1
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La MT, Hoang VH, Sahu R, Nguyen CT, Nam G, Park HJ, Park M, Kim YJ, Kim JY, Ann J, Seo JH, Lee J. Discovery of indazole inhibitors for heat shock protein 90 as anti-cancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 276:116620. [PMID: 38971048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
A series of indazole analogs, derived from the B,C-ring-truncated scaffold of deguelin, were designed to function as C-terminal inhibitors of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and investigated as novel antitumor agents against HER2-positive breast cancer. Among the synthesized compounds, compound 12d exhibited substantial inhibitory effects in trastuzumab-sensitive (BT474) and trastuzumab-resistant (JIMT-1) breast cancer cells, with IC50 values of 6.86 and 4.42 μM, respectively. Notably, compound 12d exhibited no cytotoxicity in normal cells. Compound 12d markedly downregulated the expression of the major HSP90 client proteins in both cell types, attributing its cytotoxicity to the destabilization and inactivation of HSP90 client proteins. Molecular docking studies using the homology model of an HSP90 homodimer demonstrated that inhibitor 12d fit nicely into the C-terminal domain, boasting a higher electrostatic complementary score than ATP. In vivo pharmacokinetic study indicated the high oral bioavailability of compound 12 d at F = 66.9 %, while toxicological studies indicated its negligible impact on hERG channels and CYP isozymes. Genotoxicity tests further confirmed its safety profile. The findings collectively position compound 12d as a promising candidate for further development as an antitumor agent against HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Thanh La
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Van-Hai Hoang
- Faculty of Pharmacy & PHENIKAA Institute for Advanced Study (PIAS), PHENIKAA University, Hanoi, 12116, Viet Nam
| | - Raghaba Sahu
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cong-Truong Nguyen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Gibeom Nam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Park
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Park
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 152-703, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, 152-703, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 152-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Jae Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 152-703, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, 152-703, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 152-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 152-703, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, 152-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyae Ann
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hong Seo
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 152-703, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, 152-703, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 Program for Biomedical Science, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 152-703, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeewoo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Son TH, Kim SH, Shin HL, Kim D, Kim HG, Choi Y, Choi SW. 3-Hydroxytanshinone Inhibits the Activity of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-α by Interfering with the Function of α-Enolase in the Glycolytic Pathway. Molecules 2024; 29:2218. [PMID: 38792080 PMCID: PMC11123766 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells in hypoxic conditions control cancer metabolism and angiogenesis by expressing HIF-1α. Tanshinone is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been shown to possess antitumor properties and exerts a therapeutic impact on angiogenesis. However, the precise molecular mechanism responsible for the antitumor activity of 3-Hydroxytanshinone (3-HT), a type of tanshinone, has not been fully understood. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate the mechanism by which 3-HT regulates the expression of HIF-1α. Our findings demonstrate that 3-HT inhibits HIF-1α activity and expression under hypoxic conditions. Additionally, 3-HT inhibits hypoxia-induced angiogenesis by suppressing the expression of VEGF. Moreover, 3-HT was found to directly bind to α-enolase, an enzyme associated with glycolysis, resulting in the suppression of its activity. This inhibition of α-enolase activity by 3-HT leads to the blockade of the glycolytic pathway and a decrease in glycolysis products, ultimately altering HIF1-α expression. Furthermore, 3-HT negatively regulates the expression of HIF-1α by altering the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Our study's findings elucidate the mechanism by which 3-HT regulates HIF-1α through the inhibition of the glycolytic enzyme α-enolase and the phosphorylation of AMPK. These results suggest that 3-HT holds promise as a potential therapeutic agent for hypoxia-related angiogenesis and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyun Son
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea;
- Forest Biomaterials Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science (NIFoS), Jinju 52817, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.K.); (H.-L.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Shin-Hye Kim
- Forest Biomaterials Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science (NIFoS), Jinju 52817, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.K.); (H.-L.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Hye-Lim Shin
- Forest Biomaterials Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science (NIFoS), Jinju 52817, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.K.); (H.-L.S.); (D.K.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dongsoo Kim
- Forest Biomaterials Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science (NIFoS), Jinju 52817, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.K.); (H.-L.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Hwan Gyu Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yongseok Choi
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sik-Won Choi
- Forest Biomaterials Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science (NIFoS), Jinju 52817, Republic of Korea; (S.-H.K.); (H.-L.S.); (D.K.)
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3
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Shellenberger BM, Basile ON, Cassel J, Olsen MR, Salvino JM, Montaner LJ, Tietjen I, Henry GE. Synthesis, SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibition, molecular docking and in silico ADME studies of furanochromene-quinoline hydrazone derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 102:129679. [PMID: 38423371 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Seven furanochromene-quinoline derivatives containing a hydrazone linker were synthesized by condensing a furanochromene hydrazide with quinoline 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-, and 8-carbaldehydes, including 8-hydroxyquinoline-2-carbaldehye. Structure-activity correlations were investigated to determine the influence of the location of the hydrazone linker on the quinoline unit on SARS-CoV-2 Mpro enzyme inhibition. The 3-, 5-, 6- and 8-substituted derivatives showed moderate inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro with IC50 values ranging from 16 to 44 μM. Additionally, all of the derivatives showed strong interaction with the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro substrate binding pocket, with docking energy scores ranging from -8.0 to -8.5 kcal/mol. These values are comparable to that of N3 peptide (-8.1 kcal/mol) and more favorable than GC-373 (-7.6 kcal/mol) and ML-188 (-7.5 kcal/mol), all of which are known SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors. Furthermore, in silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) profiles indicate that the derivatives have good drug-likeness properties. Overall, this study highlights the potential of the furanochromene-quinoline hydrazone scaffold as a SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake M Shellenberger
- Department of Chemistry, Susquehanna University, 514 University Avenue, Selinsgrove, PA 17870, USA
| | - Olivia N Basile
- Department of Chemistry, Susquehanna University, 514 University Avenue, Selinsgrove, PA 17870, USA
| | - Joel Cassel
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Morgan R Olsen
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, One Dent Drive, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | | | | | - Ian Tietjen
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Geneive E Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Susquehanna University, 514 University Avenue, Selinsgrove, PA 17870, USA.
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4
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Francisco JA, Paderes MC. Inhibitory Effects of B-, C-, and E-Ring-Truncated Deguelin Derivatives Against A549, HCT116, and MCF-7 Cancer Cells. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:43109-43117. [PMID: 38024712 PMCID: PMC10652367 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Deguelin has been extensively studied for its anticancer properties; however, its clinical application has been hindered by concerns about in vivo toxicity. Structural modifications of deguelin including ring truncation have been explored to enhance its pharmacological properties. In this study, the design and straightforward synthesis of a series of B, C, and E (BCE)-ring-truncated deguelin analogues with deoxybenzoin backbone were described. The structure-activity relationships (SARs) were established by evaluation of their inhibitory activities against three cancer cell lines, A549 (adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells), HCT116 (human colorectal cancer cells), and MCF-7 (breast cancer cells). Six derivatives demonstrated significant and selective inhibitory activities. The ketone derivative 3a showed potency against A549 (IC50 = 6.62 μM) while the oxime analogue 6a and D-ring-benzylated ketone analogue 8d exhibited activity against HCT116 (IC50 = 3.43 and 6.96 μM, respectively). Moreover, the D-ring alkylated derivatives 8c and 8e-f were active against MCF-7 cells (IC50 < 10 μM). The potential suitability of the BCE-ring-truncated deguelin derivatives for drug development was further supported by the favorable in silico prediction of their physicochemical properties, druglikeness, and toxicity. This study could provide valuable insights for the further development of novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Alfon
P. Francisco
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Monissa C. Paderes
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
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5
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Li H, Liu Y, Xue Z, Zhang L, Ruan X, Yang J, Fan Z, Zhao H, Cao Y, Chen G, Xu Y, Zhou L. Adamantaniline Derivatives Target ATP5B to Inhibit Translation of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301071. [PMID: 37401167 PMCID: PMC10477886 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) plays a critical role in cellular adaptation to hypoxia and it is a potential therapeutic target for anti-cancer drugs. Applying high-throughput screening, here it is found that HI-101, a small molecule containing an adamantaniline moiety, effectively reduces HIF-1α protein expression. With the compound as a hit, a probe (HI-102) is developed for target identification by affinity-based protein profiling. The catalytic β subunit of mitochondrial FO F1 -ATP synthase, ATP5B, is identified as the binding protein of HI-derivatives. Mechanistically, HI-101 promotes the binding of HIF-1α mRNA to ATP5B, thus inhibiting HIF-1α translation and the following transcriptional activity. Further modifications of HI-101 lead to HI-104, a compound with good pharmacokinetic properties, exhibiting antitumor activity in MHCC97-L mice xenograft model, and HI-105, the most potent compound with an IC50 of 26 nm. The findings provide a new strategy for further developing HIF-1α inhibitors by translational inhibition through ATP5B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiti Li
- Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of PharmacyFudan University826 Zhangheng RoadShanghai201203P. R. China
| | - Yali Liu
- Institute of Aging & Tissue RegenerationNational Key Laboratory of Cancer Systems Medicine and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (NO.2019RU043)Renji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Zian Xue
- Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of PharmacyFudan University826 Zhangheng RoadShanghai201203P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Precision Medicinethe Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine115 Jinzun RoadShanghai200125China
| | - Xiaoxue Ruan
- Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of PharmacyFudan University826 Zhangheng RoadShanghai201203P. R. China
| | - Jintong Yang
- Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of PharmacyFudan University826 Zhangheng RoadShanghai201203P. R. China
| | - Zhongjiao Fan
- Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of PharmacyFudan University826 Zhangheng RoadShanghai201203P. R. China
| | - Hongfang Zhao
- Institute of Aging & Tissue RegenerationNational Key Laboratory of Cancer Systems Medicine and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (NO.2019RU043)Renji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Yu Cao
- Institute of Precision Medicinethe Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine115 Jinzun RoadShanghai200125China
| | - Guoqiang Chen
- Institute of Aging & Tissue RegenerationNational Key Laboratory of Cancer Systems Medicine and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (NO.2019RU043)Renji HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Ying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of EducationShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Medicinal ChemistrySchool of PharmacyFudan University826 Zhangheng RoadShanghai201203P. R. China
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6
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Huang G, Hoang VH, Min HY, Lee HY, Ann J, Lee J. Syntheses and antitumor activities of neorautenol and shinpterocarpin analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 91:129353. [PMID: 37271378 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The natural products neorautenol and shinpterocarpin and their structural analogs were investigated as novel anticancer agents. Twenty-four analogs, including analogs containing a polar chain and simplified analogs, were synthesized efficiently by a modified method from previous reports. The antitumor screening of synthesized compounds toward six cancer cell lines indicated that compounds 37, 42 and 43 with a dialkylaminoethyl-type side chain exhibited more promising activity than neorautenol and shinpterocarpin against lung and colon cancer lines with a range of 4-9 μM. They showed selective toxicity in normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocheng Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Van-Hai Hoang
- Faculty of Pharmacy & PHENIKAA Institute for Advanced Study, PHENIKAA University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam
| | - Hye-Young Min
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Creative Research Initiative Center for Concurrent Control of Emphysema and Lung Cancer, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Creative Research Initiative Center for Concurrent Control of Emphysema and Lung Cancer, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyae Ann
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeewoo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Liu ZL, Chen HH, Zheng LL, Sun LP, Shi L. Angiogenic signaling pathways and anti-angiogenic therapy for cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:198. [PMID: 37169756 PMCID: PMC10175505 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is a complex and dynamic process regulated by various pro- and anti-angiogenic molecules, which plays a crucial role in tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. With the advances in molecular and cellular biology, various biomolecules such as growth factors, chemokines, and adhesion factors involved in tumor angiogenesis has gradually been elucidated. Targeted therapeutic research based on these molecules has driven anti-angiogenic treatment to become a promising strategy in anti-tumor therapy. The most widely used anti-angiogenic agents include monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway. However, the clinical benefit of this modality has still been limited due to several defects such as adverse events, acquired drug resistance, tumor recurrence, and lack of validated biomarkers, which impel further research on mechanisms of tumor angiogenesis, the development of multiple drugs and the combination therapy to figure out how to improve the therapeutic efficacy. Here, we broadly summarize various signaling pathways in tumor angiogenesis and discuss the development and current challenges of anti-angiogenic therapy. We also propose several new promising approaches to improve anti-angiogenic efficacy and provide a perspective for the development and research of anti-angiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Ling Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan-Huan Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Li Zheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Ping Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, 210009, Nanjing, China.
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8
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Saylor JL, Basile ON, Li H, Hunter LM, Weaver A, Shellenberger BM, Ann Tom L, Ma H, Seeram NP, Henry GE. Phenolic furanochromene hydrazone derivatives: Synthesis, antioxidant activity, ferroptosis inhibition, DNA cleavage and DNA molecular docking studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 75:117088. [PMID: 36372027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-four phenolic furanochromene hydrazone derivatives were designed and synthesized in order to evaluate structure-activity relationships in a series of antioxidant-related assays. The derivatives have varying substitution patterns on the phenol ring, with some compounds having one, two or three hydroxy groups, and others containing one hydroxy group in combination with methoxy, methyl, bromo, iodo and/or nitro groups. Antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH free radical scavenging and CUPRAC assays. Compounds containing ortho-dihydroxy and para-dihydroxy patterns had the highest free radical scavenging activity, with IC50 values ranging from 5.0 to 28 μM. Similarly, derivatives with ortho-dihydroxy and para-dihydroxy patterns, together with a 4-hydroxy-3,5‑dimethoxy pattern, displayed strong copper (II) ion reducing capacity, using Trolox as a standard. Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) coefficients for these derivatives ranged from 1.75 to 3.97. As further evidence of antioxidant potential, greater than half of the derivatives reversed erastin-induced ferroptosis in HaCaT cells. In addition, twenty-three of the derivatives were effective at cleaving supercoiled plasmid DNA in the presence of copper (II) ions at 1 mM, with the 3,4‑dihydroxy derivative showing cleavage to both the linear and open circular forms at 3.9 uM. The interaction of the phenolic furanochromene derivatives with DNA was confirmed by molecular docking studies, which revealed that all the derivatives bind favorably in the minor groove of DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Saylor
- Department of Chemistry, Susquehanna University, 514 University Avenue, Selinsgrove, PA 17870, USA
| | - Olivia N Basile
- Department of Chemistry, Susquehanna University, 514 University Avenue, Selinsgrove, PA 17870, USA
| | - Huifang Li
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Lindsey M Hunter
- Department of Chemistry, Susquehanna University, 514 University Avenue, Selinsgrove, PA 17870, USA
| | - Ashton Weaver
- Department of Chemistry, Susquehanna University, 514 University Avenue, Selinsgrove, PA 17870, USA
| | - Blake M Shellenberger
- Department of Chemistry, Susquehanna University, 514 University Avenue, Selinsgrove, PA 17870, USA
| | - Lou Ann Tom
- Department of Chemistry, Susquehanna University, 514 University Avenue, Selinsgrove, PA 17870, USA
| | - Hang Ma
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Navindra P Seeram
- Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Geneive E Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Susquehanna University, 514 University Avenue, Selinsgrove, PA 17870, USA.
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9
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Xue Z, Li H, Xie W, Xu Y, Zhou L, Qu ZB. Benzo[ d]isoxazole Derivatives as Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF)-1α Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1864-1869. [DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zian Xue
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Huiti Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Wenhao Xie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Faculty of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Zhi-bei Qu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200120, China
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10
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Templ J, Schnürch M. Selective α-Methylation of Aryl Ketones Using Quaternary Ammonium Salts as Solid Methylating Agents. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4305-4315. [PMID: 35253422 PMCID: PMC8938946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c03158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
We describe the use
of phenyl trimethylammonium iodide (PhMe3NI) as an alternative
methylating agent for introducing a
CH3 group in α-position to a carbonyl group. Compared
to conventional methylating agents, quaternary ammonium salts have
the advantages of being nonvolatile, noncancerogenic, and easy-to-handle
solids. This regioselective method is characterized by ease of operational
setup, use of anisole as green solvent, and yields up to 85%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Templ
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Wien, Austria
| | - Michael Schnürch
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, 1060 Wien, Austria
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11
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12
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Lin ZY, Yun QZ, Wu L, Zhang TW, Yao TZ. Pharmacological basis and new insights of deguelin concerning its anticancer effects. Pharmacol Res 2021; 174:105935. [PMID: 34644595 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Deguelin is a rotenoid of the flavonoid family, which can be extracted from Lonchocarpus, Derris, or Tephrosia. It possesses the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis through regulating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway, the NF-κB signaling pathway, the Wnt signaling pathway, the adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, activating the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, repression of Bmi1, targeting cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), targeting galectin-1, promotion of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β)/FBW7-mediated Mcl-1 destabilization and targeting mitochondria via down-regulating Hexokinases II-mediated glycolysis, PUMA-mediation, which are some crucial molecules which modulate closely cancer cell growth and metastasis. Deguelin inhibits tumor cell propagation and malignant transformation through targeting angiogenesis, targeting lymphangiogenesis, targeting focal adhesion kinase (FAK), inhibiting the CtsZ/FAK signaling pathway, targeting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), the NF-κB signaling pathway, regulating NIMA-related kinase 2 (NEK2). In addition, deguelin possesses other biological activities, such as targeting cell cycle arrest, modulation of autophagy, inhibition of hedgehog pathway, inducing differentiation of mutated NPM1 acute myeloid leukemia etc. Therefore, deguelin is a promising chemopreventive agent for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Yue Lin
- Pharmacology Department, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Qu Zhen Yun
- Pathophysiology Department, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Liu Wu
- Pharmacology Department, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, PR China; Pathophysiology Department, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Tian Wen Zhang
- Pharmacology Department, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, PR China; Pathophysiology Department, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Tang Ze Yao
- Pharmacology Department, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning, PR China.
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13
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Lokhande KB, Ghosh P, Nagar S, Venkateswara Swamy K. Novel B, C-ring truncated deguelin derivatives reveals as potential inhibitors of cyclin D1 and cyclin E using molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation. Mol Divers 2021; 26:2295-2309. [PMID: 34626304 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10334-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The overexpression of cyclin D1 and cyclin E due to their oncogenic potential and amplification has been associated with a higher mortality rate in many cancers. The deguelin is a natural compound, has shown promising anti-cancer activity by directly binding cyclin D1 and cyclin E and thus suppressing its function. The C7a atomic position of deguelin structure contains a proton that generates stabilized radical, as a result, decomposed deguelin reduces its structural stability and significantly decreases its biological activity. To design deguelin derivatives with the reduced potential side effect, series of B, C-ring truncated derivatives were investigated as cyclin D1 and cyclin E inhibitors. R-group-based enumeration was implemented in the deguelin scaffold using the R-group enumeration module of Schrödinger. Drug-Like filters like, REOS and PAINs series were applied to the enumerated compound library to remove compounds containing reactive functional groups. Further, screened compounds were docked within the ligand-binding cavity of cyclin D1 and cyclin E crystal structure, using Glide SP and XP protocol to obtain docking poses. Enrichment calculations were done using SchrÖdinger software, with 1000 decoy compounds (from DUD.E database) and 60 compounds (XP best poses) along with deguelin, to validate the docking protocol. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve indicates R2 = 0.94 for cyclin D1 and R2 = 0.79 for cyclin E, suggesting that the docking protocol is valid. Besides, we explored molecular dynamics simulation to probe the binding stability of deguelin and its derivatives within the binding cavity of cyclin D1 and cyclin E structures which are associated with the cyclin D1 and cyclin E inhibitory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bharat Lokhande
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Pune, 411033, India
| | - Payel Ghosh
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Shuchi Nagar
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Pune, 411033, India
| | - K Venkateswara Swamy
- Bioinformatics Research Laboratory, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Pune, 411033, India. .,Bioinformatics and Drug Discovery Group, MIT School of Bioengineering Science & Research, MIT Art, Design and Technology University, Pune, 412201, India.
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14
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Wang X, Liu F, Yan Z, Qiang Q, Huang W, Rong ZQ. Redox-Neutral Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions of (Homo)allylic Alcohols and Aryltriflates. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuchao Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Inst-itute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feipeng Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Inst-itute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zijuan Yan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Inst-itute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Qiang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Inst-itute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Inst-itute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zi-Qiang Rong
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE) & Shaanxi Inst-itute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (SIBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi’an 710072, People’s Republic of China
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15
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Discovery of a simplified deguelin analog as an HSP90 C-terminal inhibitor for HER2-positive breast cancer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 45:128134. [PMID: 34044120 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A series of O-substituted analogs of the C-ring-truncated scaffold of deguelin designed as heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) C-terminal inhibitors were investigated as novel antitumor agents against human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer. Among the synthesized compounds, compound 37 displayed significant inhibition in both trastuzumab-sensitive and trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer cells with little cytotoxicity to normal cells. Mechanistic studies of compound 37 carried out by HSP90α C-terminal inhibitor screening, the induction of the heat shock response and downregulation of HSP90 client proteins indicated that the antitumor activity of 37 in breast cancer cells could be attributed to the destabilization and inactivation of HSP90 client proteins by the binding of 37 to the C-terminal domain of HSP90. A molecular docking study of compound 37 with a HSP90 homology model indicated that its S-isomer fit well in the ATP binding site of the C-terminal domain, forming key interactions.
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16
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Xu YZ, Tian JW, Sha F, Li Q, Wu XY. Concise Synthesis of Chromene/Chromane-Type Aryne Precursors and Their Applications. J Org Chem 2021; 86:6765-6779. [PMID: 33852309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The gram-scale synthesis of 5,6-, 6,7-, and 7,8-chromene/chromane-type aryne precursors and their applications in regioselective transformation to other functional derivatives is reported. Chromene/chromane-type arynes are generated under mild conditions, which can further undergo [2 + 2], [3 + 2], and [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions, nucleophilic addition reactions, and σ-insertion reactions to produce structurally novel substituted chromenes and chromanes. The excellent regioselectivity of the reaction is facilitated by the oxygen-containing guiding groups at the ortho-position of the triple bond, which can be removed or switched to other functional groups including alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and arylamino groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ze Xu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jia-Wei Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Feng Sha
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qiong Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xin-Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Meilong Road 130, Shanghai 200237, China
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17
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Ban HS, Uto Y, Nakamura H. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) inhibitors: a patent survey (2016-2020). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:387-397. [PMID: 33455469 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1874345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a master regulator of oxygen homeostasis. The increased expression of genes targeted by HIF is associated with many human diseases, including ischemic cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic lung disease, and cancer.Areas covered: This patent survey summarizes the information about patented HIF inhibitors over the last 5 years.Expert opinion: HIF inhibitors have shown promise for the treatment of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, a circadian rhythm disorder, calcific aortic valve disease, cerebrovascular accident, and heterotopic ossification. In addition, HIF-2α inhibitors can be used for the treatment or prevention of iron overload disorders, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and thyroid eye disease, or to improve muscle generation and repair. PT2385 completed phase I clinical trials for the treatment of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. It exerted a higher synergistic inhibitory effect on tumor growth in combination with anti-PD-1 antibody, in comparison with each treatment alone, indicating that effective immunotherapy for solid tumors counteracts of the immunosuppression induced by hypoxia. Therefore, considering the effects of hypoxia on cancer cells, stromal cells, and effector immune cells, it is important to develop inhibitors of molecular pathways activated by hypoxia for successful treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Seung Ban
- Biomedical Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoshikazu Uto
- ASCA Company, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- cLaboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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18
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Chen Y, Gao Y, He Y, Zhang G, Wen H, Wang Y, Wu QP, Cui H. Determining Essential Requirements for Fluorophore Selection in Various Fluorescence Applications Taking Advantage of Diverse Structure-Fluorescence Information of Chromone Derivatives. J Med Chem 2020; 64:1001-1017. [PMID: 33307695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report our work exploring the essential requirements for fluorophore selection during the development of various fluorescence applications. We assembled a library of chromone-derived fluorophores with diverse structure-fluorescence properties, which allowed us to choose the fluorophore pairs with similar structures but differing fluorescence properties and compared the performance of the selected fluorophore pairs in three types of commonly used fluorescence applications. We found that the selection standard of a suitable fluorophore is variable depending on the application. (1) In fluorescence imaging, fluorophores with strong and constant fluorescence under various conditions, such as a large pH range, are preferred. Notably, (2) in the detection of bioactive species, fluorophores with relatively lower fluorescence quantum yield favor the detection sensitivity. Furthermore, (3) in enzymatic assays employing fluorescence, the key parameter is the binding affinity between the fluorophore and the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikun Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 8 Liangxiang Donglu, Beijing 102488, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yongxin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yujun He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hui Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qin-Pei Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 8 Liangxiang Donglu, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Huaqing Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing 100050, China
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19
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Rodphon W, Thongsornkleeb C, Tummatorn J, Ruchirawat S. Synthesis of 4-Acylchromene via Highly Chemoselective Iodine-Catalyzed Cyclization of Alkynylarylether Dimethylacetals. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3475-3486. [PMID: 32902153 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
4-Acylchromene is an important core structure found in bioactive natural products and bioactive synthetic compounds. Moreover, this core structure is frequently used as a key precursor for the synthesis of more complex molecules. In this work, we discovered that a combination of acetone and catalytic I2 could lead to selective activation of acetal in alkynylarylether dimethylacetal substrates while alkyne moiety remained intact. This activation of acetal led to the generation of oxonium ion intermediate which triggered intramolecular cyclization and elimination of methanol to provide the desired 4-acylchromene as the sole product in up to 95% yield. Moreover, this method could be applied in a broad range of substrates under a mild and metal-free catalytic conditions for the synthesis of 4-acylchromene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warabhorn Rodphon
- Program on Chemical Biology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Ministry of Education, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Charnsak Thongsornkleeb
- Program on Chemical Biology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Ministry of Education, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand.,Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Jumreang Tummatorn
- Program on Chemical Biology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Ministry of Education, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand.,Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Somsak Ruchirawat
- Program on Chemical Biology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Ministry of Education, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand.,Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, 54 Kamphaeng Phet 6, Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
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20
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An allosteric peptide inhibitor of HIF-1α regulates hypoxia-induced retinal neovascularization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28297-28306. [PMID: 33106407 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2017234117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal neovascularization (NV), a leading cause of vision loss, results from localized hypoxia that stabilizes the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors HIF-1α and HIF-2α, enabling the expression of angiogenic factors and genes required to maintain homeostasis under conditions of oxygen stress. HIF transcriptional activity depends on the interaction between its intrinsically disordered C-terminal domain and the transcriptional coactivators CBP/p300. Much effort is currently directed at disrupting protein-protein interactions between disease-associated transcription factors like HIF and their cellular partners. The intrinsically disordered protein CITED2, a direct product of HIF-mediated transcription, functions as a hypersensitive negative regulator that attenuates the hypoxic response by competing allosterically with HIF-1α for binding to CBP/p300. Here, we show that a peptide fragment of CITED2 is taken up by retinal cells and efficiently regulates pathological angiogenesis in murine models of ischemic retinopathy. Both vaso-obliteration (VO) and NV were significantly inhibited in an oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model following intravitreal injection of the CITED2 peptide. The CITED2 peptide localized to retinal neurons and glia, resulting in decreased expression of HIF target genes. Aflibercept, a commonly used anti-VEGF therapy for retinal neovascular diseases, rescued NV but not VO in OIR. However, a combination of the CITED2 peptide and a reduced dose of aflibercept significantly decreased both NV and VO. In contrast to anti-VEGF agents, the CITED2 peptide can rescue hypoxia-induced retinal NV by modulating the hypoxic response through direct competition with HIF for CBP/p300, suggesting a dual targeting strategy for treatment of ischemic retinal diseases and other neovascular disorders.
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21
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Liu Y, Wang X, Li W, Xu Y, Zhuo Y, Li M, He Y, Wang X, Guo Q, Zhao L, Qiang L. Oroxylin A reverses hypoxia-induced cisplatin resistance through inhibiting HIF-1α mediated XPC transcription. Oncogene 2020; 39:6893-6905. [PMID: 32978517 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a key concern during the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) has been associated with increased tumor resistance to therapeutic modalities such as cisplatin. Compensatory activation of nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway is the major mechanism that accounts for cisplatin resistance. In the present study, we suggest a novel strategy to improve the treatment of NSCLC and overcome the hypoxia-induced cisplatin resistance by cotreatment with Oroxylin A, one of the main bioactive flavonoids of Scutellariae radix. Based on the preliminary screening, we found that xeroderma pigmentosum group C (XPC), an important DNA damage recognition protein involved in NER, dramatically increased in hypoxic condition and contributed to hypoxia-induced cisplatin resistance. Further data suggested that Oroxylin A significantly reversed the hypoxia-induced cisplatin resistance through directly binding to HIF-1α bHLH-PAS domain and blocking its binding to HRE3 transcription factor binding sites on XPC promoter which is important to hypoxia-induced XPC transcription. Taken together, our findings not only demonstrate a crucial role of XPC dependent NER in hypoxia-induced cisplatin resistance, but also suggest a previously unrecognized tumor suppressive mechanism of Oroxylin A in NSCLC which through sensitization of cisplatin-mediated growth inhibition and apoptosis under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenshu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yating Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Biomedical Informatics Research Lab, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaosheng Wang
- Biomedical Informatics Research Lab, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinglong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lei Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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22
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Discovery of novel anti-breast cancer agents derived from deguelin as inhibitors of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127374. [PMID: 32738983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of O-substituted analogues of the B,C-ring truncated scaffold of deguelin were designed as C-terminal inhibitors of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and investigated as novel antiproliferative agents against HER2-positive breast cancer. Among the synthesized compounds, compound 80 exhibited significant inhibition in both trastuzumab-sensitive and trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer cells, whereas compound 80 did not show any cytotoxicity in normal cells. Compound 80 markedly downregulated the expression of the major client proteins of HSP90 in both cell types, indicating that the cytotoxicity of 80 in breast cancer cells is attributed to the destabilization and inactivation of HSP90 client proteins and that HSP90 inhibition represents a promising strategy to overcome trastuzumab resistance. A molecular docking study of 80 with the homology model of a HSP90 homodimer showed that 80 fit nicely in the C-terminal domain with a higher electrostatic complementary score than that of ATP.
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23
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Seo Y, Choi J, Lee JH, Kim TG, Park SH, Han G, Namkung W, Kim I. Diversity-oriented generation and biological evaluation of new chemical scaffolds bearing a 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene unit: Discovery of novel potent ANO1 inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2020; 101:104000. [PMID: 32592976 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemical territory bearing a 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene motif was expanded by utilizing an o-hydroxy aldehyde group of 5-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene-6-carbaldehyde as a synthetic handle to install distinctive morphology and functionality of each scaffold. Cell based assays and in silico docking analysis led us to discover that these new compounds exhibit inhibitory effect on anoctamin1 (ANO1). ANO1 is amplified and highly expressed in various carcinomas including prostate cancer, esophageal cancer, breast cancer, and pancreatic cancer. Biological assays revealed that (E)-1-(7,7-dimethyl-7H-furo[2,3-f]chromen-2-yl)-3-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (3n, Ani-FCC) is a novel, potent and selective ANO1 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 1.23 μM. 3n showed 144 times stronger activity on ANO1 inhibition than ANO2 inhibition and did not alter the chloride channel activity of CFTR and the intracellular calcium signaling. Notably, 3n strongly decreased cell viability of PC-3 and FaDu cells expressing high levels of ANO1 with a decrease in ANO1 protein levels. In addition, 3n significantly enhanced apoptosis via activation of caspase 3 and cleavage of PARP in PC-3 and FaDu cells. This study shows that a novel ANO1 inhibitor, 3n, can be a potential candidate for the treatment of cancers overexpressing ANO1, such as prostate cancer and esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Seo
- College of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hwa Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Hyeon Park
- Graduate Program of Industrial Pharmaceutical Science, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoonhee Han
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Namkung
- College of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ikyon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Cheng KJ, Hsieh CM, Nepali K, Liou JP. Ocular Disease Therapeutics: Design and Delivery of Drugs for Diseases of the Eye. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10533-10593. [PMID: 32482069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ocular drug discovery field has evidenced significant advancement in the past decade. The FDA approvals of Rhopressa, Vyzulta, and Roclatan for glaucoma, Brolucizumab for wet age-related macular degeneration (wet AMD), Luxturna for retinitis pigmentosa, Dextenza (0.4 mg dexamethasone intracanalicular insert) for ocular inflammation, ReSure sealant to seal corneal incisions, and Lifitegrast for dry eye represent some of the major developments in the field of ocular therapeutics. A literature survey also indicates that gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and target discovery through genomic research represent significant promise as potential strategies to achieve tissue repair or regeneration and to attain therapeutic benefits in ocular diseases. Overall, the emergence of new technologies coupled with first-in-class entries in ophthalmology are highly anticipated to restructure and boost the future trends in the field of ophthalmic drug discovery. This perspective focuses on various aspects of ocular drug discovery and the recent advances therein. Recent medicinal chemistry campaigns along with a brief overview of the structure-activity relationships of the diverse chemical classes and developments in ocular drug delivery (ODD) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Ju Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 111, Section 3, Xing-Long Road, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ming Hsieh
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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25
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Koike K, Nagano M, Ebihara M, Hirayama T, Tsuji M, Suga H, Nagasawa H. Design, Synthesis, and Conformation-Activity Study of Unnatural Bridged Bicyclic Depsipeptides as Highly Potent Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1 Inhibitors and Antitumor Agents. J Med Chem 2020; 63:4022-4046. [PMID: 32202785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
By carrying out structural modifications based on the bicyclic peptide structure of echinomycin, we successfully synthesized various powerful antitumor derivatives. The ring conformation in the obtained compounds was restricted by cross-linking with an unnatural bond. The prepared derivatives were demonstrated to strongly suppress the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1 transcriptional activation and hypoxia induction of HIF-1 protein expression. Particularly, alkene-bridged derivative 12 exhibited remarkably potent cytotoxicity (IC50 = 0.22 nM on the MCF-7 cell line) and HIF-1 inhibition (IC50 = 0.09 nM), which considerably exceeded those of echinomycin. Conformational analyses and molecular modeling studies revealed that the biological activities were enhanced following restriction of the conformation by cross-linking through a metabolically stable and rigid bridge bond. In addition, we proposed a new globular conformation stabilized by intramolecular π stacking that can contribute to the biological effects of bicyclic depsipeptides. The developments presented in the current study serve as a useful guide to expand the chemical space of peptides in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Koike
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu-city, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Masanobu Nagano
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ebihara
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu-city, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Tasuku Hirayama
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu-city, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Mieko Tsuji
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu-city, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hideko Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu-city, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
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Liu M, Liang Y, Zhu Z, Wang J, Cheng X, Cheng J, Xu B, Li R, Liu X, Wang Y. Discovery of Novel Aryl Carboxamide Derivatives as Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α Signaling Inhibitors with Potent Activities of Anticancer Metastasis. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9299-9314. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Anhui Chem-Bright Bioengineering Company Limited, Huaibei 235025, China
| | - Yuru Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhongzhen Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xingxing Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jiayi Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Binpeng Xu
- Anhui Chem-Bright Bioengineering Company Limited, Huaibei 235025, China
| | - Rong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
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27
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Heo M, Lee B, Sishtla K, Fei X, Lee S, Park S, Yuan Y, Lee S, Kwon S, Lee J, Kim S, Corson TW, Seo SY. Enantioselective Synthesis of Homoisoflavanones by Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation and Their Biological Evaluation for Antiangiogenic Activity. J Org Chem 2019; 84:9995-10011. [PMID: 31381339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neovascular eye diseases are a major cause of blindness. Excessive angiogenesis is a feature of several conditions, including wet age-related macular degeneration, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and retinopathy of prematurity. Development of novel antiangiogenic small molecules for the treatment of neovascular eye disease is essential to provide new therapeutic leads for these diseases. We have previously reported the therapeutic potential of anti-angiogenic homoisoflavanone derivatives with efficacy in retinal and choroidal neovascularization models, although these are racemic compounds due to the C3-stereogenic center in the molecules. This work presents asymmetric synthesis and structural determination of anti-angiogenic homoisoflavanones and pharmacological characterization of the stereoisomers. We describe an enantioselective synthesis of homoisoflavanones by virtue of ruthenium-catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation accompanying dynamic kinetic resolution, providing a basis for the further development of these compounds into novel experimental therapeutics for neovascular eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myunghoe Heo
- College of Pharmacy , Gachon University , Incheon 21936 , Republic of Korea
| | - Bit Lee
- College of Pharmacy , Gachon University , Incheon 21936 , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Xiang Fei
- College of Pharmacy , Gachon University , Incheon 21936 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sanha Lee
- College of Pharmacy , Gachon University , Incheon 21936 , Republic of Korea
| | - Soojun Park
- College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yue Yuan
- College of Pharmacy , Gachon University , Incheon 21936 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Lee
- College of Pharmacy , Gachon University , Incheon 21936 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sangil Kwon
- College of Pharmacy , Gachon University , Incheon 21936 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jungeun Lee
- College of Pharmacy , Gachon University , Incheon 21936 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- College of Pharmacy , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | | | - Seung-Yong Seo
- College of Pharmacy , Gachon University , Incheon 21936 , Republic of Korea
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Verheyen T, van Turnhout L, Vandavasi JK, Isbrandt ES, De Borggraeve WM, Newman SG. Ketone Synthesis by a Nickel-Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Cross-Coupling of Primary Alcohols. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:6869-6874. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Verheyen
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario Canada, K1N 6N5
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lars van Turnhout
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - Jaya Kishore Vandavasi
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - Eric S. Isbrandt
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - Wim M. De Borggraeve
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephen G. Newman
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario Canada, K1N 6N5
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29
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Rossino MG, Casini G. Nutraceuticals for the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040771. [PMID: 30987058 PMCID: PMC6520779 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus and is characterized by degeneration of retinal neurons and neoangiogenesis, causing a severe threat to vision. Nowadays, the principal treatment options for DR are laser photocoagulation, vitreoretinal surgery, or intravitreal injection of drugs targeting vascular endothelial growth factor. However, these treatments only act at advanced stages of DR, have short term efficacy, and cause side effects. Treatment with nutraceuticals (foods providing medical or health benefits) at early stages of DR may represent a reasonable alternative to act upstream of the disease, preventing its progression. In particular, in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed that a variety of nutraceuticals have significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may inhibit the early diabetes-driven molecular mechanisms that induce DR, reducing both the neural and vascular damage typical of DR. Although most studies are limited to animal models and there is the problem of low bioavailability for many nutraceuticals, the use of these compounds may represent a natural alternative method to standard DR treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Casini
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via San Zeno 31, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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