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Zheng C, Li Y, Wu X, Gao L, Chen X. Advances in the Synthesis and Physiological Metabolic Regulation of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide. Nutrients 2024; 16:2354. [PMID: 39064797 PMCID: PMC11279976 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), the direct precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), is involved in the regulation of many physiological and metabolic reactions in the body. NMN can indirectly affect cellular metabolic pathways, DNA repair, and senescence, while also being essential for maintaining tissues and dynamic metabolic equilibria, promoting healthy aging. Therefore, NMN has found many applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries. At present, NMN synthesis strategies mainly include chemical synthesis and biosynthesis. Despite its potential benefits, the commercial production of NMN by organic chemistry approaches faces environmental and safety problems. With the rapid development of synthetic biology, it has become possible to construct microbial cell factories to produce NMN in a cost-effective way. In this review, we summarize the chemical and biosynthetic strategies of NMN, offering an overview of the recent research progress on host selection, chassis cell optimization, mining of key enzymes, metabolic engineering, and adaptive fermentation strategies. In addition, we also review the advances in the role of NMN in aging, metabolic diseases, and neural function. This review provides comprehensive technical guidance for the efficient biosynthesis of NMN as well as a theoretical basis for its application in the fields of food, medicine, and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuxiong Zheng
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China;
| | - Yumeng Li
- National Technology Innovation Center for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, Tianjin 300308, China; (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xin Wu
- National Technology Innovation Center for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, Tianjin 300308, China; (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Le Gao
- National Technology Innovation Center for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 32, Xiqi Road, Tianjin Airport Economic Park, Tianjin 300308, China; (Y.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- School of Biological Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China;
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2
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Sun WD, Zhu XJ, Li JJ, Mei YZ, Li WS, Li JH. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT): a novel therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1410479. [PMID: 38919254 PMCID: PMC11196770 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1410479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a constellation of metabolic abnormalities, typified by obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia. It stems from intricate dysregulations in metabolic pathways governing energy and substrate metabolism. While comprehending the precise etiological mechanisms of MetS remains challenging, evidence underscores the pivotal roles of aberrations in lipid metabolism and insulin resistance (IR) in its pathogenesis. Notably, nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) has recently surfaced as a promising therapeutic target for addressing MetS. Single nucleotide variants in the NNMT gene are significantly correlated with disturbances in energy metabolism, obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. Elevated NNMT gene expression is notably observed in the liver and white adipose tissue (WAT) of individuals with diabetic mice, obesity, and rats afflicted with MetS. Knockdown of NNMT elicits heightened energy expenditure in adipose and hepatic tissues, mitigates lipid accumulation, and enhances insulin sensitivity. NNMT catalyzes the methylation of nicotinamide (NAM) using S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) as the donor methyl group, resulting in the formation of S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (SAH) and methylnicotinamide (MNAM). This enzymatic process results in the depletion of NAM, a precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), and the generation of SAH, a precursor of homocysteine (Hcy). Consequently, this cascade leads to reduced NAD+ levels and elevated Hcy levels, implicating NNMT in the pathogenesis of MetS. Moreover, experimental studies employing RNA interference (RNAi) strategies and small molecule inhibitors targeting NNMT have underscored its potential as a therapeutic target for preventing or treating MetS-related diseases. Nonetheless, the precise mechanistic underpinnings remain elusive, and as of yet, clinical trials focusing on NNMT have not been documented. Therefore, further investigations are warranted to elucidate the intricate roles of NNMT in MetS and to develop targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jiang-Hua Li
- Key Lab of Aquatic Training Monitoring and Intervention of General Administration of Sport of China, Physical Education College, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
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3
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Li P, Xia C, Kong X, Zhang J. Enhancing nicotinamide N-methyltransferase bisubstrate inhibitor activity through 7-deazaadenosine and linker modifications. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:106963. [PMID: 38048700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to nicotinamide (NAM) and other pyridine-related compounds and is involved in various metabolic processes in the human body. In addition, abnormal expression of NNMT occurs under various pathological conditions such as cancer, diabetes, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases, making it a promising drug target worthy of in-depth research. Small-molecule NNMT inhibitors with high potency and selectivity are necessary chemical tools to test biological hypotheses and potential therapies. In this study, we developed a series of highly active NNMT inhibitors by modifying N7 position of adenine. Among them, compound 3-12 (IC50 = 47.9 ± 0.6 nM) exhibited potent inhibitory activity and also had an excellent selectivity profile over a panel of human methyltransferases. We showed that the N7 position of adenine in the NNMT bisubstrate inhibitor was a modifiable site, thus offering insights into the development of NNMT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cuicui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510530, China; Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiangqian Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jiancun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
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4
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Masci D, Naro C, Puxeddu M, Urbani A, Sette C, La Regina G, Silvestri R. Recent Advances in Drug Discovery for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Treatment. Molecules 2023; 28:7513. [PMID: 38005235 PMCID: PMC10672974 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most heterogeneous and aggressive breast cancer subtypes with a high risk of death on recurrence. To date, TNBC is very difficult to treat due to the lack of an effective targeted therapy. However, recent advances in the molecular characterization of TNBC are encouraging the development of novel drugs and therapeutic combinations for its therapeutic management. In the present review, we will provide an overview of the currently available standard therapies and new emerging therapeutic strategies against TNBC, highlighting the promises that newly developed small molecules, repositioned drugs, and combination therapies have of improving treatment efficacy against these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domiziana Masci
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensivological and Perioperative Clinics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.M.); (A.U.)
| | - Chiara Naro
- Department of Neurosciences, Section of Human Anatomy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.N.); (C.S.)
- GSTeP-Organoids Research Core Facility, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Puxeddu
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (G.L.R.)
| | - Andrea Urbani
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensivological and Perioperative Clinics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.M.); (A.U.)
| | - Claudio Sette
- Department of Neurosciences, Section of Human Anatomy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.N.); (C.S.)
- GSTeP-Organoids Research Core Facility, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe La Regina
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (G.L.R.)
| | - Romano Silvestri
- Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia—Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (G.L.R.)
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5
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Iyamu ID, Zhao T, Huang R. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies on Cell-Potent Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase Bisubstrate Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2023; 66:10510-10527. [PMID: 37523719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is a metabolic enzyme implicated in multiple diseases, making it a promising therapeutic target. Building upon our recently reported NNMT inhibitor II399, we systematically investigate the structure-activity relationship by designing and synthesizing a series of analogues. Among them, two top inhibitors II559 (Ki = 1.2 nM) and II802 (Ki = 1.6 nM) displayed over 5000-fold selectivity for NNMT over closely related methyltransferases. Moreover, II559 and II802 showed enhanced cellular inhibition, with a cellular IC50 value of approximately 150 nM, making them the most cell-potent bisubstrate inhibitors reported to date. Furthermore, both inhibitors reduced the cell viability with a GI50 value of ∼10 μM and suppressed the migration of aggressive clear cell renal cancer cell carcinoma cell lines. Overall, II559 and II802 would serve as valuable probes to investigate the enzymatic function of NNMT in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iredia D Iyamu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tianqi Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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6
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Roberti A, Tejedor JR, Díaz-Moreno I, López V, Santamarina-Ojeda P, Pérez RF, Urdinguio RG, Concellón C, Martínez-Chantar ML, Fernández-Morera JL, Díaz-Quintana A, Del Amo V, Fernández AF, Fraga MF. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) regulates the glucocorticoid signaling pathway during the early phase of adipogenesis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8293. [PMID: 37217546 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34916-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with adipose tissue dysfunction through the differentiation and expansion of pre-adipocytes to adipocytes (hyperplasia) and/or increases in size of pre-existing adipocytes (hypertrophy). A cascade of transcriptional events coordinates the differentiation of pre-adipocytes into fully differentiated adipocytes; the process of adipogenesis. Although nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) has been associated with obesity, how NNMT is regulated during adipogenesis, and the underlying regulatory mechanisms, remain undefined. In present study we used genetic and pharmacological approaches to elucidate the molecular signals driving NNMT activation and its role during adipogenesis. Firstly, we demonstrated that during the early phase of adipocyte differentiation NNMT is transactivated by CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein beta (CEBPB) in response to glucocorticoid (GC) induction. We found that Nnmt knockout, using CRISPR/Cas9 approach, impaired terminal adipogenesis by influencing the timing of cellular commitment and cell cycle exit during mitotic clonal expansion, as demonstrated by cell cycle analysis and RNA sequencing experiments. Biochemical and computational methods showed that a novel small molecule, called CC-410, stably binds to and highly specifically inhibits NNMT. CC-410 was, therefore, used to modulate protein activity during pre-adipocyte differentiation stages, demonstrating that, in line with the genetic approach, chemical inhibition of NNMT at the early stages of adipogenesis impairs terminal differentiation by deregulating the GC network. These congruent results conclusively demonstrate that NNMT is a key component of the GC-CEBP axis during the early stages of adipogenesis and could be a potential therapeutic target for both early-onset obesity and glucocorticoid-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Roberti
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 33940, El Entrego, Spain
- Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation in Asturias (FINBA), 33011, Oviedo, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), Av. del Hospital Universitario, 33011, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- University Institute of Oncology (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan Ramon Tejedor
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 33940, El Entrego, Spain
- Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation in Asturias (FINBA), 33011, Oviedo, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), Av. del Hospital Universitario, 33011, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- University Institute of Oncology (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Díaz-Moreno
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ), Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), University of Seville - Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Virginia López
- Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation in Asturias (FINBA), 33011, Oviedo, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), Av. del Hospital Universitario, 33011, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- University Institute of Oncology (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pablo Santamarina-Ojeda
- Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation in Asturias (FINBA), 33011, Oviedo, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), Av. del Hospital Universitario, 33011, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- University Institute of Oncology (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl F Pérez
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 33940, El Entrego, Spain
- Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation in Asturias (FINBA), 33011, Oviedo, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), Av. del Hospital Universitario, 33011, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- University Institute of Oncology (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío G Urdinguio
- Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation in Asturias (FINBA), 33011, Oviedo, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), Av. del Hospital Universitario, 33011, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- University Institute of Oncology (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Concellón
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - María Luz Martínez-Chantar
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance, Derio, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Fernández-Morera
- Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation in Asturias (FINBA), 33011, Oviedo, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), Av. del Hospital Universitario, 33011, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Vital Alvarez Buylla (HVAB), 33611, Mieres, Spain
| | - Antonio Díaz-Quintana
- Institute for Chemical Research (IIQ), Scientific Research Centre Isla de la Cartuja (cicCartuja), University of Seville - Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Vicente Del Amo
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Agustín F Fernández
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 33940, El Entrego, Spain.
- Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation in Asturias (FINBA), 33011, Oviedo, Spain.
- Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), Av. del Hospital Universitario, 33011, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
- University Institute of Oncology (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mario F Fraga
- Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center (CINN), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 33940, El Entrego, Spain.
- Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation in Asturias (FINBA), 33011, Oviedo, Spain.
- Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), Av. del Hospital Universitario, 33011, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
- University Institute of Oncology (IUOPA), University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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Poljšak B, Kovač V, Špalj S, Milisav I. The Central Role of the NAD+ Molecule in the Development of Aging and the Prevention of Chronic Age-Related Diseases: Strategies for NAD+ Modulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032959. [PMID: 36769283 PMCID: PMC9917998 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecule NAD+ is a coenzyme for enzymes catalyzing cellular redox reactions in several metabolic pathways, encompassing glycolysis, TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, and is a substrate for NAD+-dependent enzymes. In addition to a hydride and electron transfer in redox reactions, NAD+ is a substrate for sirtuins and poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerases and even moderate decreases in its cellular concentrations modify signaling of NAD+-consuming enzymes. Age-related reduction in cellular NAD+ concentrations results in metabolic and aging-associated disorders, while the consequences of increased NAD+ production or decreased degradation seem beneficial. This article reviews the NAD+ molecule in the development of aging and the prevention of chronic age-related diseases and discusses the strategies of NAD+ modulation for healthy aging and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borut Poljšak
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vito Kovač
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stjepan Špalj
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Irina Milisav
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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8
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Peng Y, Yin D, Li X, Wang K, Li W, Huang Y, Liu X, Ren Z, Yang X, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Fan T. Integration of transcriptomics and metabolomics reveals a novel gene signature guided by FN1 associated with immune response in oral squamous cell carcinoma tumorigenesis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023:10.1007/s00432-023-04572-x. [PMID: 36656379 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04572-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) are primary head and neck malignant tumours with a high incidence and mortality. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in OSCC tumorigenesis are not fully understood. METHODS OSCC and paired para-carcinoma samples were collected and used to perform multi-omics study. Transcriptomic analysis was used to reveal significant alterations in inflammatory and immune processes in OSCC. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) combined with the LASSO Cox algorithm was used to identify and optimize a crucial gene signature. Metabolomics analysis was performed to identify the important metabolites which linked to the crucial gene signature. The public data TCGA-HNSCC cohort was used to perform the multiple bioinformatic analysis. RESULTS These findings identified a FN1-mediated crucial network that was composed of immune-relevant genes (FN1, ACP5, CCL5, COL1A1, THBS1, BCAT1, PLAU, IGF2BP3, TNF, CSF2, CXCL1 and CXCL5) associated with immune infiltration and influences the tumour microenvironment, which may contribute to OSCC tumorigenesis and progression. Moreover, we integrated the relevant genes with altered metabolites identified by metabolic profiling and identified 7 crucial metabolites (Glu-Glu-Lys, Ser-Ala, Ser-Ala, N-(octadecanoyl) sphing-4-enine-1-phosphocholine, N-methylnicotinamide, pyrrhoxanthinol and xanthine) as potential downstream targets of the FN1-associated gene signature in OSCC. Importantly, FN1 expression is positively correlated with immune infiltration levels in HNSCC, which was confirmed at the single-cell level. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results revealed the differential genetic and metabolic patterns associated with OSCC tumorigenesis and identified an essential molecular network that plays an oncogenic role in OSCC by affecting amino acid and purine metabolism. These genes and metabolites might, therefore, serve as predictive biomarkers of survival outcomes and potential targets for therapeutic intervention in OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Peng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Zhang Zhiyuan Academician Workstation, Hainan Western Central Hospital, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Danzhou, Hainan, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Danhui Yin
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuxuan Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenhu Ren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Zhang Zhiyuan Academician Workstation, Hainan Western Central Hospital, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Danzhou, Hainan, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Zhang Zhiyuan Academician Workstation, Hainan Western Central Hospital, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Danzhou, Hainan, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Zhang Zhiyuan Academician Workstation, Hainan Western Central Hospital, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Danzhou, Hainan, China.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Tengfei Fan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Zhang Zhiyuan Academician Workstation, Hainan Western Central Hospital, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Danzhou, Hainan, China.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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9
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Barrows RD, Jeffries DE, Vishe M, Tukachinsky H, Zheng SL, Li F, Ma Z, Li X, Jin S, Song H, Zhang R, Zhang S, Ni J, Luan H, Wen L, Rongshan Y, Ying C, Shair MD. Potent Uncompetitive Inhibitors of Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase (NNMT) as In Vivo Chemical Probes. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14642-14654. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Barrows
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Daniel E. Jeffries
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Mahesh Vishe
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Hanna Tukachinsky
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Shao-Liang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Fanfan Li
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Zhenjie Ma
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Shujuan Jin
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Haobin Song
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Ruonan Zhang
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Shaofeng Zhang
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Jing Ni
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Haofei Luan
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Lei Wen
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yan Rongshan
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., #288 FuTe ZhongLu WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Chen Ying
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., #288 FuTe ZhongLu WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Matthew D. Shair
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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10
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Ruf S, Rajagopal S, Kadnur SV, Hallur MS, Rani S, Kristam R, Swaminathan S, Zope BR, Gondrala PK, Swamy I, Putta VPRK, Kandan S, Zech G, Schreuder H, Rudolph C, Elvert R, Czech J, Birudukota S, Siddiqui MA, Anand NN, Mane VS, Dittakavi S, Suresh J, Gosu R, Ramesh M, Yura T, Dhakshinamoorthy S, Kannt A. Novel tricyclic small molecule inhibitors of Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase for the treatment of metabolic disorders. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15440. [PMID: 36104373 PMCID: PMC9474883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is a metabolic regulator that catalyzes the methylation of nicotinamide (Nam) using the co-factor S-adenosyl-L-methionine to form 1-methyl-nicotinamide (MNA). Overexpression of NNMT and the presence of the active metabolite MNA is associated with a number of diseases including metabolic disorders. We conducted a high-throughput screening campaign that led to the identification of a tricyclic core as a potential NNMT small molecule inhibitor series. Elaborate medicinal chemistry efforts were undertaken and hundreds of analogs were synthesized to understand the structure activity relationship and structure property relationship of this tricyclic series. A lead molecule, JBSNF-000028, was identified that inhibits human and mouse NNMT activity, reduces MNA levels in mouse plasma, liver and adipose tissue, and drives insulin sensitization, glucose modulation and body weight reduction in a diet-induced obese mouse model of diabetes. The co-crystal structure showed that JBSNF-000028 binds below a hairpin structural motif at the nicotinamide pocket and stacks between Tyr-204 (from Hairpin) and Leu-164 (from central domain). JBSNF-000028 was inactive against a broad panel of targets related to metabolism and safety. Interestingly, the improvement in glucose tolerance upon treatment with JBSNF-000028 was also observed in NNMT knockout mice with diet-induced obesity, pointing towards the glucose-normalizing effect that may go beyond NNMT inhibition. JBSNF-000028 can be a potential therapeutic option for metabolic disorders and developmental studies are warranted.
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11
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Pozzi V, Campagna R, Sartini D, Emanuelli M. Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase as Promising Tool for Management of Gastrointestinal Neoplasms. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091173. [PMID: 36139012 PMCID: PMC9496617 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) neoplasms include esophageal, gastric, colorectal, hepatic, and pancreatic cancers. They are characterized by asymptomatic behavior, being responsible for diagnostic delay. Substantial refractoriness to chemo- and radiotherapy, exhibited by late-stage tumors, contribute to determine poor patient outcome. Therefore, it is of outmost importance to identify new molecular targets for the development of effective therapeutic strategies. In this study, we focused on the enzyme nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), which catalyzes the N-methylation reaction of nicotinamide and whose overexpression has been reported in numerous neoplasms, including GI cancers. The aim of this review was to report data illustrating NNMT involvement in these tumors, highlighting its contribution to tumor cell phenotype. Cited works clearly demonstrate the interesting potential use of enzyme level determination for both diagnostic and prognostic purposes. NNMT was also found to positively affect cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasiveness, contributing to sustain in vitro and in vivo tumor growth and metastatic spread. Moreover, enzyme upregulation featuring tumor cells was significantly associated with enhancement of resistance to treatment with chemotherapeutic drugs. Taken together, these results strongly suggest the possibility to target NNMT for setup of molecular-based strategies to effectively treat GI cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pozzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberto Campagna
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60020 Ancona, Italy
| | - Davide Sartini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60020 Ancona, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-071-2204673
| | - Monica Emanuelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60020 Ancona, Italy
- New York-Marche Structural Biology Center (NY-MaSBiC), Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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12
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Poljšak B, Kovač V, Milisav I. Current Uncertainties and Future Challenges Regarding NAD+ Boosting Strategies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091637. [PMID: 36139711 PMCID: PMC9495723 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Precursors of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), modulators of enzymes of the NAD+ biosynthesis pathways and inhibitors of NAD+ consuming enzymes, are the main boosters of NAD+. Increasing public awareness and interest in anti-ageing strategies and health-promoting lifestyles have grown the interest in the use of NAD+ boosters as dietary supplements, both in scientific circles and among the general population. Here, we discuss the current trends in NAD+ precursor usage as well as the uncertainties in dosage, timing, safety, and side effects. There are many unknowns regarding pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, particularly bioavailability, metabolism, and tissue specificity of NAD+ boosters. Given the lack of long-term safety studies, there is a need for more clinical trials to determine the proper dose of NAD+ boosters and treatment duration for aging prevention and as disease therapy. Further research will also need to address the long-term consequences of increased NAD+ and the best approaches and combinations to increase NAD+ levels. The answers to the above questions will contribute to the more efficient and safer use of NAD+ boosters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borut Poljšak
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vito Kovač
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irina Milisav
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Zaloska 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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13
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Yoshida S, Uehara S, Kondo N, Takahashi Y, Yamamoto S, Kameda A, Kawagoe S, Inoue N, Yamada M, Yoshimura N, Tachibana Y. Peptide-to-Small Molecule: A Pharmacophore-Guided Small Molecule Lead Generation Strategy from High-Affinity Macrocyclic Peptides. J Med Chem 2022; 65:10655-10673. [PMID: 35904556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent technological innovations have led to the development of methods for the rapid identification of high-affinity macrocyclic peptides for a wide range of targets; however, it is still challenging to achieve the desired activity and membrane permeability at the same time. Here, we propose a novel small molecule lead discovery strategy, ″Peptide-to-Small Molecule″, which is a combination of rapid identification of high-affinity macrocyclic peptides via peptide display screening followed by pharmacophore-guided de novo design of small molecules, and demonstrate the applicability using nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) as a target. Affinity selection by peptide display technology identified macrocyclic peptide 1 that exhibited good enzymatic inhibitory activity but no cell-based activity. Thereafter, a peptide pharmacophore-guided de novo design and further structure-based optimization resulted in highly potent and cell-active small molecule 14 (cell-free IC50 = 0.0011 μM, cell-based IC50 = 0.40 μM), indicating that this strategy could be a new option for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Yoshida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Shota Uehara
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Kondo
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yu Takahashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Shiho Yamamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kameda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kawagoe
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Naoko Inoue
- PeptiDream Inc. 3-25-23 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Masami Yamada
- PeptiDream Inc. 3-25-23 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Norito Yoshimura
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yuki Tachibana
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
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14
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Kushavah U, Panigrahi L, Ahmed S, Siddiqi MI. Ligand-based in silico identification and biological evaluation of potential inhibitors of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase. Mol Divers 2022:10.1007/s11030-022-10485-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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15
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Li XY, Pi YN, Chen Y, Zhu Q, Xia BR. Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase: A Promising Biomarker and Target for Human Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:894744. [PMID: 35756670 PMCID: PMC9218565 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.894744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells typically exhibit a tightly regulated program of metabolic plasticity and epigenetic remodeling to meet the demand of uncontrolled cell proliferation. The metabolic-epigenetic axis has recently become an increasingly hot topic in carcinogenesis and offers new avenues for innovative and personalized cancer treatment strategies. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is a metabolic enzyme involved in controlling methylation potential, impacting DNA and histone epigenetic modification. NNMT overexpression has been described in various solid cancer tissues and even body fluids, including serum, urine, and saliva. Furthermore, accumulating evidence has shown that NNMT knockdown significantly decreases tumorigenesis and chemoresistance capacity. Most importantly, the natural NNMT inhibitor yuanhuadine can reverse epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in lung cancer cells. In this review, we evaluate the possibility of NNMT as a diagnostic biomarker and molecular target for effective anticancer treatment. We also reveal the exact mechanisms of how NNMT affects epigenetics and the development of more potent and selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ya-Nan Pi
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Bengbu Medical College Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Bai-Rong Xia
- The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, Hefei, China
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16
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Türk D, Müller F, Fromm MF, Selzer D, Dallmann R, Lehr T. Renal Transporter-Mediated Drug-Biomarker Interactions of the Endogenous Substrates Creatinine and N 1 -Methylnicotinamide: A PBPK Modeling Approach. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 112:687-698. [PMID: 35527512 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous biomarkers for transporter-mediated drug-drug interaction (DDI) predictions represent a promising approach to facilitate and improve conventional DDI investigations in clinical studies. This approach requires high sensitivity and specificity of biomarkers for the targets of interest (e.g., transport proteins), as well as rigorous characterization of their kinetics, which can be accomplished utilizing physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop PBPK models of the endogenous organic cation transporter (OCT)2 and multidrug and toxin extrusion protein (MATE)1 substrates creatinine and N1 -methylnicotinamide (NMN). Additionally, this study aimed to predict kinetic changes of the biomarkers during administration of the OCT2 and MATE1 perpetrator drugs trimethoprim, pyrimethamine, and cimetidine. Whole-body PBPK models of creatinine and NMN were developed utilizing studies investigating creatinine or NMN exogenous administration and endogenous synthesis. The newly developed models accurately describe and predict observed plasma concentration-time profiles and urinary excretion of both biomarkers. Subsequently, models were coupled to the previously built and evaluated perpetrator models of trimethoprim, pyrimethamine, and cimetidine for interaction predictions. Increased creatinine plasma concentrations and decreased urinary excretion during the drug-biomarker interactions with trimethoprim, pyrimethamine, and cimetidine were well-described. An additional inhibition of NMN synthesis by trimethoprim and pyrimethamine was hypothesized, improving NMN plasma and urine interaction predictions. To summarize, whole-body PBPK models of creatinine and NMN were built and evaluated to better assess creatinine and NMN kinetics while uncovering knowledge gaps for future research. The models can support investigations of renal transporter-mediated DDIs during drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Türk
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Fabian Müller
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin F Fromm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik Selzer
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Robert Dallmann
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Thorsten Lehr
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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17
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Rudenko AY, Mariasina SS, Sergiev PV, Polshakov VI. Analogs of S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine in Studies of Methyltransferases. Mol Biol 2022; 56:229-250. [PMID: 35440827 PMCID: PMC9009987 DOI: 10.1134/s002689332202011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Methyltransferases (MTases) play an important role in the functioning of living systems, catalyzing the methylation reactions of DNA, RNA, proteins, and small molecules, including endogenous compounds and drugs. Many human diseases are associated with disturbances in the functioning of these enzymes; therefore, the study of MTases is an urgent and important task. Most MTases use the cofactor S‑adenosyl‑L‑methionine (SAM) as a methyl group donor. SAM analogs are widely applicable in the study of MTases: they are used in studies of the catalytic activity of these enzymes, in identification of substrates of new MTases, and for modification of the substrates or substrate linking to MTases. In this review, new synthetic analogs of SAM and the problems that can be solved with their usage are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Yu. Rudenko
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - S. S. Mariasina
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Functional Genomics, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - P. V. Sergiev
- Institute of Functional Genomics, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - V. I. Polshakov
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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18
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Iyamu ID, Vilseck JZ, Yadav R, Noinaj N, Huang R. Exploring Unconventional SAM Analogues To Build Cell-Potent Bisubstrate Inhibitors for Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114813. [PMID: 35134268 PMCID: PMC8983580 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) methylates nicotinamide and has been associated with various diseases. Herein, we report the first cell-potent NNMT bisubstrate inhibitor II399, demonstrating a Ki of 5.9 nM in a biochemical assay and a cellular IC50 value of 1.9 μM. The inhibition mechanism and cocrystal structure confirmed II399 engages both the substrate and cofactor binding pockets. Computational modeling and binding data reveal a balancing act between enthalpic and entropic components that lead to II399's low nM binding affinity. Notably, II399 is 1 000-fold more selective for NNMT than closely related methyltransferases. We expect that II399 would serve as a valuable probe to elucidate NNMT biology. Furthermore, this strategy provides the first case of introducing unconventional SAM mimics, which can be adopted to develop cell-potent inhibitors for other SAM-dependent methyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iredia D. Iyamu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jonah Z. Vilseck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, Markey Center for Structural Biology, and the Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Nicholas Noinaj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Markey Center for Structural Biology, and the Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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19
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Liu A, Guo M, He L, Martínez MA, Martínez M, Lopez-Torres B, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Wang X, Anadón A, Ares I. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase protects against deoxynivalenol-induced growth inhibition by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 163:112969. [PMID: 35351591 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is an inevitable contaminant in cereals for infants. Indeed, children's growth retardation caused by widespread DON pollution has become a global problem that cannot be ignored. Accumulating evidence has shown that DON stunts growth in children through pro-inflammatory cytokines. An exogenous increase of methylnicotinamide, a metabolite produced by nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), has anti-inflammatory effects, but it is not clear whether NNMT has the same effect, and the role of NNMT in DON-induced inflammation and growth impairment remains indistinct. The present research reports that NNMT is an inflammatory self-protective factor in DON-exposed L02 cells. DON promoted the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, DON increased NNMT to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-11 and IL-6, and thus increased IGF-1 and cell viability, alleviating the cell growth inhibition induced by DON. Interestingly, NNMT negatively regulated the expression of IL-1β through Sirtuin type 1 (SIRT1). Collectively, these findings provide new mechanistic insights into the toxicity of DON-induced growth retardation and inflammatory responses in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimei Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Hanxi Key Lab. for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Mingyue Guo
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Lixuan He
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - María-Aránzazu Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Bernardo Lopez-Torres
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - María-Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Arturo Anadón
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Irma Ares
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
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20
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Wang W, Yang C, Wang T, Deng H. Complex roles of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase in cancer progression. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:267. [PMID: 35338115 PMCID: PMC8956669 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04713-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is an intracellular methyltransferase, catalyzing the N-methylation of nicotinamide (NAM) to form 1-methylnicotinamide (1-MNAM), in which S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) is the methyl donor. High expression of NNMT can alter cellular NAM and SAM levels, which in turn, affects nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent redox reactions and signaling pathways, and remodels cellular epigenetic states. Studies have revealed that NNMT plays critical roles in the occurrence and development of various cancers, and analysis of NNMT expression levels in different cancers from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset indicated that NNMT might be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for tumor diagnosis and treatment. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of recent advances on NNMT functions in different tumors and deciphers the complex roles of NNMT in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixuan Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Changmei Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianxiang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systematic Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Iyamu ID, Vilseck JZ, Yadav R, Noinaj N, Huang R. Exploring Unconventional SAM Analogues To Build Cell‐Potent Bisubstrate Inhibitors for Nicotinamide
N
‐Methyltransferase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iredia D. Iyamu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery Purdue University Center for Cancer Research Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Jonah Z. Vilseck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN 46202 USA
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, Markey Center for Structural Biology and the Purdue Institute of Inflammation Immunology and Infectious Disease Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Nicholas Noinaj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Markey Center for Structural Biology and the Purdue Institute of Inflammation Immunology and Infectious Disease Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery Purdue University Center for Cancer Research Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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22
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Ahmed‐Belkacem R, Debart F, Vasseur J. Bisubstrate Strategies to Target Methyltransferases. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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23
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Deng Y, Pi R, Niu L, Zhao Y, Ni D, Song L, Li Z, Han W, Wei Q, Han Y, Zhu T, Luo Z, Sun D, Dong S, Liu S. Novel 2-phenyl-3-(Pyridin-2-yl) thiazolidin-4-one derivatives as potent inhibitors for proliferation of osteosarcoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 228:114010. [PMID: 34861640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to unknown pathogenesis and unidentified drug target, no drug for the treatment of osteosarcoma (OS) has been launched to the market. Herein, thiazolidinone 1a was discovered as a hit compound by phenotypic screening with an in-house patrimonial collection of structural diversity. The following SAR (Structure-Activity Relationship) study affords the final water-soluble lead compound (R)-8i as a potential inhibitor for the proliferation of OS cells by the modulation of solubility of the compounds with remarkable cellular potency (IC50 = 21.9 nM for MNNG/HOS cells) and in vivo efficacy (52.9% inhibition OS growth in mice), as well as pharmacokinetic properties. (R)-8i also significantly suppresses OS cell migration in vitro and showed to be well-tolerated. Our preliminary investigation shows that the effects of (R)-8i are not dependent on p53 and myoferlin (MYOF). These results suggest that (R)-8i might be a potential drug candidate for OS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Deng
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Rou Pi
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Li Niu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Dan Ni
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Longlong Song
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Zi Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Wangyujing Han
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Qinghua Wei
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Yuqiao Han
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Tong Zhu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Zhengli Luo
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Donghui Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, PR China
| | - Suzhen Dong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, PR China.
| | - Shunying Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, PR China.
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24
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Wang W, Li T, Feng S. Knockdown of long non-coding RNA HOTAIR promotes bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell differentiation by sponging microRNA miR-378g that inhibits nicotinamide N-methyltransferase. Bioengineered 2021; 12:12482-12497. [PMID: 34895051 PMCID: PMC8810179 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2006863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is associated with a serious social and economic burden. Recent studies have shown that the differential expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is closely related to OP. However, the specific molecular mechanism of HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) remains to be elucidated.The expression of HOTAIR and miR-378g in OP patients was detected using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were isolated and cultured, and osteogenic differentiation was induced. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) were detected by qRT-PCR, ELISA, and Western blotting. Calcium deposition was measured using Alizarin red s (ARS) staining. Molecular interactions between HOTAIR, miR-378g, and nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) were detected using a dual-luciferase reporter assay.HOTAIR expression was upregulated and miR-378g level was downregulated in OP patients. HOTAIR expression decreased during the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Silencing HOTAIR or NNMT reduced ALP and RUNX2 levels and promoted calcium deposition. The overexpression of HOTAIR or interference with miR-378g inhibited the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. HOTAIR negatively regulates miR-378g by targeting NNMT.HOTAIR is an miR-378g sponge that targets NNMT, inhibits the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, and provides a valuable target for the treatment of OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, WuHan HanKou Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Orthopedics, WuHan HanKou Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shibo Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, WuHan HanKou Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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25
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Togni L, Mascitti M, Sartini D, Campagna R, Pozzi V, Salvolini E, Offidani A, Santarelli A, Emanuelli M. Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase in Head and Neck Tumors: A Comprehensive Review. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1594. [PMID: 34827592 PMCID: PMC8615955 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The head and neck tumors (HNT) are a heterogeneous group of diseases ranging from benign to malignant lesions, with distinctive molecular and clinical behaviors. Several studies have highlighted the presence of an altered metabolic phenotype in HNT, such as the upregulation of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT). However, its biological effects have not been completely disclosed and the role of NNMT in cancer cell metabolism remains unclear. Therefore, this comprehensive review aims to evaluate the available literature regarding the biological, diagnostic, and prognostic role of NNMT in HNT. NNMT was shown to be significantly overexpressed in all of the evaluated HNT types. Moreover, its upregulation has been correlated with cancer cell migration and adverse clinical outcomes, such as high-pathological stage, lymph node metastasis, and locoregional recurrences. However, in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) these associations are still debated, and several studies have failed to demonstrate the prognostic significance of NNMT. The shRNA-mediated gene silencing efficiently suppressed the NNMT gene expression and exhibited a clear inhibitory effect on cell proliferation, promoting the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and modulating the cell cycle. NNMT could represent a new molecular biomarker and a new target of molecular-based therapy, although further studies on larger patient cohorts are needed to explore its biological role in HNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Togni
- Department of Clinical, Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (L.T.); (M.M.); (D.S.); (R.C.); (V.P.); (E.S.); (M.E.)
| | - Marco Mascitti
- Department of Clinical, Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (L.T.); (M.M.); (D.S.); (R.C.); (V.P.); (E.S.); (M.E.)
| | - Davide Sartini
- Department of Clinical, Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (L.T.); (M.M.); (D.S.); (R.C.); (V.P.); (E.S.); (M.E.)
| | - Roberto Campagna
- Department of Clinical, Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (L.T.); (M.M.); (D.S.); (R.C.); (V.P.); (E.S.); (M.E.)
| | - Valentina Pozzi
- Department of Clinical, Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (L.T.); (M.M.); (D.S.); (R.C.); (V.P.); (E.S.); (M.E.)
| | - Eleonora Salvolini
- Department of Clinical, Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (L.T.); (M.M.); (D.S.); (R.C.); (V.P.); (E.S.); (M.E.)
| | - Annamaria Offidani
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Andrea Santarelli
- Department of Clinical, Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (L.T.); (M.M.); (D.S.); (R.C.); (V.P.); (E.S.); (M.E.)
- Dentistry Clinic, National Institute of Health and Science of Aging, IRCCS INRCA, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Monica Emanuelli
- Department of Clinical, Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (L.T.); (M.M.); (D.S.); (R.C.); (V.P.); (E.S.); (M.E.)
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26
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Morato NM, Le MT, Holden DT, Graham Cooks R. Automated High-Throughput System Combining Small-Scale Synthesis with Bioassays and Reaction Screening. SLAS Technol 2021; 26:555-571. [PMID: 34697962 DOI: 10.1177/24726303211047839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Purdue Make It system is a unique automated platform capable of small-scale in situ synthesis, screening small-molecule reactions, and performing direct label-free bioassays. The platform is based on desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), an ambient ionization method that allows for minimal sample workup and is capable of accelerating reactions in secondary droplets, thus conferring unique advantages compared with other high-throughput screening technologies. By combining DESI with liquid handling robotics, the system achieves throughputs of more than 1 sample/s, handling up to 6144 samples in a single run. As little as 100 fmol/spot of analyte is required to perform both initial analysis by mass spectrometry (MS) and further MSn structural characterization. The data obtained are processed using custom software so that results are easily visualized as interactive heatmaps of reaction plates based on the peak intensities of m/z values of interest. In this paper, we review the system's capabilities as described in previous publications and demonstrate its utilization in two new high-throughput campaigns: (1) the screening of 188 unique combinatorial reactions (24 reaction types, 188 unique reaction mixtures) to determine reactivity trends and (2) label-free studies of the nicotinamide N-methyltransferase enzyme directly from the bioassay buffer. The system's versatility holds promise for several future directions, including the collection of secondary droplets containing the products from successful reaction screening measurements, the development of machine learning algorithms using data collected from compound library screening, and the adaption of a variety of relevant bioassays to high-throughput MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás M Morato
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - MyPhuong T Le
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Dylan T Holden
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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27
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van Haren MJ, Zhang Y, Thijssen V, Buijs N, Gao Y, Mateuszuk L, Fedak FA, Kij A, Campagna R, Sartini D, Emanuelli M, Chlopicki S, Jongkees SAK, Martin NI. Macrocyclic peptides as allosteric inhibitors of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT). RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1546-1555. [PMID: 34704059 PMCID: PMC8496086 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00134e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) methylates nicotinamide to form 1-methylnicotinamide (MNA) using S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) as the methyl donor. The complexity of the role of NNMT in healthy and disease states is slowly being elucidated and provides an indication that NNMT may be an interesting therapeutic target for a variety of diseases including cancer, diabetes, and obesity. Most inhibitors of NNMT described to date are structurally related to one or both of its substrates. In the search for structurally diverse NNMT inhibitors, an mRNA display screening technique was used to identify macrocyclic peptides which bind to NNMT. Several of the cyclic peptides identified in this manner show potent inhibition of NNMT with IC50 values as low as 229 nM. The peptides were also found to downregulate MNA production in cellular assays. Interestingly, substrate competition experiments reveal that these cyclic peptide inhibitors are noncompetitive with either SAM or NA indicating they may be the first allosteric inhibitors reported for NNMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs J van Haren
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University Sylviusweg 72 2333 BE Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Yurui Zhang
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University Sylviusweg 72 2333 BE Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Vito Thijssen
- Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery Group, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Ned Buijs
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University Sylviusweg 72 2333 BE Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Yongzhi Gao
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University Sylviusweg 72 2333 BE Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Lukasz Mateuszuk
- Jagiellonian University, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Bobrzynskiego 14 30-348 Krakow Poland
| | - Filip A Fedak
- Jagiellonian University, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Bobrzynskiego 14 30-348 Krakow Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kij
- Jagiellonian University, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Bobrzynskiego 14 30-348 Krakow Poland
| | - Roberto Campagna
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Universitá Politecnica delle Marche Via Ranieri 65 60131 Ancona Italy
| | - Davide Sartini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Universitá Politecnica delle Marche Via Ranieri 65 60131 Ancona Italy
| | - Monica Emanuelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Universitá Politecnica delle Marche Via Ranieri 65 60131 Ancona Italy
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian University, Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET) Bobrzynskiego 14 30-348 Krakow Poland.,Jagiellonian University Medical College, Chair of Pharmacology Grzegorzecka 16 31-531 Krakow Poland
| | - Seino A K Jongkees
- Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery Group, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands .,Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1108 1081 HZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Nathaniel I Martin
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University Sylviusweg 72 2333 BE Leiden The Netherlands
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28
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Beyond Nicotinamide Metabolism: Potential Role of Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase as a Biomarker in Skin Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194943. [PMID: 34638427 PMCID: PMC8508019 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin cancers (SC) collectively represent the most common type of malignancy in white populations. SC includes two main forms: malignant melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). NMSC includes different subtypes, namely, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), and keratoacanthoma (KA), together with the two pre-neoplastic conditions Bowen disease (BD) and actinic keratosis (AK). Both malignant melanoma and NMSC are showing an increasing incidence rate worldwide, thus representing an important challenge for health care systems, also because, with some exceptions, SC are generally characterized by an aggressive behavior and are often diagnosed late. Thus, identifying new biomarkers suitable for diagnosis, as well as for prognosis and targeted therapy is mandatory. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is an enzyme that is emerging as a crucial player in the progression of several malignancies, while its substrate, nicotinamide, is known to exert chemopreventive effects. Since there is increasing evidence regarding the involvement of this enzyme in the malignant behavior of SC, the current review aims to summarize the state of the art as concerns NNMT role in SC and to support future studies focused on exploring the diagnostic and prognostic potential of NNMT in skin malignancies and its suitability for targeted therapy.
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29
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Parsons RB, Facey PD. Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase: An Emerging Protagonist in Cancer Macro(r)evolution. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1418. [PMID: 34680055 PMCID: PMC8533529 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) has progressed from being considered merely a Phase II metabolic enzyme to one with a central role in cell function and energy metabolism. Over the last three decades, a significant body of evidence has accumulated which clearly demonstrates a central role for NNMT in cancer survival, metastasis, and drug resistance. In this review, we discuss the evidence supporting a role for NNMT in the progression of the cancer phenotype and how it achieves this by driving the activity of pro-oncogenic NAD+-consuming enzymes. We also describe how increased NNMT activity supports the Warburg effect and how it promotes oncogenic changes in gene expression. We discuss the regulation of NNMT activity in cancer cells by both post-translational modification of the enzyme and transcription factor binding to the NNMT gene, and describe for the first time three long non-coding RNAs which may play a role in the regulation of NNMT transcription. We complete the review by discussing the development of novel anti-cancer therapeutics which target NNMT and provide insight into how NNMT-based therapies may be best employed clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B. Parsons
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Paul D. Facey
- Singleton Park Campus, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK;
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30
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Yang J, Tong Q, Zhang Y, Yuan S, Gao Y, Deng K, Wang Y, Lu J, Xie X, Zhang Z, Zhang J. Overexpression of Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase mainly covers stroma of colorectal cancer and correlates with unfavorable survival by its product 1-MNA. J Cancer 2021; 12:6170-6181. [PMID: 34539890 PMCID: PMC8425209 DOI: 10.7150/jca.56419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Accumulating evidence indicates that Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is abnormally expressed in tumor tissues of several cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC) and associated with cancer progression. However, the distribution characteristics and the clinical value of each part of NNMT expression in CRC are still not fully understood. The purpose of this study is to determine the distribution of NNMT expression and its association with survival in CRC. Methods: By using the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) and clinical proteomic tumor analysis consortium (CPTAC), we firstly analyzed the difference of gene and protein levels of NNMT between CRC and normal colorectal tissue. Then, NNMT protein expressions were detected in 18 intraepithelial neoplastic samples and 177 CRC tumor samples through immunohistochemistry in our study cohort. Furthermore, the relationship between NNMT expression and clinicopathological characteristics, overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of CRC patients were analyzed by Pearson χ2 test and log-rank test, respectively, in public datasets and our study cohort. Lastly, the function of NNMT and its product 1-methyl-nicotinamide (1-MNA) on migration and invasion in colorectal cancer cells was analyzed by wound healing assay and transwell assay. Results: We determined that higher NNMT expression in CRC tissues than normal tissues in both gene and protein level in TCGA and CPTAC datasets (all p < 0.05). In addition, the strong relationships of NNMT expression with stromal cells were found in the TCGA cohort. Fortunately, our cohort could validate that the expression of NNMT in tumor stroma cell was significantly higher than that in tumor cell (p < 0.0001), and both of them were significantly higher than that in adjacent normal tissue (ANT) (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Furthermore, the positive NNMT expression in tumor cell and stromal cell were associated with series of unfavorable clinical characteristics, including advanced TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis (all p < 0.05). Also, higher NNMT was associated with unfavorable survival both in our study and public datasets, including TCGA and two Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets (GSE33113 and GSE17538). Moreover, the functional experiments showed that stromal cells with high NNMT expression can secret 1-MAN to promote migration and invasion of CRC cells in vitro. Conclusions: In CRC, NNMT is overexpressed in tumor cells and stroma cells, and then mainly expressed in tumor stroma cells. Overexpression of NNMT in tumor cell and stroma cell both are associated with metastasis and unfavorable survival. Besides, stromal cells with high NNMT expression secrets 1-MAN to promote migration and invasion of CRC cells. Therefore, NNMT may be a potential prognostic indicator in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Ningbo Diagnostic Pathology Center, 685 North Huancheng Road, Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, 57 Xingning Road, Ningbo 315040, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingchao Tong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijin Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhen Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Deng
- Department of colorectal surgery, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, 57 Xingning Road, Ningbo 315040, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanzhong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyou Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Ningbo Diagnostic Pathology Center, 685 North Huancheng Road, Ningbo 315010, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy of Zhejiang Province, 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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31
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Esterase-Sensitive Prodrugs of a Potent Bisubstrate Inhibitor of Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase (NNMT) Display Cellular Activity. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091357. [PMID: 34572571 PMCID: PMC8466754 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A recently discovered bisubstrate inhibitor of Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) was found to be highly potent in biochemical assays with a single digit nanomolar IC50 value but lacking in cellular activity. We, here, report a prodrug strategy designed to translate the observed potent biochemical inhibitory activity of this inhibitor into strong cellular activity. This prodrug strategy relies on the temporary protection of the amine and carboxylic acid moieties of the highly polar amino acid side chain present in the bisubstrate inhibitor. The modification of the carboxylic acid into a range of esters in the absence or presence of a trimethyl-lock (TML) amine protecting group yielded a range of candidate prodrugs. Based on the stability in an aqueous buffer, and the confirmed esterase-dependent conversion to the parent compound, the isopropyl ester was selected as the preferred acid prodrug. The isopropyl ester and isopropyl ester-TML prodrugs exhibit improved cell permeability, which also translates to significantly enhanced cellular activity as established using assays designed to measure the enzymatic activity of NNMT in live cells.
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32
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Gao Y, van Haren MJ, Buijs N, Innocenti P, Zhang Y, Sartini D, Campagna R, Emanuelli M, Parsons RB, Jespers W, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, van Westen GJP, Martin NI. Potent Inhibition of Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase by Alkene-Linked Bisubstrate Mimics Bearing Electron Deficient Aromatics. J Med Chem 2021; 64:12938-12963. [PMID: 34424711 PMCID: PMC8436214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
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Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) methylates
nicotinamide (vitamin B3) to generate 1-methylnicotinamide (MNA).
NNMT overexpression has been linked to a variety of diseases, most
prominently human cancers, indicating its potential as a therapeutic
target. The development of small-molecule NNMT inhibitors has gained
interest in recent years, with the most potent inhibitors sharing
structural features based on elements of the nicotinamide substrate
and the S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) cofactor.
We here report the development of new bisubstrate inhibitors that
include electron-deficient aromatic groups to mimic the nicotinamide
moiety. In addition, a trans-alkene linker was found
to be optimal for connecting the substrate and cofactor mimics in
these inhibitors. The most potent NNMT inhibitor identified exhibits
an IC50 value of 3.7 nM, placing it among the most active
NNMT inhibitors reported to date. Complementary analytical techniques,
modeling studies, and cell-based assays provide insights into the
binding mode, affinity, and selectivity of these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhi Gao
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs J van Haren
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ned Buijs
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Innocenti
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yurui Zhang
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Davide Sartini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Universitá Politecnica delle Marche, Via Ranieri 65, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberto Campagna
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Universitá Politecnica delle Marche, Via Ranieri 65, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Monica Emanuelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Universitá Politecnica delle Marche, Via Ranieri 65, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Richard B Parsons
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Willem Jespers
- Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75124, Sweden
| | | | - Gerard J P van Westen
- Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nathaniel I Martin
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
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33
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Iyamu ID, Huang R. Mechanisms and inhibitors of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1254-1261. [PMID: 34458733 PMCID: PMC8372200 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00016k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) plays an important role in diverse biological processes by regulating methylation potential and the degradation of nicotinamide. Meanwhile, the aberrant expression of NNMT has been implicated in multiple cancers, metabolic and liver diseases. Therefore, there has been an emerging interest in assessing NNMT as a potential therapeutic target and discovering NNMT inhibitors over the past 5 years. Herein, we focus on the recognition, mechanism, and inhibitors of NNMT with emphasis on key advancements in the field. We also discuss future directions for the development of NNMT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iredia D Iyamu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA +1 765 494 3426
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana 47907 USA +1 765 494 3426
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The Utility of Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase as a Potential Biomarker to Predict the Oncological Outcomes for Urological Cancers: An Update. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081214. [PMID: 34439880 PMCID: PMC8393883 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) catalyzes the N-methylation reaction of nicotinamide, using S-adenosyl-L-methionine as the methyl donor. Enzyme overexpression has been described in many non-neoplastic diseases, as well as in a wide range of solid malignancies. This review aims to report and discuss evidence available in scientific literature, dealing with NNMT expression and the potential involvement in main urologic neoplasms, namely, renal, bladder and prostate cancers. Data illustrated in the cited studies clearly demonstrated NNMT upregulation (pathological vs. normal tissue) in association with these aforementioned tumors. In addition to this, enzyme levels were also found to correlate with key prognostic parameters and patient survival. Interestingly, NNMT overexpression also emerged in peripheral body fluids, such as blood and urine, thus leading to candidate the enzyme as promising biomarker for the early and non-invasive detection of these cancers. Examined results undoubtedly showed NNMT as having the capacity to promote cell proliferation, migration and invasiveness, as well as its potential participation in fundamental events highlighting cancer progression, metastasis and resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. In the light of this evidence, it is reasonable to attribute to NNMT a promising role as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of urologic neoplasms, as well as a molecular target for effective anti-cancer treatment.
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35
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Roles of Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9924314. [PMID: 34368359 PMCID: PMC8337113 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9924314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is thought to be a complication of metabolic syndrome caused by disorders of energy utilization and storage and characterized by insulin resistance or deficiency of insulin secretion. Though the mechanism linking obesity to the development of T2D is complex and unintelligible, it is known that abnormal lipid metabolism and adipose tissue accumulation possibly play important roles in this process. Recently, nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) has been emerging as a new mechanism-of-action target in treating obesity and associated T2D. Evidence has shown that NNMT is associated with obesity and T2D. NNMT inhibition or NNMT knockdown significantly increases energy expenditure, reduces body weight and white adipose mass, improves insulin sensitivity, and normalizes glucose tolerance and fasting blood glucose levels. Additionally, trials of oligonucleotide therapeutics and experiments with some small-molecule NNMT inhibitors in vitro and in preclinical animal models have validated NNMT as a promising therapeutic target to prevent or treat obesity and associated T2D. However, the exact mechanisms underlying these phenomena are not yet fully understood and clinical trials targeting NNMT have not been reported until now. Therefore, more researches are necessary to reveal the acting mechanism of NNMT in obesity and T2D and to develop therapeutics targeting NNMT.
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Hayashi K, Uehara S, Yamamoto S, Cary DR, Nishikawa J, Ueda T, Ozasa H, Mihara K, Yoshimura N, Kawai T, Ono T, Yamamoto S, Fumoto M, Mikamiyama H. Macrocyclic Peptides as a Novel Class of NNMT Inhibitors: A SAR Study Aimed at Inhibitory Activity in the Cell. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1093-1101. [PMID: 34267879 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), which catalyzes the methylation of nicotinamide, is a cytosolic enzyme that has attracted much attention as a therapeutic target for a variety of diseases. However, despite the considerable interest in this target, reports of NNMT inhibitors have still been limited to date. In this work, utilizing in vitro translated macrocyclic peptide libraries, we identified peptide 1 as a novel class of NNMT inhibitors. Further exploration based on the X-ray cocrystal structures of the peptides with NNMT provided a dramatic improvement in inhibitory activity (peptide 23: IC50 = 0.15 nM). Furthermore, by balance of the peptides' lipophilicity and biological activity, inhibitory activity against NNMT in cell-based assay was successfully achieved (peptide 26: cell-based IC50 = 770 nM). These findings illuminate the potential of cyclic peptides as a relatively new drug discovery modality even for intracellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Hayashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Shota Uehara
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Shiho Yamamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Douglas R. Cary
- PeptiDream Inc., 3-25-23 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Junichi Nishikawa
- PeptiDream Inc., 3-25-23 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Taichi Ueda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ozasa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Kousuke Mihara
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Norito Yoshimura
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Taeko Kawai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Takashi Ono
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Saki Yamamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Masataka Fumoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Hidenori Mikamiyama
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 561-0825, Japan
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García-Cañaveras JC, Lahoz A. Tumor Microenvironment-Derived Metabolites: A Guide to Find New Metabolic Therapeutic Targets and Biomarkers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3230. [PMID: 34203535 PMCID: PMC8268968 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer that enables cancer cells to grow, proliferate and survive. This metabolic rewiring is intrinsically regulated by mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressors, but also extrinsically by tumor microenvironment factors (nutrient and oxygen availability, cell-to-cell interactions, cytokines, hormones, etc.). Intriguingly, only a few cancers are driven by mutations in metabolic genes, which lead metabolites with oncogenic properties (i.e., oncometabolites) to accumulate. In the last decade, there has been rekindled interest in understanding how dysregulated metabolism and its crosstalk with various cell types in the tumor microenvironment not only sustains biosynthesis and energy production for cancer cells, but also contributes to immune escape. An assessment of dysregulated intratumor metabolism has long since been exploited for cancer diagnosis, monitoring and therapy, as exemplified by 18F-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging. However, the efficient delivery of precision medicine demands less invasive, cheaper and faster technologies to precisely predict and monitor therapy response. The metabolomic analysis of tumor and/or microenvironment-derived metabolites in readily accessible biological samples is likely to play an important role in this sense. Here, we review altered cancer metabolism and its crosstalk with the tumor microenvironment to focus on energy and biomass sources, oncometabolites and the production of immunosuppressive metabolites. We provide an overview of current pharmacological approaches targeting such dysregulated metabolic landscapes and noninvasive approaches to characterize cancer metabolism for diagnosis, therapy and efficacy assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C. García-Cañaveras
- Biomarkers and Precision Medicine Unit, Medical Research Institute-Hospital La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Agustín Lahoz
- Biomarkers and Precision Medicine Unit, Medical Research Institute-Hospital La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Analytical Unit, Medical Research Institute-Hospital La Fe, Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
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Wen Z, Liang W, Zhong Y, Sun F, Zhang Q. [Expression of nicotinamide-N-methyltransferase in gastric cancer and its biological and clinicopathological significance]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021; 41:828-838. [PMID: 34238734 PMCID: PMC8267982 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.06.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of nicotinamide-N-methyltransferase (NNMT) in gastric cancer (GC) and explore its biological and clinicopathological significance. OBJECTIVE We screened the candidate genes associated with the classification and prognosis of gastric cancer by analyzing GEO, Oncomine and TCGA datasets. The molecular pathways and protein interaction network involving these candidate genes were analyzed using STRING, GSEA, David and Cytoscape software. The expressions of the candidate genes in 28 pairs of gastric cancer and adjacent tissues were detected with qRTPCR, and CCK-8 assay, clone formation assay, wound healing assay and Transwell assay were carried out to analyze the effects of modulation of NNMT expression on proliferation, invasion and migration of different gastric cancer cell lines. OBJECTIVE NNMT was highly expressed in gastric cancer tissues and was negatively correlated with the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer. Pathway analysis showed that the high expression of NNMT was associated with adhesion-related pathway molecules such as extracellular matrix receptors, cell adhesion molecules, and cytokine receptors, while its low expression was associated with base mismatch repair and riboflavin metabolism. Protein interaction analysis showed that NNMT interacted with 16 differentially expressed proteins such as AURKA and was co-expressed with TAGLN, PTRF, AKAP12 and IGF2BP2. In clinical tissue specimens, qRT-PCR results showed that the expression of NNMT mRNA was significantly higher in gastric cancer tissues than in the adjacent tissues (P < 0.05). In gastric cancer cell lines, overexpression of NNMT was found to significantly promote cell proliferation, invasion and migration, while NNMT knockdown produced obvious inhibitory effects on cell proliferation, invasion and migration. OBJECTIVE NNMT is highly expressed in gastric cancer and negatively correlated with the prognosis of gastric cancer patients. The high expression of NNMT promotes the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer cells, suggesting the potential of NNMT as prognostic marker of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wen
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - W Liang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Y Zhong
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - F Sun
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Q Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Vera S, Vázquez A, Rodriguez R, Pozo SD, Urruzuno I, Cózar AD, Mielgo A, Palomo C. Synthesis of β-Hydroxy α-Amino Acids Through Brønsted Base-Catalyzed syn-Selective Direct Aldol Reaction of Schiff Bases of Glycine o-Nitroanilide. J Org Chem 2021; 86:7757-7772. [PMID: 33998227 PMCID: PMC9490875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Here
we report the highly enantio- and syn-selective
synthesis of β-hydroxy α-amino acids from glycine imine
derivatives under Brønsted base (BB) catalysis. The key of this
approach is the use of benzophenone-derived imine of glycine o-nitroanilide as a pronucleophile, where the o-nitroanilide framework provides an efficient hydrogen-bonding platform
that accounts for nucleophile reactivity and diastereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Vera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ana Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ricardo Rodriguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Sandra Del Pozo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Iñaki Urruzuno
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Abel de Cózar
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Antonia Mielgo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Claudio Palomo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
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Nicotinamide N-methyl transferase (NNMT): An emerging therapeutic target. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:2699-2706. [PMID: 34029690 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) methylates nicotinamide (NA) to generate 1-methyl nicotinamide. Since its discovery 70 years ago, the appreciation of the role of NNMT in human health has evolved from serving only metabolic functions to also being a driving force in diseases, including a variety of cancers. Despite the increasing evidence indicating NNMT as a viable therapeutic target, the development of cell-active inhibitors against this enzyme is lacking. In this review, we provide an overview of the current status of NNMT inhibitor development, relevant in vitro and in vivo studies, and a discussion of the challenges faced in the development of NNMT inhibitors.
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Li G, Kong B, Tong Q, Li Y, Chen L, Zeng J, Yu H, Xie X, Zhang J. Vanillin downregulates NNMT and attenuates NNMT‑related resistance to 5‑fluorouracil via ROS‑induced cell apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2021; 45:110. [PMID: 33907844 PMCID: PMC8082342 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance is the main cause of poor prognosis in colorectal cancer (CRC). Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is a metabolic enzyme that is upregulated in various tumor types. It has been reported that NNMT inhibits apoptosis and enhances resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) via inhibition of the apoptosis signal regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)-p38 MAPK pathway in CRC cells. A natural product library was screened, and it was found that vanillin, also known as 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde, a plant secondary metabolite found in several essential plant oils, mainly Vanilla planifolia, Vanilla tahitensis, and Vanilla pompon, may be a promising anticancer compound targeted to NNMT. The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of vanillin on promoting apoptosis and attenuating NNMT-induced resistance to 5-Fu in CRC. Lentiviral vectors of short hairpin RNA and small interfering RNA were transfected into HT-29 cells to construct NNMT-knockdown HT-29 cell lines. Vectors containing an open reading frame of NNMT were stably transfected into SW480 cells to induce NNMT overexpression in SW480 cell lines. Vanillin was found to inhibit the mRNA and protein expression levels of NNMT following the inhibition of NNMT activity in HT-29 cell lines. Vanillin was able to reverse NNMT-induced increased cell proliferation, decreased cell apoptosis and resistance to 5-Fu by inhibiting NNMT expression. Furthermore, it increased cell apoptosis by activating the ASK1-p38 MAPK pathway, which could be inhibited by NNMT. In addition, vanillin increased cell apoptosis by promoting mitochondrial damage and reactive oxygen species. In vivo, the combination of vanillin with 5-Fu yielded a notable synergy in inhibiting tumor growth and inducing apoptosis. Considering that vanillin is an important flavor and aromatic component used in foods worldwide, vanillin is deemed to be a promising anticancer candidate by inhibiting NNMT and may attenuate NNMT-induced resistance to 5-Fu in human CRC therapy with few side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoli Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Beibei Kong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Qingchao Tong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Yejia Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Lifen Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Jin Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Haitao Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Xinyou Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
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Kocinaj A, Chaudhury T, Uddin MS, Junaid RR, Ramsden DB, Hondhamuni G, Klamt F, Parsons L, Parsons RB. High Expression of Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase in Patients with Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:1769-1781. [PMID: 33387303 PMCID: PMC7932959 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the expression of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is significantly increased in the brains of patients who have died of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we have compared the expression of NNMT in post-mortem medial temporal lobe, hippocampus and cerebellum of 10 Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 9 non-disease control subjects using a combination of quantitative Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and dual-label confocal microscopy coupled with quantitative analysis of colocalisation. NNMT was detected as a single protein of 29 kDa in both AD and non-disease control brains, which was significantly increased in AD medial temporal lobe compared to non-disease controls (7.5-fold, P < 0.026). There was no significant difference in expression in the cerebellum (P = 0.91). NNMT expression in AD medial temporal lobe and hippocampus was present in cholinergic neurones with no glial localisation. Cell-type expression was identical in both non-disease control and AD tissues. These results are the first to show, in a proof-of-concept study using a small patient cohort, that NNMT protein expression is increased in the AD brain and is present in neurones which degenerate in AD. These results suggest that the elevation of NNMT may be a common feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. Confirmation of this overexpression using a larger AD patient cohort will drive the future development of NNMT-targetting therapeutics which may slow or stop the disease pathogenesis, in contrast to current therapies which solely address AD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altin Kocinaj
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH UK
| | - Tabassum Chaudhury
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH UK
| | - Mohammed S. Uddin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH UK
| | - Rashad R. Junaid
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH UK
| | - David B. Ramsden
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TH UK
| | - Geshanthi Hondhamuni
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N 1PJ UK
| | - Fábio Klamt
- Laboratory of Cellular Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2600 Ramiro Barcelos St., Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003 Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology – Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Linda Parsons
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N 1PJ UK
| | - Richard B. Parsons
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King’s College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH UK
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Kannt A, Rajagopal S, Hallur MS, Swamy I, Kristam R, Dhakshinamoorthy S, Czech J, Zech G, Schreuder H, Ruf S. Novel Inhibitors of Nicotinamide- N-Methyltransferase for the Treatment of Metabolic Disorders. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040991. [PMID: 33668468 PMCID: PMC7918612 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide-N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is a cytosolic enzyme catalyzing the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) to nicotinamide (Nam). It is expressed in many tissues including the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. Its expression in several cancer cell lines has been widely discussed in the literature, and recent work established a link between NNMT expression and metabolic diseases. Here we describe our approach to identify potent small molecule inhibitors of NNMT featuring different binding modes as elucidated by X-ray crystallographic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimo Kannt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology-ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Sridharan Rajagopal
- Jubilant Biosys Limited, #96, Industrial Suburb, 2nd Stage Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore 560022, India; (S.R.); (M.S.H.); (I.S.); (R.K.); (S.D.)
| | - Mahanandeesha S. Hallur
- Jubilant Biosys Limited, #96, Industrial Suburb, 2nd Stage Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore 560022, India; (S.R.); (M.S.H.); (I.S.); (R.K.); (S.D.)
| | - Indu Swamy
- Jubilant Biosys Limited, #96, Industrial Suburb, 2nd Stage Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore 560022, India; (S.R.); (M.S.H.); (I.S.); (R.K.); (S.D.)
| | - Rajendra Kristam
- Jubilant Biosys Limited, #96, Industrial Suburb, 2nd Stage Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore 560022, India; (S.R.); (M.S.H.); (I.S.); (R.K.); (S.D.)
| | - Saravanakumar Dhakshinamoorthy
- Jubilant Biosys Limited, #96, Industrial Suburb, 2nd Stage Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore 560022, India; (S.R.); (M.S.H.); (I.S.); (R.K.); (S.D.)
| | - Joerg Czech
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh, Industriepark Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.C.); (G.Z.); (H.S.)
| | - Gernot Zech
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh, Industriepark Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.C.); (G.Z.); (H.S.)
| | - Herman Schreuder
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh, Industriepark Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.C.); (G.Z.); (H.S.)
| | - Sven Ruf
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh, Industriepark Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.C.); (G.Z.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Thamim M, Thirumoorthy K. Computational studies of selective N-methylation in nicotinamide: Epigenetic reprogramming in cancer. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2020.113058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lu J, Bart AG, Wu Q, Criscione KR, McLeish MJ, Scott EE, Grunewald GL. Structure-Based Drug Design of Bisubstrate Inhibitors of Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase Possessing Low Nanomolar Affinity at Both Substrate Binding Domains 1. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13878-13898. [PMID: 33147410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT, EC 2.1.1.28) catalyzes the final step in the biosynthesis of epinephrine and is a potential drug target, primarily for the control of hypertension. Unfortunately, many potent PNMT inhibitors also possess significant affinity for the a2-adrenoceptor, which complicates the interpretation of their pharmacology. A bisubstrate analogue approach offers the potential for development of highly selective inhibitors of PNMT. This paper documents the design, synthesis, and evaluation of such analogues, several of which were found to possess human PNMT (hPNMT) inhibitory potency <5 nM versus AdoMet. Site-directed mutagenesis studies were consistent with bisubstrate binding. Two of these compounds (19 and 29) were co-crystallized with hPNMT and the resulting structures revealed both compounds bound as predicted, simultaneously occupying both substrate binding domains. This bisubstrate inhibitor approach has resulted in one of the most potent (20) and selective (vs the a2-adrenoceptor) inhibitors of hPNMT yet reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Aaron G Bart
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Purdue School of Science, IUPUI, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Kevin R Criscione
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Michael J McLeish
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Purdue School of Science, IUPUI, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Emily E Scott
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Gary L Grunewald
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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Li Y, Zhang Y, Cheng Y, Du T, Zhang J. Solvent inhibition profiles and inverse solvent isotope effects for enzymatic methyl transfer catalyzed by nicotinamide N‐methyltransferase. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin China
| | - Yali Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin China
| | - Yiting Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin China
| | - Tianshu Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin China
| | - Jianyu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin China
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Iyamu ID, Huang R. Development of fluorescence polarization-based competition assay for nicotinamide N-methyltransferase. Anal Biochem 2020; 604:113833. [PMID: 32622979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Methylation-mediated pathways play important roles in the progression of various diseases. Thus, targeting methyltransferases has proven to be a promising strategy for developing novel therapies. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is a major metabolic enzyme involved in epigenetic regulation through catalysis of methyl transfer from the cofactor S-adenosyl-l-methionine onto nicotinamide and other pyridines. Accumulating evidence infers that NNMT is a novel therapeutic target for a variety of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover potent and specific inhibitors for NNMT to assess its therapeutical potential. Herein, we reported the design and synthesis of a fluorescent probe II138, exhibiting a Kd value of 369 ± 14 nM for NNMT. We also established a fluorescence polarization (FP)-based competition assay for evaluation of NNMT inhibitors. Importantly, the unique feature of this FP competition assay is its capability to identify inhibitors that interfere with the interaction of the NNMT active site directly or allosterically. In addition, this assay performance is robust with a Z'factor of 0.76, indicating its applicability in high-throughput screening for NNMT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iredia D Iyamu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States.
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Cui Y, Yang D, Wang W, Zhang L, Liu H, Ma S, Guo W, Yao M, Zhang K, Li W, Zhang Y, Guan F. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase decreases 5-fluorouracil sensitivity in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through metabolic reprogramming and promoting the Warburg effect. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:940-954. [PMID: 32367570 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a common malignant tumor with poor prognosis. And different individuals respond to the same drug differently. Increasing evidence has confirmed that metabolism reprogramming was involved in the drug sensitivity of tumor cells. However, the potential molecular mechanism of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) sensitivity remains to be elucidated in ESCC cells. In this study, we found that the 5-FU sensitivity of TE1 cells was lower than that of EC1 and Eca109 cells. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis results showed that nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism and tricarboxylic acid cycle were significantly different in these three cell lines. Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), a key enzyme of nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, was significantly higher expressed in TE1 cells than that in EC1 and Eca109 cells. Therefore, the function of NNMT on 5-FU sensitivity was analyzed in vitro and in vivo. NNMT downregulation significantly increased 5-FU sensitivity in TE1 cells. Meanwhile, the glucose consumption and lactate production were decreased, and the expression of glycolysis-related enzymes hexokinase 2, lactate dehydrogenase A, and phosphoglycerate mutase 1 were downregulated in NNMT knockdown TE1 cells. Besides, overexpression of NNMT in EC1 and Eca109 cells caused the opposite effects. Moreover, when glycolysis was inhibited by 2-deoxyglucose, the roles of NNMT on 5-FU sensitivity was weakened. In vivo experiments showed that NNMT knockdown significantly increased the sensitivity of xenografts to 5-FU and suppressed the Warburg effect. Overall, these results demonstrated that NNMT decreases 5-FU sensitivity in human ESCC cells through promoting the Warburg effect, suggesting that NNMT may contribute to predict the treatment effects of the clinical chemotherapy in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou
| | - Dawei Yang
- Zhongyuan Academy of Biological Medicine, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou
| | - Luyu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou
| | - Hongtao Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou
| | - Shanshan Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou
| | - Wenna Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou
| | - Minghao Yao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou
| | - Wencai Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanting Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou
| | - Fangxia Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou.,Clinical Research Guidance Center, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Synthesis and physicochemical properties of 20-mer peptide nucleic acid conjugates with testosterone 17β-carboxylic acid. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.151781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Policarpo RL, Decultot L, May E, Kuzmič P, Carlson S, Huang D, Chu V, Wright BA, Dhakshinamoorthy S, Kannt A, Rani S, Dittakavi S, Panarese JD, Gaudet R, Shair MD. High-Affinity Alkynyl Bisubstrate Inhibitors of Nicotinamide N-Methyltransferase (NNMT). J Med Chem 2019; 62:9837-9873. [PMID: 31589440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is a metabolic enzyme that methylates nicotinamide (NAM) using cofactor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). NNMT overexpression has been linked to diabetes, obesity, and various cancers. In this work, structure-based rational design led to the development of potent and selective alkynyl bisubstrate inhibitors of NNMT. The reported nicotinamide-SAM conjugate (named NS1) features an alkyne as a key design element that closely mimics the linear, 180° transition state geometry found in the NNMT-catalyzed SAM → NAM methyl transfer reaction. NS1 was synthesized in 14 steps and found to be a high-affinity, subnanomolar NNMT inhibitor. An X-ray cocrystal structure and SAR study revealed the ability of an alkynyl linker to span the methyl transfer tunnel of NNMT with ideal shape complementarity. The compounds reported in this work represent the most potent and selective NNMT inhibitors reported to date. The rational design principle described herein could potentially be extended to other methyltransferase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Petr Kuzmič
- BioKin Ltd. , Watertown , Massachusetts 02472 , United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Aimo Kannt
- Sanofi Research and Development , Industriepark Hoechst, H823 , D-65926 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Shilpa Rani
- Jubilant Biosys Ltd. , Yeshwantpur, Bangalore , 560 022 Karnataka , India
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