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Chaiyadet S, Sotillo J, Smout M, Cooper M, Doolan DL, Waardenberg A, Eichenberger RM, Field M, Brindley PJ, Laha T, Loukas A. Small extracellular vesicles but not microvesicles from Opisthorchis viverrini promote cell proliferation in human cholangiocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.22.540805. [PMID: 37292777 PMCID: PMC10245807 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.22.540805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronic infection with O. viverrini has been linked to the development of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), which is a major public health burden in the Lower Mekong River Basin countries, including Thailand, Lao PDR, Vietnam and Cambodia. Despite its importance, the exact mechanisms by which O. viverrini promotes CCA are largely unknown. In this study, we characterized different extracellular vesicle populations released by O. viverrini (OvEVs) using proteomic and transcriptomic analyses and investigated their potential role in host-parasite interactions. While 120k OvEVs promoted cell proliferation in H69 cells at different concentrations, 15k OvEVs did not produce any effect compared to controls. The proteomic analysis of both populations showed differences in their composition that could contribute to this differential effect. Furthermore, the miRNAs present in 120k EVs were analysed and their potential interactions with human host genes was explored by computational target prediction. Different pathways involved in inflammation, immune response and apoptosis were identified as potentially targeted by the miRNAs present in this population of EVs. This is the first study showing specific roles for different EV populations in the pathogenesis of a parasitic helminth, and more importantly, an important advance towards deciphering the mechanisms used in establishment of opisthorchiasis and liver fluke infection-associated malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujittra Chaiyadet
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Javier Sotillo
- Parasitology Reference and Research Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Smout
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Martha Cooper
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Denise L Doolan
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Ashley Waardenberg
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
- Current affiliation: i-Synapse, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Ramon M Eichenberger
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Matt Field
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Science, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
- Immunogenomics Lab, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
| | - Alex Loukas
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
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Hembasat T, Chaiyadet S, Ittiprasert W, Smout MJ, Young ND, Loukas A, Brindley PJ, Laha T. Peptide derived from progranulin of the carcinogenic liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini stimulates cell hyperproliferation and proinflammatory cytokine production. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2586058. [PMID: 36993607 PMCID: PMC10055533 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2586058/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Progranulin (PGRN) is a secreted glycoprotein growth factor with roles in wound healing, inflammation, angiogenesis and malignancy. An orthologue of the gene encoding human PGRN was identified in the carcinogenic liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini. Methods Sequence structure, general characteristics and possible function of O. viverrini PGRN was analyzed using bioinformatics. Expression profiles were investigated with quantitative RT-PCR, western blot and immunolocalization. A specific peptide of Ov-PGRN was used to investigate a role for this molecule in pathogenesis. Results The structure of the gene coding for O. viverrini PGRN was 36,463 bp in length, and comprised of 13 exons, 12 introns, and a promoter sequence. The Ov-pgrn mRNA is 2,768 bp in length and encodes an 846 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 91.61 kDa. Ov-PGRN exhibited one half and seven complete granulin domains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Ov-PGRN formed its closest relationship with PGRN of liver flukes in the Opisthorchiidae. Transcripts of Ov-pgrn were detected in several developmental stages, with highest expression in the metacercaria, indicating that Ov-PGRN may participate as a growth factor in the early development of O. viverrini. Western blot analysis revealed the presence of detected Ov-PGRN in both soluble somatic or excretory/secretory products, and immunolocalization indicated high levels of expression in the tegument and parenchyma of the adult fluke. Co-culture of a human cholangiocyte cell line and a peptide fragment of Ov-PGRN stimulated proliferation of cholangiocytes and upregulation of expression of the cytokines IL6 and IL8. Conclusion Ov-PGRN is expressed throughout the life cycle of liver fluke, and likely plays a key role in development and growth.
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Wound healing approach based on excretory-secretory product and lysate of liver flukes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21639. [PMID: 36517588 PMCID: PMC9751068 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous bioactive peptides are considered promising for the wound healing therapy in humans. In this regard, parasitic trematodes proteins may potentially become a new perspective agents. Foodborne trematode Opisthorchis felineus is widespread in Europe and has the ability to stimulate proliferation of bile duct epithelium. In this study, we investigated skin wound healing potential of O. felineus proteins in mouse model. C57Bl/6 mice were inflicted with superficial wounds with 8 mm diameter. Experimental groups included several non-specific controls and specific treatment groups (excretory-secretory product and lysate). After 10 days of the experiment, the percentage of wound healing in the specific treatment groups significantly exceeded the control values. We also found that wound treatment with excretory-secretory product and worm lysate resulted in: (i) inflammation reducing, (ii) vascular response modulating, (iii) type 1 collagen deposition promoting dermal ECM remodeling. An additional proteomic analysis of excretory-secretory product and worm lysate samples was revealed 111 common proteins. The obtained data indicate a high wound-healing potential of liver fluke proteins and open prospects for further research as new therapeutic approaches.
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Cobos C, Bansal PS, Wilson DT, Jones L, Zhao G, Field MA, Eichenberger RM, Pickering DA, Ryan RYM, Ratnatunga CN, Miles JJ, Ruscher R, Giacomin PR, Navarro S, Loukas A, Daly NL. Peptides derived from hookworm anti-inflammatory proteins suppress inducible colitis in mice and inflammatory cytokine production by human cells. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:934852. [PMID: 36186812 PMCID: PMC9524151 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.934852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A decline in the prevalence of parasites such as hookworms appears to be correlated with the rise in non-communicable inflammatory conditions in people from high- and middle-income countries. This correlation has led to studies that have identified proteins produced by hookworms that can suppress inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and asthma in animal models. Hookworms secrete a family of abundant netrin-domain containing proteins referred to as AIPs (Anti-Inflammatory Proteins), but there is no information on the structure-function relationships. Here we have applied a downsizing approach to the hookworm AIPs to derive peptides of 20 residues or less, some of which display anti-inflammatory effects when co-cultured with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and oral therapeutic activity in a chemically induced mouse model of acute colitis. Our results indicate that a conserved helical region is responsible, at least in part, for the anti-inflammatory effects. This helical region has potential in the design of improved leads for treating IBD and possibly other inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cobos
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Paramjit S. Bansal
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - David T. Wilson
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Linda Jones
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Guangzu Zhao
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Field
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Ramon M. Eichenberger
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Darren A. Pickering
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Rachael Y. M. Ryan
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Champa N. Ratnatunga
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - John J. Miles
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Roland Ruscher
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul R. Giacomin
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Severine Navarro
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Infection and Inflammation Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, Woolworths Centre for Childhood Nutrition Research, Queensland University of Technology, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Alex Loukas,
| | - Norelle L. Daly
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
- Norelle L. Daly,
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Pakharukova MY, Mordvinov VA. Similarities and differences among the Opisthorchiidae liver flukes: insights from Opisthorchis felineus. Parasitology 2022; 149:1306-1318. [PMID: 35570685 PMCID: PMC11010525 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The foodborne liver trematode Opisthorchis felineus (Rivolta, 1884) is a member of the triad of phylogenetically related epidemiologically important Opisthorchiidae trematodes, which also includes O. viverrini (Poirier, 1886) and Clonorchis sinensis (Loos, 1907). Despite similarity in the life cycle, Opisthorchiidae liver flukes also have marked differences. Two species (O. viverrini and C. sinensis) are recognized as Group 1A biological carcinogens, whereas O. felineus belongs to Group 3A. In this review, we focus on these questions: Are there actual differences in carcinogenicity among these 3 liver fluke species? Is there an explanation for these differences? We provide a recent update of our knowledge on the liver fluke O. felineus and highlight its differences from O. viverrini and C. sinensis. In particular, we concentrate on differences in the climate of endemic areas, characteristics of the life cycle, the range of intermediate hosts, genomic and transcriptomic features of the pathogens, and clinical symptoms and morbidity of the infections in humans. The discussion of these questions can stimulate new developments in comparative studies on the pathogenicity of liver flukes and should help to identify species-specific features of opisthorchiasis and clonorchiasis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Y. Pakharukova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Pathological Processes, Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), 10 Akad. Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Viatcheslav A. Mordvinov
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Pathological Processes, Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), 10 Akad. Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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Arai T, Lopes F. Potential of human helminth therapy for resolution of inflammatory bowel disease: The future ahead. Exp Parasitol 2021; 232:108189. [PMID: 34848244 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with a dysregulated mucosal immune response in the gastrointestinal tract. The number of patients with IBD has increased worldwide, especially in highly industrialized western societies. The population of patients with IBD in North America is forecasted to reach about four million by 2030; meanwhile, there is no definitive therapy for IBD. Current anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, or biological treatment may induce and maintain remission, but not all patients respond to these treatments. Recent studies explored parasitic helminths as a novel modality of therapy due to their potent immunoregulatory properties in humans. Research using IBD animal models infected with a helminth or administered helminth-derived products such as excretory-secretory products has been promising, and helminth-microbiota interactions exert their anti-inflammatory effects by modulating the host immunity. Recent studies also indicate that evidence that helminth-derived metabolites may play a role in anticolitic effects. Thus, the helminth shows a potential benefit for treatment against IBD. Here we review the current feasibility of "helminth therapy" from the laboratory for application in IBD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Arai
- Institution of Parasitology, McGill University, Quebec, Canada; Department of Gastroenterology, Hashimoto Municipal Hospital, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Fernando Lopes
- Institution of Parasitology, McGill University, Quebec, Canada.
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da Costa JMC, Gouveia MJ, Rinaldi G, Brindley PJ, Santos J, Santos LL. Control Strategies for Carcinogenic-Associated Helminthiases: An Integrated Overview. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:626672. [PMID: 33842386 PMCID: PMC8025785 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.626672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminthiases are extremely prevalent in the developing world. In addition, the chronic infection with some parasitic worms are classified as carcinogenic. Therefore, it is utmost importance to understand the parasite-host interactions, the mechanisms underlay carcinogenesis and how they could be counteracted. This knowledge may ultimately guide novel control strategies that include chemotherapy-based approaches targeting these pathogens and associated pathologies caused by their infections. Little is known on how some helminthiases are associated with cancer; however, it has been hypothesized that chemical carcinogenesis may be involved in the process. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on chemical carcinogenesis associated with helminthiases, along with available therapeutic options and potential therapeutic alternatives including chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy. Ideally, the treatment of the carcinogenic helminthiases should target both the parasite and associated pathologies. The success of any chemotherapeutic regimen often depends on the host immune response during the infection and nutritional status among other factors. The close association between chemotherapy and cell-mediated immunity suggests that a dual therapeutic approach would be advantageous. In addition, there is a pressing need for complementary drugs that antagonize the carcinogenesis process associated with the helminth infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Correia da Costa
- Centre for the Study in Animal Science (CECA/ICETA), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centre for Parasite Immunology and Biology, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Gouveia
- Centre for the Study in Animal Science (CECA/ICETA), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centre for Parasite Immunology and Biology, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Bromatology and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Paul J. Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, and Research Centre for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Júlio Santos
- Deparment of Urology, Clínica da Sagrada Esperança, Luanda, Angola
| | - Lúcio Lara Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Research Center of Instituto Português de Oncologia, Porto, Portugal
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Folding of Truncated Granulin Peptides. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081152. [PMID: 32781704 PMCID: PMC7463432 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulins are a family of unique protein growth factors which are found in a range of species and have several bioactivities that include cell proliferation and wound healing. They typically contain six disulfide bonds, but the sequences, structures and bioactivities vary significantly. We have previously shown that an N-terminally truncated version of a granulin from the human liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini, can fold independently into a “mini-granulin” structure and has potent wound healing properties in vivo. The incorporation of a non-native third disulfide bond, with respect to the full-length granulin module, was critical for the formation of regular secondary structure in the liver fluke derived peptide. By contrast, this third disulfide bond is not required for a carp granulin-1 truncated peptide to fold independently. This distinction led us to explore granulins from the zebrafish model organism. Here we show that the mini-granulin fold occurs in a naturally occurring paragranulin (half-domain) from zebrafish, and is also present in a truncated form of a full-length zebrafish granulin, suggesting this structure might be a common property in either naturally occurring or engineered N-terminally truncated granulins and the carp granulin-1 folding is an anomaly. The in vitro folding yield is significantly higher in the naturally occurring paragranulin, but only the truncated zebrafish granulin peptide promoted the proliferation of fibroblasts consistent with a growth factor function, and therefore the function of the paragranulin remains unknown. These findings provide insight into the folding and evolution of granulin domains and might be useful in the elucidation of the structural features important for bioactivity to aid the design of more potent and stable analogues for the development of novel wound healing agents.
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Ryan SM, Eichenberger RM, Ruscher R, Giacomin PR, Loukas A. Harnessing helminth-driven immunoregulation in the search for novel therapeutic modalities. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008508. [PMID: 32407385 PMCID: PMC7224462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic helminths have coevolved with humans over millennia, intricately refining and developing an array of mechanisms to suppress or skew the host’s immune system, thereby promoting their long-term survival. Some helminths, such as hookworms, cause little to no overt pathology when present in modest numbers and may even confer benefits to their human host. To exploit this evolutionary phenomenon, clinical trials of human helminth infection have been established and assessed for safety and efficacy for a range of immune dysfunction diseases and have yielded mixed outcomes. Studies of live helminth therapy in mice and larger animals have convincingly shown that helminths and their excretory/secretory products possess anti-inflammatory drug-like properties and represent an untapped pharmacopeia. These anti-inflammatory moieties include extracellular vesicles, proteins, glycans, post-translational modifications, and various metabolites. Although the concept of helminth-inspired therapies holds promise, it also presents a challenge to the drug development community, which is generally unfamiliar with foreign biologics that do not behave like antibodies. Identification and characterization of helminth molecules and vesicles and the molecular pathways they target in the host present a unique opportunity to develop tailored drugs inspired by nature that are efficacious, safe, and have minimal immunogenicity. Even so, much work remains to mine and assess this out-of-the-box therapeutic modality. Industry-based organizations need to consider long-haul investments aimed at unraveling and exploiting unique and differentiated mechanisms of action as opposed to toe-dipping entries with an eye on rapid and profitable turnarounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Ryan
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ramon M. Eichenberger
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roland Ruscher
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul R. Giacomin
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Liver fluke granulin promotes extracellular vesicle-mediated crosstalk and cellular microenvironment conducive to cholangiocarcinoma. Neoplasia 2020; 22:203-216. [PMID: 32244128 PMCID: PMC7118280 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between malignant and neighboring cells contributes to tumor growth. In East Asia, infection with the liver fluke is a major risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). The liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini secretes a growth factor termed liver fluke granulin, a homologue of the human progranulin, which contributes significantly to biliary tract fibrosis and morbidity. Here, extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated transfer of mRNAs from human cholangiocytes to naïve recipient cells was investigated following exposure to liver fluke granulin. To minimize the influence of endogenous progranulin, its cognate gene was inactivated using CRISPR/Cas9-based gene knock-out. Several progranulin-depleted cell lines, termed ΔhuPGRN-H69, were established. These lines exhibited >80% reductions in levels of specific transcript and progranulin, both in gene-edited cells and within EVs released by these cells. Profiles of extracellular vesicle RNAs (evRNA) from ΔhuPGRN-H69 for CCA-associated characteristics revealed a paucity of transcripts for estrogen- and Wnt-signaling pathways, peptidase inhibitors and tyrosine phosphatase related to cellular processes including oncogenic transformation. Several CCA-specific evRNAs including MAPK/AKT pathway members were induced by exposure to liver fluke granulin. By comparison, estrogen, Wnt/PI3K and TGF signaling and other CCA pathway mRNAs were upregulated in wild type H69 cells exposed to liver fluke granulin. Of these, CCA-associated evRNAs modified the CCA microenvironment in naïve cells co-cultured with EVs from ΔhuPGRN-H69 cells exposed to liver fluke granulin, and induced translation of MAPK phosphorylation related-protein in naïve recipient cells in comparison with control recipient cells. Exosome-mediated crosstalk in response to liver fluke granulin promoted a CCA-specific program through MAPK pathway which, in turn, established a CCA-conducive disposition.
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Saltykova IV, Ittiprasert W, Nevskaya KV, Dorofeeva YB, Kirillova NA, Kulikov ES, Ivanov VV, Mann VH, Pershina AG, Brindley PJ. Hemozoin From the Liver Fluke, Opisthorchis felineus, Modulates Dendritic Cell Responses in Bronchial Asthma Patients. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:332. [PMID: 31750318 PMCID: PMC6843058 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: There is a general, inverse relationship between helminth infection and allergic diseases including bronchial asthma (BA). Proteins and other mediators released from parasitic worms exert cogent downmodulation of atopic and other allergic reactivity. We investigated the immune activities of an immortalized murine dendritic cell (mDC) line (JAWSII) and of primary human dendritic cells (hDCs) collected from study participants with and without BA after Opisthorchis felineus hemozoin (OfHz) treatment. Methods and Results:in vitro, expression of lymphocyte-activating factors—T helper 1 (Th1) induction and anti-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), IL-10, and IL-12β–increased significantly in mDCs pulsed with OfHz. In parallel, primary dendritic cells (hDC) from cases clinically diagnosed with BA along with healthy controls were exposed ex vivo to OfHz in combination with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Whereas no significant change in the cellular maturation markers, CD83, CD86, and CD40, was apparent in BA vs. healthy hDC, pulsing hDC from BA with OfHz with LPS induced significant increases in expression of IL-10 and IL-12β, although not of TNF-α or tumor growth factor-beta (TGF-β). Conclusions: Liver fluke hemozoin OfHz stimulated production of Th1 inducer and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-12β from BA-hDC pulsed with OfHz, an outcome that enhances our understanding of the mechanisms whereby opisthorchiasis contributes to protection against the atopic disease in liver fluke infection-endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Saltykova
- Central Research Laboratory, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia.,Department of General Practice and Polyclinic Therapy, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Wannaporn Ittiprasert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kseniya V Nevskaya
- Central Research Laboratory, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Yulia B Dorofeeva
- Central Research Laboratory, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Natalia A Kirillova
- Department of General Practice and Polyclinic Therapy, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Evgeniy S Kulikov
- Central Research Laboratory, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Ivanov
- Central Research Laboratory, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Victoria H Mann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
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Arunsan P, Ittiprasert W, Smout MJ, Cochran CJ, Mann VH, Chaiyadet S, Karinshak SE, Sripa B, Young ND, Sotillo J, Loukas A, Brindley PJ, Laha T. Programmed knockout mutation of liver fluke granulin attenuates virulence of infection-induced hepatobiliary morbidity. eLife 2019; 8:e41463. [PMID: 30644359 PMCID: PMC6355195 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with the food-borne liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini is the principal risk factor (IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 2012) for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) in the Lower Mekong River Basin countries including Thailand, Lao PDR, Vietnam and Cambodia. We exploited this link to explore the role of the secreted growth factor termed liver fluke granulin (Ov-GRN-1) in pre-malignant lesions by undertaking programmed CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of the Ov-GRN-1 gene from the liver fluke genome. Deep sequencing of amplicon libraries from genomic DNA of gene-edited parasites revealed Cas9-catalyzed mutations within Ov-GRN-1. Gene editing resulted in rapid depletion of Ov-GRN-1 transcripts and the encoded Ov-GRN-1 protein. Gene-edited parasites colonized the biliary tract of hamsters and developed into adult flukes, but the infection resulted in reduced pathology as evidenced by attenuated biliary hyperplasia and fibrosis. Not only does this report pioneer programmed gene-editing in parasitic flatworms, but also the striking, clinically-relevant pathophysiological phenotype confirms the role for Ov-GRN-1 in virulence morbidity during opisthorchiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patpicha Arunsan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
| | - Wannaporn Ittiprasert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
| | - Michael J Smout
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Christina J Cochran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
| | - Victoria H Mann
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
| | - Sujittra Chaiyadet
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Shannon E Karinshak
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Neil David Young
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Javier Sotillo
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Paul J Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
- Research Center for Neglected Diseases of Poverty, School of Medicine & Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
| | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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13
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Wangchuk P, Apte SH, Smout MJ, Groves PL, Loukas A, Doolan DL. Defined Small Molecules Produced by Himalayan Medicinal Plants Display Immunomodulatory Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3490. [PMID: 30404196 PMCID: PMC6274922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived compounds that modulate the immune responses are emerging as frontline treatment agents for cancer, infectious diseases and autoimmunity. Herein we have isolated 40 phytochemicals from five Bhutanese Sowa Rigpa medicinal plants-Aconitum laciniatum, Ajania nubegina, Corydalis crispa, Corydalis dubia and Pleurospermum amabile-and tested 14 purified compounds for their immunomodulatory properties using a murine dendritic cell (DC) line, and cytotoxicity against a human cholangiocyte cell line using xCELLigence real time cell monitoring. These compounds were: pseudaconitine, 14-veratryolpseudaconitine, 14-O-acetylneoline, linalool oxide acetate, (E)-spiroether, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, protopine, ochrobirine, scoulerine, capnoidine, isomyristicin, bergapten, and isoimperatorin. Of the 14 compounds tested here, scoulerine had adjuvant-like properties and strongly upregulated MHC-I gene and protein expression whereas bergapten displayed immunosuppressive properties and strongly down-regulated gene and protein expression of MHC-I and other co-stimulatory molecules. Both scoulerine and bergapten showed low cytotoxicity against normal healthy cells that were consistent with their immunoregulatory properties. These findings highlight the breadth of immunomodulatory properties of defined compounds from Bhutanese medicinal plants and show that some of these compounds exert their mechanisms of action by modulating DC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phurpa Wangchuk
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia.
| | - Simon H Apte
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Michael J Smout
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia.
| | - Penny L Groves
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia.
| | - Denise L Doolan
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia.
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