1
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Li Q, Liao Q, Qi S, Huang H, He S, Lyu W, Liang J, Qin H, Cheng Z, Yu F, Dong X, Wang Z, Han L, Han Y. Opportunities and perspectives of small molecular phosphodiesterase inhibitors in neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116386. [PMID: 38614063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase (PDE) is a superfamily of enzymes that are responsible for the hydrolysis of two second messengers: cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). PDE inhibition promotes the gene transcription by activating cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), initiating gene transcription of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The procedure exerts neuroprotective profile, and motor and cognitive improving efficacy. From this point of view, PDE inhibition will provide a promising therapeutic strategy for treating neurodegenerative disorders. Herein, we summarized the PDE inhibitors that have entered the clinical trials or been discovered in recent five years. Well-designed clinical or preclinical investigations have confirmed the effectiveness of PDE inhibitors, such as decreasing Aβ oligomerization and tau phosphorylation, alleviating neuro-inflammation and oxidative stress, modulating neuronal plasticity and improving long-term cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Qinghong Liao
- Shandong Kangqiao Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Qingdao, 266033, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shulei Qi
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Siyu He
- Guizhou Province Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Weiping Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Jinxin Liang
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Huan Qin
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zimeng Cheng
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Fan Yu
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xue Dong
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ziming Wang
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 256699, Shandong, PR China
| | - Lingfei Han
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yantao Han
- Department of Medical Pharmacy, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China.
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2
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Shanu-Wilson J, Coe S, Evans L, Steele J, Wrigley S. Small molecule drug metabolite synthesis and identification: why, when and how? Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103943. [PMID: 38452922 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.103943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The drug discovery and development process encompasses the interrogation of metabolites arising from the biotransformation of drugs. Here we look at why, when and how metabolites of small-molecule drugs are synthesised from the perspective of a specialist contract research organisation, with particular attention paid to projects for which regulatory oversight is relevant during this journey. To illustrate important aspects, we look at recent case studies, trends and learnings from our experience of making and identifying metabolites over the past ten years, along with with selected examples from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Shanu-Wilson
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, UK.
| | - Samuel Coe
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, UK
| | - Liam Evans
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, UK
| | - Jonathan Steele
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, UK
| | - Stephen Wrigley
- Hypha Discovery Ltd., 154B Brook Drive, Milton Park, Oxfordshire OX14 4SD, UK
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3
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Jurva U, Sandinge AS, Baek JM, Avanthay M, Thomson RES, D'Cunha SA, Andersson S, Hayes MA, Gillam EMJ. Biocatalysis using Thermostable Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Bacterial Membranes - Comparison of Metabolic Pathways with Human Liver Microsomes and Recombinant Human Enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:242-251. [PMID: 38176735 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Detailed structural characterization of small molecule metabolites is desirable during all stages of drug development, and often relies on the synthesis of metabolite standards. However, introducing structural changes into already complex, highly functionalized small molecules both regio- and stereo-selectively can be challenging using purely chemical approaches, introducing delays into the drug pipeline. An alternative is to use the cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) that produce the metabolites in vivo, taking advantage of the enzyme's inherently chiral active site to achieve regio- and stereoselectivity. Importantly, biotransformations are more sustainable: they proceed under mild conditions and avoid environmentally damaging solvents and transition metal catalysts. Recombinant enzymes avoid the need to use animal liver microsomes. However, native enzymes must be stabilized to work for extended periods or at elevated temperatures, and stabilizing mutations can alter catalytic activity. Here we assessed a set of novel, thermostable P450s in bacterial membranes, a format analogous to liver microsomes, for their ability to metabolize drugs through various pathways and compared them to human liver microsomes. Collectively, the thermostable P450s could replicate the metabolic pathways seen with human liver microsomes, including bioactivation to protein-reactive intermediates. Novel metabolites were found, suggesting the possibility of obtaining metabolites not produced by human or rodent liver microsomes. Importantly, no alteration in assay conditions from standard protocols for microsomal incubations was necessary. Thus, such bacterial membranes represent an analogous metabolite generation system to liver microsomes in terms of metabolites produced and ease of use, but which provides access to more diversity of metabolite structures. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In drug development it is often chemically challenging, to synthesize authentic metabolites of drug candidates for structural identification and evaluation of activity and safety. Biosynthesis using microsomes or recombinant human enzymes is confounded by the instability of the enzymes. Here we show that thermostable ancestral cytochrome P450 enzymes derived from P450 families responsible for human drug metabolism offer advantages over the native human forms in being more robust and over microbial enzymes in faithfully reflecting human drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Jurva
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Ann-Sofie Sandinge
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Jong Min Baek
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Mickaël Avanthay
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Raine E S Thomson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Stephlina A D'Cunha
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Shalini Andersson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Martin A Hayes
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
| | - Elizabeth M J Gillam
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (U.J., A.-S.S.); School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia (J.M.B., R.E.S.T., S.A.D.C., E.M.J.G.); and Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden (M.A., S.A., M.A.H.)
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4
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Castellino NJ, Montgomery AP, Danon JJ, Kassiou M. Late-stage Functionalization for Improving Drug-like Molecular Properties. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37285604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of late-stage functionalization (LSF) methodologies, particularly C-H functionalization, has revolutionized the field of organic synthesis. Over the past decade, medicinal chemists have begun to implement LSF strategies into their drug discovery programs, allowing for the drug discovery process to become more efficient. Most reported applications of late-stage C-H functionalization of drugs and drug-like molecules have been to rapidly diversify screening libraries to explore structure-activity relationships. However, there has been a growing trend toward the use of LSF methodologies as an efficient tool for improving drug-like molecular properties of promising drug candidates. In this review, we have comprehensively reviewed recent progress in this emerging area. Particular emphasis is placed on case studies where multiple LSF techniques were implemented to generate a library of novel analogues with improved drug-like properties. We have critically analyzed the current scope of LSF strategies to improve drug-like properties and commented on how we believe LSF can transform drug discovery in the future. Overall, we aim to provide a comprehensive survey of LSF techniques as tools for efficiently improving drug-like molecular properties, anticipating its continued uptake in drug discovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan J Danon
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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5
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Gillam EMJ, Kramlinger VM. Opportunities for Accelerating Drug Discovery and Development by Using Engineered Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:392-402. [PMID: 36460479 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of drug metabolism is fundamental to drug discovery and development (DDD) since by mediating the clearance of most drugs, metabolic enzymes influence their bioavailability and duration of action. Biotransformation can also produce pharmacologically active or toxic products, which complicates the evaluation of the therapeutic benefit versus liability of potential drugs but also provides opportunities to explore the chemical space around a lead. The structures and relative abundance of metabolites are determined by the substrate and reaction specificity of biotransformation enzymes and their catalytic efficiency. Preclinical drug biotransformation studies are done to quantify in vitro intrinsic clearance to estimate likely in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters, to predict an appropriate dose, and to anticipate interindividual variability in response, including from drug-drug interactions. Such studies need to be done rapidly and cheaply, but native enzymes, especially in microsomes or hepatocytes, do not always produce the full complement of metabolites seen in extrahepatic tissues or preclinical test species. Furthermore, yields of metabolites are usually limiting. Engineered recombinant enzymes can make DDD more comprehensive and systematic. Additionally, as renewable, sustainable, and scalable resources, they can also be used for elegant chemoenzymatic, synthetic approaches to optimize or synthesize candidates as well as metabolites. Here, we will explore how these new tools can be used to enhance the speed and efficiency of DDD pipelines and provide a perspective on what will be possible in the future. The focus will be on cytochrome P450 enzymes to illustrate paradigms that can be extended in due course to other drug-metabolizing enzymes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Protein engineering can generate enhanced versions of drug-metabolizing enzymes that are more stable, better suited to industrial conditions, and have altered catalytic activities, including catalyzing non-natural reactions on structurally complex lead candidates. When applied to drugs in development, libraries of engineered cytochrome P450 enzymes can accelerate the identification of active or toxic metabolites, help elucidate structure activity relationships, and, when combined with other synthetic approaches, provide access to novel structures by regio- and stereoselective functionalization of lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M J Gillam
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia (E.M.J.G.) and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (V.M.K.)
| | - Valerie M Kramlinger
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Australia (E.M.J.G.) and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee (V.M.K.)
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6
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Thomson RES, D'Cunha SA, Hayes MA, Gillam EMJ. Use of engineered cytochromes P450 for accelerating drug discovery and development. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 95:195-252. [PMID: 35953156 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Numerous steps in drug development, including the generation of authentic metabolites and late-stage functionalization of candidates, necessitate the modification of often complex molecules, such as natural products. While it can be challenging to make the required regio- and stereoselective alterations to a molecule using purely chemical catalysis, enzymes can introduce changes to complex molecules with a high degree of stereo- and regioselectivity. Cytochrome P450 enzymes are biocatalysts of unequalled versatility, capable of regio- and stereoselective functionalization of unactivated CH bonds by monooxygenation. Collectively they catalyze over 60 different biotransformations on structurally and functionally diverse organic molecules, including natural products, drugs, steroids, organic acids and other lipophilic molecules. This catalytic versatility and substrate range makes them likely candidates for application as potential biocatalysts for industrial chemistry. However, several aspects of the P450 catalytic cycle and other characteristics have limited their implementation to date in industry, including: their lability at elevated temperature, in the presence of solvents, and over lengthy incubation times; the typically low efficiency with which they metabolize non-natural substrates; and their lack of specificity for a single metabolic pathway. Protein engineering by rational design or directed evolution provides a way to engineer P450s for industrial use. Here we review the progress made to date toward engineering the properties of P450s, especially eukaryotic forms, for industrial application, and including the recent expansion of their catalytic repertoire to include non-natural reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raine E S Thomson
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephlina A D'Cunha
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Martin A Hayes
- Compound Synthesis and Management, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth M J Gillam
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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7
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Humphreys WG. Biosynthesis using cytochrome P450 enzymes: Focus on synthesis of drug metabolites. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 95:177-194. [PMID: 35953155 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
While modern synthetic chemistry provides the ability to synthesize an incredible variety of new structures, the natural world provides unmatched chemical diversity. This diversity can be employed in the drug discovery process either through isolation of an organic molecule from a biological source as a drug candidate, usually referred to as natural product chemistry, or by providing enzymes that are capable to performing chemistry not available through synthetic chemistry approaches. Natural or engineered enzymes can be used in candidate discovery to generate chemical diversity in conjunction with synthetic efforts. As a candidate progresses into develop there is often a need to characterize metabolites, thus a need for metabolite standard synthesis. Metabolite synthesis is best accomplished with a flexible application of both chemical and biosynthetic approaches. This overview of the use of biosynthesis to aid in the drug discovery and development process will cover multiple methodologies with a focus on the use of microbes as a flexible and cost-effective resource.
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8
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Fessner ND, Badenhorst CPS, Bornscheuer UT. Enzyme Kits to Facilitate the Integration of Biocatalysis into Organic Chemistry – First Aid for Synthetic Chemists. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico D. Fessner
- Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis Institute of Biochemistry University of Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Christoffel P. S. Badenhorst
- Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis Institute of Biochemistry University of Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis Institute of Biochemistry University of Greifswald Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4 17487 Greifswald Germany
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9
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Huggins DJ. Comparing the Performance of Different AMBER Protein Forcefields, Partial Charge Assignments, and Water Models for Absolute Binding Free Energy Calculations. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:2616-2630. [PMID: 35266690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Identifying chemical starting points is a vital first step in small molecule drug discovery and can take significant time and money. For this reason, computational approaches to virtual screening are of great interest as they can lower the cost and shorten timeframes. However, simple approaches such as molecular docking and pharmacophore screening are of limited accuracy and provide a low probability of success. Alchemical binding free energies represent a promising approach for virtual screening as they naturally incorporate the key effects of water molecules, protein flexibility, and binding entropy. However, the calculations are technically very challenging, with performance depending on the specific forcefield used. For this reason, it is important that the community has access to benchmark test sets to assess prediction accuracy. In this paper, we present an approach to alchemical binding free energies using OpenMM. We identify effective simulation parameters using an existing BRD4(1) test set and present two new benchmark sets (cMET and PDE2A) that can be used in the community for validation purposes. Our findings also highlight the effectiveness of some AMBER forcefields, in particular, AMBER ff15ipq.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Huggins
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, New York 10021, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, United States
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10
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Ewanicki J, Kim W, Wang W. 2 H SOLCOR: A novel tool for reducing volume variation as a source of error in external standard quantitative NMR. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2020; 58:733-744. [PMID: 32297372 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tube to tube volume difference presents a challenge in obtaining correct external standard quantitative NMR (esqNMR) results. Deuterium (2 H) NMR is easily observable, intrinsically quantitative, present in all samples, free of interfering signals, and insensitive to probe tune/match and sample saltiness. These properties make 2 H peak integral an ideal parameter in esqNMR for correcting volume differences between the reference standard and analyte. We demonstrate a novel and practical technique abbreviated as "2 H SOLCOR" (2 H SOLvent CORrected), where the 2 H peak integral from the solvent is used as a universal internal standard to correct volume variations in NMR tubes, thereby improving accuracy and precision of esqNMR method. Herein, this simple yet effective technique is described, and practical considerations for successful implementation are presented. 2 H SOLCOR can be applied anywhere esqNMR is used, including where precious samples need to be accurately quantified for qualification as an authentic analytical standard.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Kim
- School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Pfizer Woldwide R&D La Jolla Lab, San Diego, CA, USA
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11
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Miller RR, Madeira M, Wood HB, Geissler WM, Raab CE, Martin IJ. Integrating the Impact of Lipophilicity on Potency and Pharmacokinetic Parameters Enables the Use of Diverse Chemical Space during Small Molecule Drug Optimization. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12156-12170. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Randy R. Miller
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Maria Madeira
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Harold B. Wood
- Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Wayne M. Geissler
- Business Development & Licensing, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Conrad E. Raab
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Iain J. Martin
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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12
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Lall MS, Bassyouni A, Bradow J, Brown M, Bundesmann M, Chen J, Ciszewski G, Hagen AE, Hyek D, Jenkinson S, Liu B, Obach RS, Pan S, Reilly U, Sach N, Smaltz DJ, Spracklin DK, Starr J, Wagenaar M, Walker GS. Late-Stage Lead Diversification Coupled with Quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy to Identify New Structure–Activity Relationship Vectors at Nanomole-Scale Synthesis: Application to Loratadine, a Human Histamine H1 Receptor Inverse Agonist. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7268-7292. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manjinder S. Lall
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Asser Bassyouni
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - James Bradow
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Maria Brown
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mark Bundesmann
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jinshan Chen
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gregory Ciszewski
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Anne E. Hagen
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Dennis Hyek
- Spectrix Analytical Services, LLC, 410 Sackett Point Road, Bldg 20, North Haven, Connecticut 06473, United States
| | - Stephen Jenkinson
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bo Liu
- Spectrix Analytical Services, LLC, 410 Sackett Point Road, Bldg 20, North Haven, Connecticut 06473, United States
| | - R. Scott Obach
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Senliang Pan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Usa Reilly
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Neal Sach
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Daniel J. Smaltz
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Douglas K. Spracklin
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jeremy Starr
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Melissa Wagenaar
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Gregory S. Walker
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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13
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Russell LE, Schleiff MA, Gonzalez E, Bart AG, Broccatelli F, Hartman JH, Humphreys WG, Lauschke VM, Martin I, Nwabufo C, Prasad B, Scott EE, Segall M, Takahashi R, Taub ME, Sodhi JK. Advances in the study of drug metabolism - symposium report of the 12th Meeting of the International Society for the Study of Xenobiotics (ISSX). Drug Metab Rev 2020; 52:395-407. [PMID: 32456484 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2020.1765793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The 12th International Society for the Study of Xenobiotics (ISSX) meeting, held in Portland, OR, USA from July 28 to 31, 2019, was attended by diverse members of the pharmaceutical sciences community. The ISSX New Investigators Group provides learning and professional growth opportunities for student and early career members of ISSX. To share meeting content with those who were unable to attend, the ISSX New Investigators herein elected to highlight the "Advances in the Study of Drug Metabolism" symposium, as it engaged attendees with diverse backgrounds. This session covered a wide range of current topics in drug metabolism research including predicting sites and routes of metabolism, metabolite identification, ligand docking, and medicinal and natural products chemistry, and highlighted approaches complemented by computational modeling. In silico tools have been increasingly applied in both academic and industrial settings, alongside traditional and evolving in vitro techniques, to strengthen and streamline pharmaceutical research. Approaches such as quantum mechanics simulations facilitate understanding of reaction energetics toward prediction of routes and sites of drug metabolism. Furthermore, in tandem with crystallographic and orthogonal wet lab techniques for structural validation of drug metabolizing enzymes, in silico models can aid understanding of substrate recognition by particular enzymes, identify metabolic soft spots and predict toxic metabolites for improved molecular design. Of note, integration of chemical synthesis and biosynthesis using natural products remains an important approach for identifying new chemical scaffolds in drug discovery. These subjects, compiled by the symposium organizers, presenters, and the ISSX New Investigators Group, are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Russell
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mary Alexandra Schleiff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Eric Gonzalez
- Division of Pre-Clinical Innovation, Therapeutic Development Branch, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Aaron G Bart
- Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Fabio Broccatelli
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jessica H Hartman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Bhagwat Prasad
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Emily E Scott
- Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Mitchell E Taub
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Jasleen K Sodhi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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14
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Strohmaier SJ, De Voss JJ, Jurva U, Andersson S, Gillam EMJ. Oxygen Surrogate Systems for Supporting Human Drug-Metabolizing Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:432-437. [PMID: 32238418 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.090555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen surrogates (OSs) have been used to support cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes for diverse purposes in drug metabolism research, including reaction phenotyping, mechanistic and inhibition studies, studies of redox partner interactions, and to avoid the need for NADPH or a redox partner. They also have been used in engineering P450s for more cost-effective, NADPH-independent biocatalysis. However, despite their broad application, little is known of the preference of individual P450s for different OSs or the substrate dependence of OS-supported activity. Furthermore, the biocatalytic potential of OSs other than cumene hydroperoxide (CuOOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is yet to be explored. Here, we investigated the ability of the major human drug-metabolizing P450s, namely CYP3A4, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP1A2, to use the following OSs: H2O2, tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tert-BuOOH), CuOOH, (diacetoxyiodo)benzene, and bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodobenzene. Overall, CuOOH and tert-BuOOH were found to be the most effective at supporting these P450s. However, the ability of P450s to be supported by OSs effectively was also found to be highly dependent on the substrate used. This suggests that the choice of OS should be tailored to both the P450 and the substrate under investigation, underscoring the need to employ screening methods that reflect the activity toward the substrate of interest to the end application. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes can be supported by different oxygen surrogates (OSs), avoiding the need for a redox partner and costly NADPH. However, few data exist comparing relative activity with different OSs and substrates. This study shows that the choice of OS used to support the major drug-metabolizing P450s influences their relative activity and regioselectivity in a substrate-specific fashion and provides a model for the more efficient use of P450s for metabolite biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja J Strohmaier
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (S.J.S., J.J.D.V., E.M.J.G.); and DMPK, Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (U.J.) and Discovery Sciences (S.A.), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - James J De Voss
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (S.J.S., J.J.D.V., E.M.J.G.); and DMPK, Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (U.J.) and Discovery Sciences (S.A.), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulrik Jurva
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (S.J.S., J.J.D.V., E.M.J.G.); and DMPK, Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (U.J.) and Discovery Sciences (S.A.), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shalini Andersson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (S.J.S., J.J.D.V., E.M.J.G.); and DMPK, Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (U.J.) and Discovery Sciences (S.A.), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth M J Gillam
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (S.J.S., J.J.D.V., E.M.J.G.); and DMPK, Early Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (U.J.) and Discovery Sciences (S.A.), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Klenk JM, Ertl J, Rapp L, Fischer MP, Hauer B. Expression and characterization of the benzoic acid hydroxylase CYP199A25 from Arthrobacter sp. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2019.110739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Richardson J, Sharman G, Martínez-Olid F, Cañellas S, Gomez JE. Unlocking the potential of late-stage functionalisation: an accurate and fully automated method for the rapid characterisation of multiple regioisomeric products. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00431a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An automated pipeline for structure determination is outlined that will help unlock the potential of late-stage functionalisation (LSF).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary Sharman
- Discovery Research and Technologies
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Surrey
- UK
| | - Francisco Martínez-Olid
- Discovery Research and Technologies
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Centro de Investigación Lilly
- 28108 Alcobendas-Madrid
- Spain
| | - Santiago Cañellas
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology
- E-43007 Tarragona
- Spain
| | - Jose Enrique Gomez
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology
- E-43007 Tarragona
- Spain
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17
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Klenk JM, Kontny LH, Escobedo-Hinojosa W, Nebel BA, Hauer B. Oxyfunctionalization of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by filamentous-fungi. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:724-738. [PMID: 31173436 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We aimed to expand the microbial biocatalyst platform to generate essential oxyfunctionalized standards for pharmaceutical, toxicological and environmental research. In particular, we examined the production of oxyfunctionalized nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by filamentous-fungi. METHODS AND RESULTS Four NSAIDs; diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen and mefenamic acid were used as substrates for oxyfunctionalization in a biocatalytic process involving three filamentous-fungi strains; Beauveria bassiana, Clitocybe nebularis and Mucor hiemalis. Oxyfunctionalized metabolites that are major degradation intermediates formed by Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in human metabolism were produced in isolated yields of up to 99% using 1 g l-1 of substrate. In addition, a novel compound, 3',4'-dihydroxydiclofenac, was produced by B. bassiana. Proteomic analysis identified CYP548A5 that might be responsible for diclofenac oxyfunctionalization in B. bassiana. CONCLUSIONS Efficient fungi catalysed oxyfunctionalization was achieved when using NSAIDs as substrates. High purities and isolated yields of the produced metabolites were achieved. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The lack of current efficient synthetic strategies for oxyfunctionalization of NSAIDs is a bottleneck to perform pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and toxicological analysis for the pharmaceutical industry. Additionally, oxyfunctionalized derivatives are needed for tracking the fate and impact of such metabolites in the environment. Herein, we described a fungi catalysed process that surpasses previously reported strategies in terms of efficiency, to synthesize oxyfunctionalized NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Klenk
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - L H Kontny
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - W Escobedo-Hinojosa
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - B A Nebel
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - B Hauer
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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18
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Wu G, Zhao T, Kang D, Zhang J, Song Y, Namasivayam V, Kongsted J, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Poongavanam V, Liu X, Zhan P. Overview of Recent Strategic Advances in Medicinal Chemistry. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9375-9414. [PMID: 31050421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introducing novel strategies, concepts, and technologies that speed up drug discovery and the drug development cycle is of great importance both in the highly competitive pharmaceutical industry as well as in academia. This Perspective aims to present a "big-picture" overview of recent strategic innovations in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaochan Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Ji'nan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Ji'nan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Ji'nan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Ji'nan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Yuning Song
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy , Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , 250012 Ji'nan , China
| | - Vigneshwaran Namasivayam
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry II , University of Bonn , 53121 Bonn , Germany
| | - Jacob Kongsted
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy , University of Southern Denmark , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , K.U. Leuven , Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097) , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , K.U. Leuven , Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097) , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Vasanthanathan Poongavanam
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy , University of Southern Denmark , DK-5230 Odense M , Denmark
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Ji'nan , Shandong , P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , 44 West Culture Road , 250012 Ji'nan , Shandong , P. R. China
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19
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Fessner ND. P450 Monooxygenases Enable Rapid Late-Stage Diversification of Natural Products via C-H Bond Activation. ChemCatChem 2019; 11:2226-2242. [PMID: 31423290 PMCID: PMC6686969 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The biological potency of natural products has been exploited for decades. Their inherent structural complexity and natural diversity might hold the key to efficiently address the urgent need for the development of novel pharmaceuticals. At the same time, it is that very complexity, which impedes necessary chemical modifications such as structural diversification, to improve the effectiveness of the drug. For this purpose, Cytochrome P450 enzymes, which possess unique abilities to activate inert sp3-hybridised C-H bonds in a late-stage fashion, offer an attractive synthetic tool. In this review the potential of cytochrome P450 enzymes in chemoenzymatic lead diversification is illustrated discussing studies reporting late-stage functionalisations of natural products and other high-value compounds. These enzymes were proven to extend the synthetic toolbox significantly by adding to the flexibility and efficacy of synthetic strategies of natural product chemists, and scientists of other related disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico D. Fessner
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyGraz University of Technology, NAWI GrazPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad H. Rahman
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Birmingham Edgbaston B15 2TT United Kingdom
| | - Mandeep K. Bal
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringManchester Metropolitan University Chester Street Manchester M1 5GD United Kingdom
| | - Alan M. Jones
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Birmingham Edgbaston B15 2TT United Kingdom
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21
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Devine PN, Howard RM, Kumar R, Thompson MP, Truppo MD, Turner NJ. Extending the application of biocatalysis to meet the challenges of drug development. Nat Rev Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-018-0055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Boström J, Brown DG, Young RJ, Keserü GM. Expanding the medicinal chemistry synthetic toolbox. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2018; 17:709-727. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2018.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Mangoni AA, Tuccinardi T, Collina S, Vanden Eynde JJ, Muñoz-Torrero D, Karaman R, Siciliano C, de Sousa ME, Prokai-Tatrai K, Rautio J, Guillou C, Gütschow M, Galdiero S, Liu H, Agrofoglio LA, Sabatier JM, Hulme C, Kokotos G, You Q, Gomes PAC. Breakthroughs in Medicinal Chemistry: New Targets and Mechanisms, New Drugs, New Hopes-3. Molecules 2018; 23:E1596. [PMID: 29966350 PMCID: PMC6099979 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arduino A Mangoni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia.
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Simona Collina
- Department of Drug Sciences, Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology Section, Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Jean Jacques Vanden Eynde
- Formerly head of the Department of Organic Chemistry (FS), University of Mons-UMONS, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Diego Muñoz-Torrero
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, 27-31, Barcelona E-08028, Spain.
| | - Rafik Karaman
- Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, POB 20002 Jerusalem, Palestine.
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Viadell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - Carlo Siciliano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.
| | - Maria Emília de Sousa
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências, Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
- Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Katalin Prokai-Tatrai
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, and the Institute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - Jarkko Rautio
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Catherine Guillou
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université de Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Stefania Galdiero
- Department of Pharmacy, CIRPEB-University of Naples "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Luigi A Agrofoglio
- ICOA UMR CNRS 6005, Universite d'Orleans, Rue de Chartres, 45067 Orleans CEDEX 2, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Sabatier
- Laboratory INSERM UMR 1097, Aix-Marseille University, 163, Parc Scientifique et Technologique de Luminy, Avenue de Luminy, Bâtiment TPR2, Case 939, Marseille 13288, France.
| | - Christopher Hulme
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Biological Sciences West Room 351, 1041 East Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
| | - Qidong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Paula A C Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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