1
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Xu Q, Sharif M, James E, Dismorr JO, Tucker JHR, Willcox BE, Mehellou Y. Phosphonodiamidate prodrugs of phosphoantigens (ProPAgens) exhibit potent Vγ9/Vδ2 T cell activation and eradication of cancer cells. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:2462-2473. [PMID: 39026632 PMCID: PMC11253855 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00208c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The phosphoantigen (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP) is an established activator of Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells and stimulates downstream effector functions including cytotoxicity and cytokine production. In order to improve its drug-like properties, we herein report the design, synthesis, serum stability, in vitro metabolism, and biological evaluation of a new class of symmetrical phosphonodiamidate prodrugs of methylene and difluoromethylene monophosphonate derivatives of HMBPP. These prodrugs, termed phosphonodiamidate ProPAgens, were synthesized in good yields, exhibited excellent serum stability (>7 h), and their in vitro metabolism was shown to be initiated by carboxypeptidase Y. These phosphonodiamidate ProPAgens triggered potent activation of Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells, which translated into efficient Vγ9/Vδ2 T cell-mediated eradication of bladder cancer cells in vitro. Together, these findings showcase the potential of these phosphonodiamidate ProPAgens as Vγ9/Vδ2 T cell modulators that could be further developed as novel cancer immunotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xu
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University Cardiff CF10 3NB UK
| | - Maria Sharif
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Edward James
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University Cardiff CF10 3NB UK
| | - Jack O Dismorr
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - James H R Tucker
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Benjamin E Willcox
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, University of Birmingham Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Youcef Mehellou
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University Cardiff CF10 3NB UK
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
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2
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Farrell RE, Steele H, Middleton RJ, Skropeta D, Liu GJ. Cytotoxicity of phosphoramidate, bis-amidate and cycloSal prodrug metabolites against tumour and normal cells. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:1973-1981. [PMID: 38903945 PMCID: PMC11109934 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00115j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphonate and phosphate prodrugs are integral to enhancing drug permeability, but the potential toxicity of their metabolites requires careful consideration. This study evaluates the impact of widely used phosphoramidate, bis-amidate, and cycloSal phosph(on)ate prodrug metabolites on BxPC3 pancreatic cancer cells, GL261-Luc glioblastoma cells, and primary cultured mouse astrocytes. 1-Naphthol and 2-naphthol demonstrated the greatest toxicity. Notably, 2-naphthol exhibited an ED50 of 21 μM on BxPC3 cells, surpassing 1-naphthol with an ED50 of 82 μM. Real-time xCELLigence experiments revealed notable activity for both metabolites at a low concentration of 16 μM. On primary cultured mouse astrocyte cells, all prodrugs exhibited reduced viability at 128 to 256 μM after only 4 hours of exposure. A cell-type-dependent sensitivity to phosph(on)ate prodrug metabolites was evident, with normal cells showing greater susceptibility than corresponding tumour cells. The results suggest it is essential to consider the potential cytotoxicity of phosph(on)ate prodrugs in the drug design and evaluation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Farrell
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Harrison Steele
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Ryan J Middleton
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation Lucas Heights NSW 2234 Australia
| | - Danielle Skropeta
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Guo-Jun Liu
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation Lucas Heights NSW 2234 Australia
- Discipline of Medical Imaging Sciences, Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2050 Australia
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3
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Backx S, Desmedt W, Dejaegere A, Simoens A, Van de Poel J, Krasowska D, Audenaert K, Stevens CV, Mangelinckx S. Synthesis of Mixed Phosphonate Esters and Amino Acid-Based Phosphonamidates, and Their Screening as Herbicides. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4739. [PMID: 38731958 PMCID: PMC11083600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
While organophosphorus chemistry is gaining attention in a variety of fields, the synthesis of the phosphorus derivatives of amino acids remains a challenging task. Previously reported methods require the deprotonation of the nucleophile, complex reagents or hydrolysis of the phosphonate ester. In this paper, we demonstrate how to avoid these issues by employing phosphonylaminium salts for the synthesis of novel mixed n-alkylphosphonate diesters or amino acid-derived n-alkylphosphonamidates. We successfully applied this methodology for the synthesis of novel N-acyl homoserine lactone analogues with varying alkyl chains and ester groups in the phosphorus moiety. Finally, we developed a rapid, quantitative and high-throughput bioassay to screen a selection of these compounds for their herbicidal activity. Together, these results will aid future research in phosphorus chemistry, agrochemistry and the synthesis of bioactive targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Backx
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.B.); (A.D.); (A.S.); (J.V.d.P.); (D.K.); (C.V.S.)
| | - Willem Desmedt
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (W.D.); (K.A.)
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Burg. van Gansberghelaan 96, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Andreas Dejaegere
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.B.); (A.D.); (A.S.); (J.V.d.P.); (D.K.); (C.V.S.)
| | - Andreas Simoens
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.B.); (A.D.); (A.S.); (J.V.d.P.); (D.K.); (C.V.S.)
| | - Jef Van de Poel
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.B.); (A.D.); (A.S.); (J.V.d.P.); (D.K.); (C.V.S.)
| | - Dorota Krasowska
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.B.); (A.D.); (A.S.); (J.V.d.P.); (D.K.); (C.V.S.)
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology and Phenomics, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (W.D.); (K.A.)
| | - Christian V. Stevens
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.B.); (A.D.); (A.S.); (J.V.d.P.); (D.K.); (C.V.S.)
| | - Sven Mangelinckx
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.B.); (A.D.); (A.S.); (J.V.d.P.); (D.K.); (C.V.S.)
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4
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Revesz IA, Joyce P, Ebert LM, Prestidge CA. Effective γδ T-cell clinical therapies: current limitations and future perspectives for cancer immunotherapy. Clin Transl Immunology 2024; 13:e1492. [PMID: 38375329 PMCID: PMC10875631 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are a unique subset of T lymphocytes, exhibiting features of both innate and adaptive immune cells and are involved with cancer immunosurveillance. They present an attractive alternative to conventional T cell-based immunotherapy due, in large part, to their lack of major histocompatibility (MHC) restriction and ability to secrete high levels of cytokines with well-known anti-tumour functions. To date, clinical trials using γδ T cell-based immunotherapy for a range of haematological and solid cancers have yielded limited success compared with in vitro studies. This inability to translate the efficacy of γδ T-cell therapies from preclinical to clinical trials is attributed to a combination of several factors, e.g. γδ T-cell agonists that are commonly used to stimulate populations of these cells have limited cellular uptake yet rely on intracellular mechanisms; administered γδ T cells display low levels of tumour-infiltration; and there is a gap in the understanding of γδ T-cell inhibitory receptors. This review explores the discrepancy between γδ T-cell clinical and preclinical performance and offers viable avenues to overcome these obstacles. Using more direct γδ T-cell agonists, encapsulating these agonists into lipid nanocarriers to improve their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles and the use of combination therapies to overcome checkpoint inhibition and T-cell exhaustion are ways to bridge the gap between preclinical and clinical success. Given the ability to overcome these limitations, the development of a more targeted γδ T-cell agonist-checkpoint blockade combination therapy has the potential for success in clinical trials which has to date remained elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella A Revesz
- Clinical Health SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Paul Joyce
- Clinical Health SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Lisa M Ebert
- Centre for Cancer BiologySA Pathology and University of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
- Cancer Clinical Trials UnitRoyal Adelaide HospitalAdelaideSAAustralia
- School of MedicineThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Clive A Prestidge
- Clinical Health SciencesUniversity of South AustraliaAdelaideSAAustralia
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5
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Singh U, Pawge G, Rani S, Hsiao CHC, Wiemer AJ, Wiemer DF. Diester Prodrugs of a Phosphonate Butyrophilin Ligand Display Improved Cell Potency, Plasma Stability, and Payload Internalization. J Med Chem 2023; 66:15309-15325. [PMID: 37934915 PMCID: PMC10683022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells with butyrophilin 3A1 (BTN3A1) agonists such as (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl diphosphate (HMBPP) has the potential to boost the immune response. Because HMBPP is highly charged and metabolically unstable, prodrugs may be needed to overcome these liabilities, but the prodrugs themselves may be limited by slow payload release or low plasma stability. To identify effective prodrug forms of a phosphonate agonist of BTN3A1, we have prepared a set of diesters bearing one aryl and one acyloxymethyl group. The compounds were evaluated for their ability to stimulate Vγ9Vδ2 T cell proliferation, increase production of interferon γ, resist plasma metabolism, and internalize into leukemia cells. These bioassays have revealed that varied aryl and acyloxymethyl groups can decouple plasma and cellular metabolism and have a significant impact on bioactivity (>200-fold range) and stability (>10 fold range), including some with subnanomolar potency. Our findings increase the understanding of the structure-activity relationships of mixed aryl/acyloxymethyl phosphonate prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umed Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United
States
| | - Girija Pawge
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - Sarita Rani
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - Chia-Hung Christine Hsiao
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - Andrew J. Wiemer
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
- Institute
for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United
States
| | - David F. Wiemer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United
States
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1109, United
States
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6
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The Multifaceted MEP Pathway: Towards New Therapeutic Perspectives. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031403. [PMID: 36771066 PMCID: PMC9919496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoprenoids, a diverse class of natural products, are present in all living organisms. Their two universal building blocks are synthesized via two independent pathways: the mevalonate pathway and the 2-C-methyl-ᴅ-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. The presence of the latter in pathogenic bacteria and its absence in humans make all its enzymes suitable targets for the development of novel antibacterial drugs. (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl diphosphate (HMBPP), the last intermediate of this pathway, is a natural ligand for the human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells and the most potent natural phosphoantigen known to date. Moreover, 5-hydroxypentane-2,3-dione, a metabolite produced by Escherichia coli 1-deoxy-ᴅ-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), the first enzyme of the MEP pathway, structurally resembles (S)-4,5-dihydroxy-2,3-pentanedione, a signal molecule implied in bacterial cell communication. In this review, we shed light on the diversity of potential uses of the MEP pathway in antibacterial therapies, starting with an overview of the antibacterials developed for each of its enzymes. Then, we provide insight into HMBPP, its synthetic analogs, and their prodrugs. Finally, we discuss the potential contribution of the MEP pathway to quorum sensing mechanisms. The MEP pathway, providing simultaneously antibacterial drug targets and potent immunostimulants, coupled with its potential role in bacterial cell-cell communication, opens new therapeutic perspectives.
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7
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Yan VC, Pham CD, Ballato ES, Yang KL, Arthur K, Khadka S, Barekatain Y, Shrestha P, Tran T, Poral AH, Washington M, Raghavan S, Czako B, Pisaneschi F, Lin YH, Satani N, Hammoudi N, Ackroyd JJ, Georgiou DK, Millward SW, Muller FL. Prodrugs of a 1-Hydroxy-2-oxopiperidin-3-yl Phosphonate Enolase Inhibitor for the Treatment of ENO1-Deleted Cancers. J Med Chem 2022; 65:13813-13832. [PMID: 36251833 PMCID: PMC9620261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancers harboring homozygous deletion of the glycolytic enzyme enolase 1 (ENO1) are selectively vulnerable to inhibition of the paralogous isoform, enolase 2 (ENO2). A previous work described the sustained tumor regression activities of a substrate-competitive phosphonate inhibitor of ENO2, 1-hydroxy-2-oxopiperidin-3-yl phosphonate (HEX) (5), and its bis-pivaloyoxymethyl prodrug, POMHEX (6), in an ENO1-deleted intracranial orthotopic xenograft model of glioblastoma [Nature Metabolism 2020, 2, 1423-1426]. Due to poor pharmacokinetics of bis-ester prodrugs, this study was undertaken to identify potential non-esterase prodrugs for further development. Whereas phosphonoamidate esters were efficiently bioactivated in ENO1-deleted glioma cells, McGuigan prodrugs were not. Other strategies, including cycloSal and lipid prodrugs of 5, exhibited low micromolar IC50 values in ENO1-deleted glioma cells and improved stability in human serum over 6. The activity of select prodrugs was also probed using the NCI-60 cell line screen, supporting its use to examine the relationship between prodrugs and cell line-dependent bioactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C. Yan
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States,. Twitter: @victoriacyanide
| | - Cong-Dat Pham
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Elliot S. Ballato
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Kristine L. Yang
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Kenisha Arthur
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Sunada Khadka
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States,Department
of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Yasaman Barekatain
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States,Department
of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Prakriti Shrestha
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Theresa Tran
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Anton H. Poral
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Mykia Washington
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Sudhir Raghavan
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Barbara Czako
- Institute
of Applied Cancer Science, University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Federica Pisaneschi
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Yu-Hsi Lin
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Nikunj Satani
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Naima Hammoudi
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Jeffrey J. Ackroyd
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Dimitra K. Georgiou
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Steven W. Millward
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Florian L. Muller
- Department
of Cancer Systems Imaging, University of
Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
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8
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Lentini NA, Huang X, Schladetsch MA, Hsiao CHC, Wiemer DF, Wiemer AJ. Efficiency of bis-amidate phosphonate prodrugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 66:128724. [PMID: 35405283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bis-amidate derivatives have been viewed as attractive phosphonate prodrug forms because of their straightforward synthesis, lack of phosphorus stereochemistry, plasma stability and nontoxic amino acid metabolites. However, the efficiency of bis-amidate prodrug forms is unclear, as prior studies on this class of prodrugs have not evaluated their activation kinetics. Here, we synthetized a small panel of bis-amidate prodrugs of butyrophilin ligands as potential immunotherapy agents. These compounds were examined relative to other prodrug forms delivering the same payload for their stability in plasma and cell lysate, their ability to stimulate T cell proliferation in human PBMCs, and their activation kinetics in a leukemia co-culture model of T cell cytokine production. The bis-amidate prodrugs demonstrate high plasma stability and improved cellular phosphoantigen activity relative to the free phosphonic acid. However, the efficiency of bis-amidate activation is low relative to other prodrugs that contain at least one ester such as aryl-amidate, aryl-acyloxyalkyl ester, and bis-acyloxyalkyl ester forms. Therefore, bis-amidate prodrugs do not drive rapid cellular payload accumulation and they would be more useful for payloads in which slower, sustained-release kinetics are preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Lentini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, United States
| | - Xueting Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, United States
| | - Megan A Schladetsch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, United States
| | - Chia-Hung Christine Hsiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, United States
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, United States
| | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, United States; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, United States.
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9
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Forbes KC, Jacobsen EN. Enantioselective hydrogen-bond-donor catalysis to access diverse stereogenic-at-P(V) compounds. Science 2022; 376:1230-1236. [PMID: 35679409 PMCID: PMC9427129 DOI: 10.1126/science.abp8488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The stereoselective synthesis of molecules bearing stereogenic phosphorus(V) centers represents an enduring challenge in organic chemistry. Although stereospecific nucleophilic substitution at P(V) provides a general strategy for elaborating optically active P(V) compounds, existing methods for accessing the requisite chiral building blocks rely almost entirely on diastereocontrol using chiral auxiliaries. Catalytic, enantioselective methods for the synthesis of synthetically versatile stereogenic P(V) building blocks offer an alternative approach to stereogenic-at-P(V) targets without requiring stoichiometric quantities of chiral control elements. Here, we report an enantioselective hydrogen-bond-donor-catalyzed synthesis of aryl chlorophosphonamidates and the development of these products as versatile chiral P(V) building blocks. We demonstrate that the two leaving groups on these chlorophosphonamidates can be displaced sequentially and stereospecifically to access a wide variety of stereogenic-at-P(V) compounds featuring diverse substitution patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C. Forbes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University; Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Eric N. Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University; Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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10
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Ying H, Yao J, Wu F, Zhao Y, Ni F. A mild and concise synthesis of aryloxy phosphoramidate prodrug of alcohols via transesterification reaction. RSC Adv 2022; 12:13111-13115. [PMID: 35497010 PMCID: PMC9052952 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01995g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A synthesis of aryloxy phosphoramidate prodrug of alcohols enabled by a transesterification strategy is described here. This reaction operates under mild conditions and thus has excellent functional group tolerance. This method provides an efficient and practical solution to the rapid construction of the aryloxy phosphoramidate prodrugs library for potential SAR studies. A synthesis of aryloxy phosphoramidate prodrug of alcohols enabled by a transesterification strategy is described here.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanglu Ying
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China .,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China
| | - Jie Yao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China .,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China
| | - Fan Wu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China .,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China .,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China
| | - Feng Ni
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China .,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang 315211 P. R. China
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11
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Zhao L, Qu Y, Zhang F, Ma D, Gao H, Gan L, Zhang H, Zhang S, Fang J. Baylis–Hillman Adducts as a Versatile Module for Constructing Fluorogenic Release System. J Med Chem 2022; 65:6056-6069. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lanning Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yuan Qu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Di Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hao Gao
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lu Gan
- Department of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Heavy Ion Radiation Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shengxiang Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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12
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Harmon N, Poe MM, Huang X, Singh R, Foust BJ, Hsiao CHC, Wiemer DF, Wiemer AJ. Synthesis and Metabolism of BTN3A1 Ligands: Studies on Diene Modifications to the Phosphoantigen Scaffold. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:164-170. [PMID: 35178171 PMCID: PMC8842111 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoantigens (pAgs) are small organophosphorus compounds such as (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl diphosphate (HMBPP) that trigger an immune response. These molecules bind to butyrophilin 3A1 (part of the HMBPP receptor) and activate Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. To explore the structure-activity relationships underlying this process, we evaluated a series of novel diene analogs of HMBPP. Here we report that prodrug forms of [(1E)-4-methylpenta-1,3-dien-1-yl] phosphonic acid that lack the allylic alcohol of HMBPP but instead contained a diene scaffold exhibit mid-nanomolar potency for the activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. The compounds also trigger the production of T-cell interferon γ upon exposure to loaded K562 cells. Although both the allylic alcohol and the diene scaffold boost pAg activity, the combination of the two decreases the activity and results in glutathione conjugation. Together, these data show that the diene scaffold results in intermediate pAgs that may have implications for the mechanisms regulating the HMBPP receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyema
M. Harmon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
| | - Michael M. Poe
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - Xueting Huang
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - Rohit Singh
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Foust
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
| | - Chia-Hung Christine Hsiao
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - David F. Wiemer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States,Department
of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1109, United States
| | - Andrew J. Wiemer
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States,Institute
for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States,
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13
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Ma L, Papadopoulou M, Taton M, Genco F, Marchant A, Meroni V, Vermijlen D. Effector Vγ9Vδ2 T cell response to congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e138066. [PMID: 34255746 PMCID: PMC8409983 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A major γδ T cell population in human adult blood are the Vγ9Vδ2 T cells that are activated and expanded in a TCR-dependent manner by microbe-derived and endogenously derived phosphorylated prenyl metabolites (phosphoantigens). Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are also abundant in human fetal peripheral blood, but compared with their adult counterparts they have a distinct developmental origin, are hyporesponsive toward in vitro phosphoantigen exposure, and do not possess a cytotoxic effector phenotype. In order to obtain insight into the role of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in the human fetus, we investigated their response to in utero infection with the phosphoantigen-producing parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). Vγ9Vδ2 T cells expanded strongly when faced with congenital T. gondii infection, which was associated with differentiation toward potent cytotoxic effector cells. The Vγ9Vδ2 T cell expansion in utero resulted in a fetal footprint with public germline-encoded clonotypes in the Vγ9Vδ2 TCR repertoire 2 months after birth. Overall, our data indicate that the human fetus, from early gestation onward, possesses public Vγ9Vδ2 T cells that acquire effector functions following parasite infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ma
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics.,Institute for Medical Immunology, and.,ULB Center for Research in Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maria Papadopoulou
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics.,Institute for Medical Immunology, and.,ULB Center for Research in Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martin Taton
- Institute for Medical Immunology, and.,ULB Center for Research in Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, and.,ULB Center for Research in Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valeria Meroni
- IRCCS San Matteo Polyclinic, Pavia, Italy.,Molecular Medicine Department, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - David Vermijlen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics.,Institute for Medical Immunology, and.,ULB Center for Research in Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Harmon NM, Huang X, Hsiao CHC, Wiemer AJ, Wiemer DF. Incorporation of a FRET pair within a phosphonate diester. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105048. [PMID: 34126576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cleavable protecting groups are an effective tactic for construction of biological probes because such compounds can improve problems with instability, solubility, and cellular uptake. Incorporation of fluorescent groups in the protecting groups may afford useful probes of cellular functions, especially for payloads containing phosphonates that would be highly charged if not protected, but little is known about the steric or electronic factors that impede release of the payload. In this report we present a strategy for the synthesis of a coumarin fluorophore and a 4-((4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)diazenyl)benzoic acid (DABCYL) ester chromophore incorporated as a FRET pair within a single phosphonate. Such compounds were designed to deliver a BTN3A1 ligand payload to its intracellular receptor. Both final products and some synthetic intermediates were evaluated for their ability to undergo metabolic activation in γδ T cell functional assays, and for their photophysical properties by spectrophotometry. One phosphonate bearing a DABCYL acyloxyester and a novel tyramine-linked coumarin fluorophore exhibited strong, rapid, and potent cellular activity for γδ T cell stimulation and also showed FRET interactions. This strategy demonstrates that bioactivatable phosphonates containing FRET pairs can be utilized to develop probes to monitor cellular uptake of otherwise charged payloads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyema M Harmon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245, United States
| | - Xueting Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | | | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52245, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
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15
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Serpi M, Pertusati F. An overview of ProTide technology and its implications to drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1149-1161. [PMID: 33985395 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1922385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The ProTide technology is a phosphate (or phosphonate) prodrug method devised to deliver nucleoside monophosphate (or monophosphonate) intracellularly bypassing the key challenges of antiviral and anticancer nucleoside analogs. Three new antiviral drugs, exploiting this technology, have been approved by the FDA while others are in clinical studies as anticancer agents.Areas covered: The authors describe the origin and development of this technology and its incredible success in transforming the drug discovery of antiviral and anticancer nucleoside analogues. As evidence, discussion on the antiviral ProTides on the market, and those currently in clinical development are included. The authors focus on how the proven capacity of this technology to generate new drug candidates has stimulated its application to non-nucleoside-based molecules.Expert opinion: The ProTide approach has been extremely successful in delivering blockbuster antiviral medicines and it seems highly promising in oncology. Its application to non-nucleoside-based small molecules is recently emerging and proving effective in other therapeutic areas. However, investigations to explain the lack of activity of certain ProTide series and comprehensive structure activity relationship studies to identify the appropriate phosphoramidate motifs depending on the parent molecule are in our opinion mandatory for the future development of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrizio Pertusati
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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16
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Lentini NA, Schroeder CM, Harmon NM, Huang X, Schladetsch MA, Foust BJ, Poe MM, Hsiao CHC, Wiemer AJ, Wiemer DF. Synthesis and Metabolism of BTN3A1 Ligands: Studies on Modifications of the Allylic Alcohol. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:136-142. [PMID: 33488975 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
(E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl diphosphate (HMBPP) and its phosphonate analogs are potent phosphoantigens. HMBPP contains an (E)-allylic alcohol which interacts with the molecular target BTN3A1 giving an antigenic signal to activate Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. As probes of BTN3A1 function, we prepared prodrug derivatives of the HMBPP analog C-HMBP that lack the (E)-allylic alcohol or have modified it to an aldehyde or aldoxime and evaluated their biological activity. Removal of the alcohol completely abrogates phosphoantigenicity in these compounds while the aldoxime modification decreases potency relative to the (E)-allylic alcohol form. However, homoprenyl derivatives oxidized to an aldehyde stimulate Vγ9Vδ2 T cells at nanomolar concentrations. Selection of phosphonate protecting groups (i.e., prodrug forms) impacts the potency of phosphoantigen aldehydes, with mixed aryl acyloxyalkyl forms exhibiting superior activity relative to aryl amidate forms. The activity correlates with the cellular reduction of the aldehyde to the alcohol form. Thus, the functionality on this ligand framework can be altered concurrently with phosphonate protection to promote cellular transformation to highly potent phosphoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Lentini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
| | - Chloe M. Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
| | - Nyema M. Harmon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
| | - Xueting Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092,United States
| | - Megan A. Schladetsch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092,United States
| | - Benjamin J. Foust
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
| | - Michael M. Poe
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5413, United States
| | - Chia-Hung Christine Hsiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092,United States
| | - Andrew J. Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092,United States
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - David F. Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1109, United States
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17
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Chen X, Luo W, Wang Y, Li Z, Ma X, Peng AY. Efficient Synthesis of Phosphonamidates through One-Pot Sequential Reactions of Phosphonites with Iodine and Amines. Chemistry 2020; 26:14474-14480. [PMID: 32776399 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A one-pot sequential strategy to construct phosphonamidates has been developed by generating phosphonites in situ from arylmagnesium bromides and triethyl phosphite followed by treatment with iodine and amines. A variety of phosphonamidates were obtained with good to excellent yields at room temperature from easily available materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunwei Chen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Lu, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Luo
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Lu, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanlin Wang
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Lu, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zikang Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Lu, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorui Ma
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Lu, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ai-Yun Peng
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingangxi Lu, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Potent double prodrug forms of synthetic phosphoantigens. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115666. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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Kadri H, Taher TE, Xu Q, Sharif M, Ashby E, Bryan RT, Willcox BE, Mehellou Y. Aryloxy Diester Phosphonamidate Prodrugs of Phosphoantigens (ProPAgens) as Potent Activators of Vγ9/Vδ2 T-Cell Immune Responses. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11258-11270. [PMID: 32930595 PMCID: PMC7549095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vγ9/Vδ2 T-cells are activated by pyrophosphate-containing small molecules known as phosphoantigens (PAgs). The presence of the pyrophosphate group in these PAgs has limited their drug-like properties because of its instability and polar nature. In this work, we report a novel and short Grubbs olefin metathesis-mediated synthesis of methylene and difluoromethylene monophosphonate derivatives of the PAg (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBP) as well as their aryloxy diester phosphonamidate prodrugs, termed ProPAgens. These prodrugs showed excellent stability in human serum (t1/2 > 12 h) and potent activation of Vγ9/Vδ2 T-cells (EC50 ranging from 5 fM to 73 nM), which translated into sub-nanomolar γδ T-cell-mediated eradication of bladder cancer cells in vitro. Additionally, a combination of in silico and in vitro enzymatic assays demonstrated the metabolism of these phosphonamidates to release the unmasked PAg monophosphonate species. Collectively, this work establishes HMBP monophosphonate ProPAgens as ideal candidates for further investigation as novel cancer immunotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hachemi Kadri
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, U.K
| | - Taher E Taher
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.,Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Qin Xu
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, U.K
| | - Maria Sharif
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.,Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Elizabeth Ashby
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.,Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Richard T Bryan
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Benjamin E Willcox
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.,Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Youcef Mehellou
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, U.K
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20
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Schwarz DC, Williams SK, Dillenburg M, Wagner CR, Gestwicki JE. A Phosphoramidate Strategy Enables Membrane Permeability of a Non-nucleotide Inhibitor of the Prolyl Isomerase Pin1. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1704-1710. [PMID: 32944137 PMCID: PMC7488286 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane permeability of nucleotide-based drugs, such as sofosbuvir (Sovaldi), requires installation of phosphate-caging groups. One strategy, termed "ProTide", masks the anionic phosphate through an N-linked amino ester and an O-linked aromatic phospho-ester, such that release of the active drug requires consecutive enzymatic liberation by an esterase and then a phosphoramidase, such as Hint1. Because Hint1 is known to be selective for nucleotides, it was not clear if the ProTide approach could be deployed for non-nucleotides. Here, we demonstrate that caging of a phosphate-containing inhibitor of the prolyl isomerase Pin1 increases its permeability. Moreover, this compound was processed by both esterase and phosphoramidase activity, releasing the active molecule to bind and inhibit Pin1 in cells. Thus, Hint1 appears to recognize a broader set of substrates than previously appreciated. It seems possible that other potent, but impermeable, phosphate-containing inhibitors might likewise benefit from this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel
M. C. Schwarz
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Sarah K. Williams
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Maxwell Dillenburg
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Carston R. Wagner
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jason E. Gestwicki
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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21
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Wiemer AJ. Metabolic Efficacy of Phosphate Prodrugs and the Remdesivir Paradigm. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:613-626. [PMID: 32821882 PMCID: PMC7409933 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Drugs that contain phosphates (and
phosphonates or phosphinates)
have intrinsic absorption issues and are therefore often delivered
in prodrug forms to promote their uptake. Effective prodrug forms
distribute their payload to the site of the intended target and release
it efficiently with minimal byproduct toxicity. The ability to balance
unwanted payload release during transit with desired release at the
site of action is critical to prodrug efficacy. Despite decades of
research on prodrug forms, choosing the ideal prodrug form remains
a challenge which is often solved empirically. The recent emergency
use authorization of the antiviral remdesivir for COVID-19 exemplifies
a new approach for delivery of phosphate prodrugs by parenteral dosing,
which minimizes payload release during transit and maximizes tissue
payload distribution. This review focuses on the role of metabolic
activation in efficacy during oral and parenteral dosing of phosphate,
phosphonate, and phosphinate prodrugs. Through examining prior structure–activity
studies on prodrug forms and the choices that led to development of
remdesivir and other clinical drugs and drug candidates, a better
understanding of their ability to distribute to the planned site of
action, such as the liver, plasma, PBMCs, or peripheral tissues, can
be gained. The structure–activity relationships described here
will facilitate the rational design of future prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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22
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Wiemer AJ. Structure-Activity Relationships of Butyrophilin 3 Ligands. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1030-1039. [PMID: 32453919 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoantigens (pAgs) are small phosphorus-containing molecules that stimulate Vγ9Vδ2 T cells with sub-nanomolar cellular potency. Recent work has revealed that these compounds work through binding to the transmembrane immunoglobulin butyrophilin 3A1 (BTN3A1) within its intracellular B30.2 domain. Engagement of BTN3A1 is critical to the formation of an immune synapse between cells that contain pAgs and the Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. This minireview summarizes the structure-activity relationships of pAgs and their implications to the mechanisms of butyrophilin 3 activation leading to Vγ9Vδ2 T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, 69N. Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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23
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Du Q, Feng X, Wang Y, Xu X, Zhang Y, Qu X, Li Z, Bian J. Discovery of phosphonamidate IDO1 inhibitors for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111629. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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24
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Li J, Lentini NA, Wiemer DF, Wiemer AJ. A luciferase lysis assay reveals in vivo malignant cell sensitization by phosphoantigen prodrugs. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 170:113668. [PMID: 31628909 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells respond to small phosphorus-containing compounds, often called phosphoantigens, which are now known to be intracellular ligands of the immune receptor butyrophilin 3A1 (BTN3A1). In order to compare the efficiency of butyrophilin ligands, we developed a luciferase-based lysis assay that measures the direct cytolysis by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells of luciferase-expressing K562 leukemia cells sensitized by phosphoantigen prodrugs. Our results show that the luciferase-based lysis assay allows in vitro and in vivo assessment of phosphoantigen activity in a way that does not require the extensive processing of flow cytometry or ELISA based approaches. In cellular assays, the structure activity relationships of phosphoantigen prodrugs correlate with ELISA-based activation assays, though phosphoantigen induced target cell lysis occurs at lower concentrations relative to T cell interferon γ production measured by ELISA. In mice dosed with phosphoantigens, a racemic aryl phosphonamidate prodrug, methyl 2-[[[(E)-5-hydroxy-4-methyl-pent-3-enyl]-(1-naphthyloxy)phosphoryl]amino]acetate (1-Nap/GlyOMe C-HMBP, 5), sensitized subcutaneous K562 tumors within minutes, and this effect was maintained at least four hours after treatment. In vivo activity of compound 5 was stronger than that of an equivalent dose of zoledronate. This luciferase lysis assay can be used for evaluation of phosphoantigens due to its time efficiency, high sensitivity, and in vivo compatibility and demonstrates rapid in vitro and in vivo sensitization of tumor cells by phosphoantigen prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA
| | - Nicholas A Lentini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, USA
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, USA
| | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA.
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25
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Lentini NA, Hsiao CHC, Crull GB, Wiemer AJ, Wiemer DF. Synthesis and Bioactivity of the Alanyl Phosphonamidate Stereoisomers Derived from a Butyrophilin Ligand. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1284-1289. [PMID: 31531198 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aryloxy phosphonamidate derivatives of a butyrophilin 3A1 ligand are stimulants of Vγ9 Vδ2 T cells. However, when bonded to an aryl ester and an amine, the phosphorus is stereogenic, and past compounds were studied as racemates. To determine the impact of stereochemistry on the activity, we now have prepared phosphonate derivatives of l- and d-alanine ethyl ester, separated the diastereomers, and evaluated their biological activity as single stereoisomers. The results demonstrate that phosphonamidates substituted with l-alanine stimulate Vγ9 Vδ2 T cells at lower concentrations than the racemic glycine counterpart, while those derived from d-alanine require higher concentrations. All four diastereomers are more active than charged phosphoantigens such as HMBPP. Surprisingly, only a 2-fold difference was observed between the l-alanine phosphorus isomers, with the R P isomer more potent. This suggests that the small phosphoantigen scaffold reduces but does not eliminate dependence upon phosphorus stereochemistry for cellular activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Lentini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
| | - Chia-Hung Christine Hsiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - George B. Crull
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
| | - Andrew J. Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, United States
| | - David F. Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1294, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1109, United States
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Foust BJ, Li J, Hsiao CHC, Wiemer DF, Wiemer AJ. Stability and Efficiency of Mixed Aryl Phosphonate Prodrugs. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:1597-1603. [PMID: 31226236 PMCID: PMC6726502 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A set of phosphonate prodrugs of a butyrophilin ligand was synthesized and evaluated for plasma stability and cellular activity. The mixed aryl acyloxy esters were prepared either via a standard sequence through the phosphonic acid chloride, or through the more recently reported, and more facile, triflate activation. In the best of cases, this class of prodrugs shows cellular potency similar to that of bis-acyloxyalkyl phosphonate prodrugs and plasma stability similar to that of aryl phosphonamidates. For example, {[((3E)-5-hydroxy-4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl) (naphthalen-2-yloxy)phosphoryl]oxy}methyl 2,2-dimethylpropanoate can activate BTN3A1 in K562 cells after just 15 minutes of exposure (at an EC50 value of 31 nm) and is only partially metabolized (60 % remaining) after 20 hours in human plasma. Other related novel analogues showed similar potency/stability profiles. Therefore, mixed aryl acyloxyalkyl phosphonate prodrugs are an exciting new strategy for the delivery of phosphonate-containing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Foust
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, E531 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Chia-Hung Christine Hsiao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, E531 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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Bhuiyan NH, Varney ML, Bhattacharya DS, Payne WM, Mohs AM, Holstein SA, Wiemer DF. ω-Hydroxy isoprenoid bisphosphonates as linkable GGDPS inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126633. [PMID: 31474482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS) is a potential therapeutic target for multiple myeloma. Malignant plasma cells produce and secrete large amounts of monoclonal protein, and inhibition of GGDPS results in disruption of protein geranylgeranylation which in turn impairs intracellular protein trafficking. Our previous work has demonstrated that some isoprenoid triazole bisphosphonates are potent and selective inhibitors of GGDPS. To explore the possibility of selective delivery of such compounds to plasma cells, new analogues with an ω-hydroxy group have been synthesized and examined for their enzymatic and cellular activity. These studies demonstrate that incorporation of the ω-hydroxy group minimally impairs GGDPS inhibitory activity. Furthermore conjugation of one of the novel ω-hydroxy GGDPS inhibitors to hyaluronic acid resulted in enhanced cellular activity. These results will allow future studies to focus on the in vivo biodistribution of HA-conjugated GGDPS inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmul H Bhuiyan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, United States
| | - Michelle L Varney
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Deep S Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - William M Payne
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Aaron M Mohs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - Sarah A Holstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, United States
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1294, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1109, United States.
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Poe MM, Agabiti SS, Liu C, Li V, Teske KA, Hsiao CHC, Wiemer AJ. Probing the Ligand-Binding Pocket of BTN3A1. J Med Chem 2019; 62:6814-6823. [PMID: 31268699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule phosphoantigens such as (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl diphosphate stimulate human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells after binding to the intracellular B30.2 domain of the immune receptor butyrophilin 3 isoform A1 (BTN3A1). To understand the ligand-target interaction in greater detail, we performed molecular docking. Based on the docking results, we synthesized the novel ligand (E)-(7-hydroxy-6-methylhept-5-en-1-yl)phosphonate and mutated proposed binding site residues. We evaluated the impact on butyrophilin binding of existing and novel ligands using a newly developed high-throughput fluorescence polarization assay. We also evaluated the ability of the compounds to stimulate proliferation and interferon-γ production of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Mutation of H381 fully blocked ligand binding, whereas mutations to charged surface residues impacted diphosphate interactions. Monophosphonate analogs bind similarly to BTN3A1, although they differ in their antigenicity, demonstrating that binding and efficacy are not linearly correlated. These results further define the structure-activity relationships underlying BTN3A1 ligand binding and antigenicity and support further structure-guided drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kelly A Teske
- Department of Chemistry , Western Michigan University , Kalamazoo , Michigan 49008 , United States
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Yang Y, Li L, Yuan L, Zhou X, Duan J, Xiao H, Cai N, Han S, Ma X, Liu W, Chen CC, Wang L, Li X, Chen J, Kang N, Chen J, Shen Z, Malwal SR, Liu W, Shi Y, Oldfield E, Guo RT, Zhang Y. A Structural Change in Butyrophilin upon Phosphoantigen Binding Underlies Phosphoantigen-Mediated Vγ9Vδ2 T Cell Activation. Immunity 2019; 50:1043-1053.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
The ProTide prodrug technology has proved very useful in the discovery of nucleotide therapeutics and has successfully led to two FDA-approved drugs. However, with the extensive application of this prodrug approach to nucleotides for nearly three decades, the intellectual property (IP) landscape is becoming congested and, to overcome this, new inventive applications of the ProTide prodrug technology are emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwag S. Alanazi
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, U.K
| | - Edward James
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, U.K
| | - Youcef Mehellou
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, U.K
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Hsiao CHC, Wiemer AJ. A power law function describes the time- and dose-dependency of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation by phosphoantigens. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 158:298-304. [PMID: 30391478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoantigens stimulate Vγ9Vδ2 T cells after binding to BTN3A1 in target cells and cell-cell contact. We evaluated phosphoantigens including diphosphates, bisphosphonates, and prodrugs for ability to induce leukemia cells to stimulate Vγ9Vδ2 T cell interferon-γ secretion. Most compounds displayed time-dependent activity at exposure times between 15 and 240 min. Potency (EC50 values) ranged between 8.4 nM and >100 µM. The diphosphate C-HMBPP displayed a shallow dose-response slope (Hill slope = 0.71), while the bisphosphonate slopes were steep (Hill slopes > 2), and the prodrugs intermediate. The bis-acyloxyalkyl POM2-C-HMBP showed low nanomolar potency even at an exposure time of 1 min. Mixed aryl-POM prodrugs also retained excellent potency at 15 min, while aryl-amidates were time dependent below 240 min. The sum of the dose and time logarithms is often constant, while a power law function fits most compounds. Collectively, these findings illustrate the exquisite activity of prodrugs relative to diphosphates and bisphosphonates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew J Wiemer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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