith E, Miranda K, Rao C, Capparelli M, Lemon DD, Phan D, Koch KA, Chapo JA, Hood DB, McKinsey TA. A novel kinase inhibitor establishes a predominant role for protein kinase D as a cardiac class IIa histone deacetylase kinase. FEBS Lett 2009; 584:631-7. [PMID: 20018189 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Class IIa histone deacetylases (HDACs) repress genes involved in pathological cardiac hypertrophy. The anti-hypertrophic action of class IIa HDACs is overcome by signals that promote their phosphorylation-dependent nuclear export. Several kinases have been shown to phosphorylate class IIa HDACs, including calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK), protein kinase D (PKD) and G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK). However, the identity of the kinase(s) responsible for phosphorylating class IIa HDACs during cardiac hypertrophy has remained controversial. We describe a novel and selective small molecule inhibitor of PKD, bipyridyl PKD inhibitor (BPKDi). BPKDi blocks signal-dependent phosphorylation and nuclear export of class IIa HDACs in cardiomyocytes and concomitantly suppresses hypertrophy of these cells. These studies define PKD as a principal cardiac class IIa HDAC kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Monovich
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Frenz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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