1
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Isu UH, Polasa A, Moradi M. Differential Behavior of Conformational Dynamics in Active and Inactive States of Cannabinoid Receptor 1. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:8437-8447. [PMID: 39169808 PMCID: PMC11382280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c02828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) is a G protein-coupled receptor that regulates critical physiological processes including pain, appetite, and cognition. Understanding the conformational dynamics of CB1 associated with transitions between inactive and active signaling states is imperative for developing targeted modulators. Using microsecond-level all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we identified marked differences in the conformational ensembles of inactive and active CB1 in apo. The inactive state exhibited substantially increased structural heterogeneity and plasticity compared to the more rigidified active state in the absence of stabilizing ligands. Transmembrane helices TM3 and TM7 were identified as distinguishing factors modulating the state-dependent dynamics. TM7 displayed amplified fluctuations selectively in the inactive state simulations attributed to disruption of conserved electrostatic contacts anchoring it to surrounding helices in the active state. Additionally, we identified significant reorganizations in key salt bridge and hydrogen bond networks contributing to the CB1 activation/inactivation. For instance, D213-Y224 hydrogen bond and D184-K192 salt bridge showed marked rearrangements between the states. Collectively, these findings reveal the specialized role of TM7 in directing state-dependent CB1 dynamics through electrostatic switch mechanisms. By elucidating the intrinsic enhanced flexibility of inactive CB1, this study provides valuable insights into the conformational landscape enabling functional transitions. Our perspective advances understanding of CB1 activation mechanisms and offers opportunities for structure-based drug discovery targeting the state-specific conformational dynamics of this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugochi H Isu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Adithya Polasa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Mahmoud Moradi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
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2
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Sparkes E, Maloney CJ, Markham JW, Dane C, Boyd R, Gilchrist J, Moir M, Gordon R, Luo JL, Pike E, Walker KA, Kassiou M, McGregor IS, Kevin RC, Hibbs DE, Jorgensen WT, Banister SD, Cairns EA, Ametovski A. Structure-Activity Relationships, Deuteration, and Fluorination of Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists Related to AKB48, 5F-AKB-48, and AFUBIATA. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:2160-2181. [PMID: 38766866 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are a growing class of new psychoactive substances (NPS) commonly derived from an N-alkylated indole, indazole, or 7-azaindole scaffold. Diversification of this core (at the 3-position) with amide-linked pendant amino acid groups and modular N-alkylation (of the indole/indazole/7-azaindole core) ensures that novel SCRAs continue to enter the illicit drug market rapidly. In response to the large number of SCRAs that have been detected, pharmacological evaluation of this NPS class has become increasingly common. Adamantane-derived SCRAs have consistently appeared throughout the market since 2011, and as such, a systematic set of these derivatives was synthesized and pharmacologically evaluated. Deuterated and fluorinated adamantane derivatives were prepared to evaluate typical hydrogen bioisosteres, as well as evaluation of the newly detected AFUBIATA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sparkes
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Callan J Maloney
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jack W Markham
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Chianna Dane
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rochelle Boyd
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jayson Gilchrist
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Moir
- National Deuteration Facility, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Rebecca Gordon
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jia Lin Luo
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Edward Pike
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Katelyn A Walker
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Iain S McGregor
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Richard C Kevin
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - David E Hibbs
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - William T Jorgensen
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Samuel D Banister
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A Cairns
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Adam Ametovski
- Lambert Initiative for Cannabinoid Therapeutics, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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3
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Isu UH, Polasa A, Moradi M. Differential Behavior of Conformational Dynamics in Active and Inactive States of Cannabinoid Receptor 1. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.17.589939. [PMID: 38659869 PMCID: PMC11042334 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.17.589939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The cannabinoid receptor CB1 is a G protein-coupled receptor that regulates critical physiological processes including pain, appetite, and cognition. Understanding the conformational dynamics of CB1 associated with transitions between inactive and active signaling states is imperative for developing targeted modulators. Using microsecond-level all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we identified marked differences in the conformational ensembles of inactive and active CB1 states in apo conditions. The inactive state exhibited substantially increased structural heterogeneity and plasticity compared to the more rigidified active state in the absence of stabilizing ligands. Transmembrane helices TM3 and TM7 were identified as distinguishing factors modulating the state-dependent dynamics. TM7 displayed amplified fluctuations selectively in the inactive state simulations attributed to disruption of conserved electrostatic contacts anchoring it to surrounding helices in the active state. Additionally, we identified significant reorganization of key salt bridge and hydrogen bond networks known to control CB1 activation between states. For instance, a conserved D213-Y224 hydrogen bond and D184-K192 salt bridge interactions showed marked rearrangements between the states. Collectively, these findings reveal the specialized role of TM7 in directing state-dependent CB1 dynamics through electrostatic switch mechanisms. By elucidating the intrinsic enhanced flexibility of inactive CB1, this study provides valuable insights into the conformational landscape enabling functional transitions. Our perspective advances understanding of CB1 activation mechanisms and offers opportunities for structure-based drug discovery targeting the state-specific conformational dynamics of this receptor.
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4
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Girych M, Kulig W, Enkavi G, Vattulainen I. How Neuromembrane Lipids Modulate Membrane Proteins: Insights from G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) and Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs). Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:a041419. [PMID: 37487628 PMCID: PMC10547395 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Lipids play a diverse and critical role in cellular processes in all tissues. The unique lipid composition of nerve membranes is particularly interesting because it contains, among other things, polyunsaturated lipids, such as docosahexaenoic acid, which the body only gets through the diet. The crucial role of lipids in neurological processes, especially in receptor-mediated cell signaling, is emphasized by the fact that in many neuropathological diseases there are significant deviations in the lipid composition of nerve membranes compared to healthy individuals. The lipid composition of neuromembranes can significantly affect the function of receptors by regulating the physical properties of the membrane or by affecting specific interactions between receptors and lipids. In addition, it is worth noting that the ligand-binding pocket of many receptors is located inside the cell membrane, due to which lipids can even modulate the binding of ligands to their receptors. These mechanisms highlight the importance of lipids in the regulation of membrane receptor activation and function. In this article, we focus on two major protein families: G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and discuss how lipids affect their function in neuronal membranes, elucidating the basic mechanisms underlying neuronal function and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykhailo Girych
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Waldemar Kulig
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giray Enkavi
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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5
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Li X, Chang H, Bouma J, de Paus LV, Mukhopadhyay P, Paloczi J, Mustafa M, van der Horst C, Kumar SS, Wu L, Yu Y, van den Berg RJBHN, Janssen APA, Lichtman A, Liu ZJ, Pacher P, van der Stelt M, Heitman LH, Hua T. Structural basis of selective cannabinoid CB 2 receptor activation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1447. [PMID: 36922494 PMCID: PMC10017709 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid CB2 receptor (CB2R) agonists are investigated as therapeutic agents in the clinic. However, their molecular mode-of-action is not fully understood. Here, we report the discovery of LEI-102, a CB2R agonist, used in conjunction with three other CBR ligands (APD371, HU308, and CP55,940) to investigate the selective CB2R activation by binding kinetics, site-directed mutagenesis, and cryo-EM studies. We identify key residues for CB2R activation. Highly lipophilic HU308 and the endocannabinoids, but not the more polar LEI-102, APD371, and CP55,940, reach the binding pocket through a membrane channel in TM1-TM7. Favorable physico-chemical properties of LEI-102 enable oral efficacy in a chemotherapy-induced nephropathy model. This study delineates the molecular mechanism of CB2R activation by selective agonists and highlights the role of lipophilicity in CB2R engagement. This may have implications for GPCR drug design and sheds light on their activation by endogenous ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Li
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Hao Chang
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jara Bouma
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Oncode Institute, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Laura V de Paus
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Oncode Institute, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Partha Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute of Health/National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Janos Paloczi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute of Health/National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Mohammed Mustafa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Cas van der Horst
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Oncode Institute, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sanjay Sunil Kumar
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Oncode Institute, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lijie Wu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Yu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Richard J B H N van den Berg
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Oncode Institute, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Antonius P A Janssen
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Oncode Institute, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Aron Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Zhi-Jie Liu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Pal Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute of Health/National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Oncode Institute, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Oncode Institute, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Tian Hua
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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6
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Allosteric binding cooperativity in a kinetic context. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103441. [PMID: 36372329 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Allosteric modulators are of prime interest in drug discovery. These drugs regulate the binding and function of endogenous ligands, with some advantages over orthosteric ligands. A typical pharmacological parameter in allosteric modulation is binding cooperativity. This property can yield unexpected but illuminating results when decomposed into its kinetic parameters. Using two reference models (the allosteric ternary complex receptor model and a heterodimer receptor model), a relationship has been derived for the cooperativity rate constant parameters. This relationship allows many combinations of the cooperativity kinetic parameters for a single binding cooperativity value obtained under equilibrium conditions. This assessment may help understand striking experimental results involving allosteric modulation and suggest further investigations in the field.
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7
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Manandhar A, Haron MH, Klein ML, Elokely K. Understanding the Dynamics of the Structural States of Cannabinoid Receptors and the Role of Different Modulators. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:2137. [PMID: 36556502 PMCID: PMC9786085 DOI: 10.3390/life12122137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cannabinoid receptors CB1R and CB2R are members of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. These receptors have recently come to light as possible therapeutic targets for conditions affecting the central nervous system. However, because CB1R is known to have psychoactive side effects, its potential as a drug target is constrained. Therefore, targeting CB2R has become the primary focus of recent research. Using various molecular modeling studies, we analyzed the active, inactive, and intermediate states of both CBRs in this study. We conducted in-depth research on the binding properties of various groups of cannabinoid modulators, including agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists, with all of the different conformational states of the CBRs. The binding effects of these modulators were studied on various CB structural features, including the movement of the transmembrane helices, the volume of the binding cavity, the internal fluids, and the important GPCR properties. Then, using in vitro experiments and computational modeling, we investigated how vitamin E functions as a lipid modulator to influence THC binding. This comparative examination of modulator binding to CBRs provides significant insight into the mechanisms of structural alterations and ligand affinity, which can directly help in the rational design of selective modulators that target either CB1R or CB2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjela Manandhar
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science and Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Mona H Haron
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Michael L Klein
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science and Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Khaled Elokely
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science and Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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8
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Díaz O, Renault P, Giraldo J. Evaluating Allosteric Perturbations in Cannabinoid Receptor 1 by In Silico Single-Point Mutation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:37873-37884. [PMID: 36312415 PMCID: PMC9608382 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) is a promising drug target involved in many physiological processes. Using atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we examined the structural effect of F237L mutation on CB1, a mutation that has qualitatively similar effects to allosteric ligand ORG27569 binding. This mutation showed a global effect on CB1 conformations. Among the observed effects, TM6 outward movement and the conformational change of the NPxxY motif upon receptor activation by CB1 agonist CP55940 were hindered compared to wt CB1. Within the orthosteric binding site, CP55940 interactions with CB1 were altered. Our results revealed that allosteric perturbations introduced by the mutation had a global impact on receptor conformations, suggesting that the mutation site is a key region for allosteric modulation in CB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Díaz
- Laboratory
of Molecular Neuropharmacology and Bioinformatics, Unitat de Bioestadística
and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat
Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
- Instituto
de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación
Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid 28029, Spain
- Unitat
de Neurociència Traslacional, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari,
Institut d’Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí
(I3PT), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Pedro Renault
- Laboratory
of Molecular Neuropharmacology and Bioinformatics, Unitat de Bioestadística
and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat
Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
- Instituto
de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación
Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid 28029, Spain
- Unitat
de Neurociència Traslacional, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari,
Institut d’Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí
(I3PT), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Jesús Giraldo
- Laboratory
of Molecular Neuropharmacology and Bioinformatics, Unitat de Bioestadística
and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat
Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
- Instituto
de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación
Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid 28029, Spain
- Unitat
de Neurociència Traslacional, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari,
Institut d’Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí
(I3PT), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
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9
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Molecular mechanism of allosteric modulation for the cannabinoid receptor CB1. Nat Chem Biol 2022; 18:831-840. [DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01038-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Pluhackova K, Wilhelm FM, Müller DJ. Lipids and Phosphorylation Conjointly Modulate Complex Formation of β 2-Adrenergic Receptor and β-arrestin2. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:807913. [PMID: 35004696 PMCID: PMC8733679 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.807913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of human membrane proteins that bind extracellular ligands at their orthosteric binding pocket to transmit signals to the cell interior. Ligand binding evokes conformational changes in GPCRs that trigger the binding of intracellular interaction partners (G proteins, G protein kinases, and arrestins), which initiate diverse cellular responses. It has become increasingly evident that the preference of a GPCR for a certain intracellular interaction partner is modulated by a diverse range of factors, e.g., ligands or lipids embedding the transmembrane receptor. Here, by means of molecular dynamics simulations of the β2-adrenergic receptor and β-arrestin2, we study how membrane lipids and receptor phosphorylation regulate GPCR-arrestin complex conformation and dynamics. We find that phosphorylation drives the receptor’s intracellular loop 3 (ICL3) away from a native negatively charged membrane surface to interact with arrestin. If the receptor is embedded in a neutral membrane, the phosphorylated ICL3 attaches to the membrane surface, which widely opens the receptor core. This opening, which is similar to the opening in the G protein-bound state, weakens the binding of arrestin. The loss of binding specificity is manifested by shallower arrestin insertion into the receptor core and higher dynamics of the receptor-arrestin complex. Our results show that receptor phosphorylation and the local membrane composition cooperatively fine-tune GPCR-mediated signal transduction. Moreover, the results suggest that deeper understanding of complex GPCR regulation mechanisms is necessary to discover novel pathways of pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Pluhackova
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian M Wilhelm
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
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11
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Ji S, Yang W, Yu W. Understanding the role of the CB1 toggle switch in interaction networks using molecular dynamics simulation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22369. [PMID: 34785728 PMCID: PMC8595625 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01767-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) is a class A G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that can exert various effects on the human body through the endocannabinoid system. Understanding CB1 activation has many benefits for the medical use of cannabinoids. A previous study reported that CB1 has two notable residues referred to as the toggle switch, F3.36 and W6.48, which are important for its activation mechanism. We performed a molecular dynamics simulation with a mutation in the toggle switch to examine its role in active and inactive states. We also examined structural changes, the residue-residue interaction network, and the interaction network among helices and loops of wildtype and mutant CB1 for both activation states. As a result, we found that the energetic changes in the hydrogen-bond network of the Na+ pocket, extracellular N-terminus-TM2-ECL1-TM3 interface including D2.63-K3.28 salt-bridge, and extracellular ECL2-TM5-ECL3-TM6 interface directly linked to the toggle switch contribute to the stability of CB1 by the broken aromatic interaction of the toggle switch. It makes the conformation of inactive CB1 receptor to be unstable. Our study explained the role of the toggle switch regarding the energetic interactions related to the Na+ pocket and extracellular loop interfaces, which could contribute to a better understanding of the activation mechanism of CB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangho Ji
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, 333 Techno jungang-daero, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjin Yang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, 333 Techno jungang-daero, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Wookyung Yu
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, 333 Techno jungang-daero, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea. .,Core Protein Resources Center, DGIST, 333 Techno jungang-daero, 42988, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Wakchaure PD, Ganguly B. Molecular level insights into the inhibition of gene expression by thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) analogs for TPP riboswitch: A well-tempered metadynamics simulations study. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 104:107849. [PMID: 33545607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.107849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Riboswitches are metabolite sensing aptamer domains present in non-coding regions in RNA and act as gene-regulating elements. Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) riboswitch is evolved as a new target for developing antibiotics against many pathogenic bacteria. The earlier reports suggest that the modification of the pyrophosphate group in the ligand molecule can enhance gene expression. In this work, we have examined the binding affinity and efficacy of TPP and two recently reported ligands, CH2-TPP, and CF2-TPP, using Well-tempered metadynamics (WT-MtD) simulations. The experimental in vitro assays show that both TPP and CH2-TPP repress the gene expression to the same extent. The calculated binding energies correlate well with the experimental study and show the same trend of binding affinity of ligands for the TPP riboswitch. The root mean square fluctuation profiles suggest that the CH2-TPP and TPP trigger higher fluctuations in P1 and L3 region, and such fluctuations in the P1 region is involved in the gene regulation process. The metal ion mediated contact of TPP ligand with pyrophosphate binding helix is found to be critical in the gene regulation process. The simulation results corroborate the experimental observations that the role of conformational changes occurring in different riboswitch regions upon ligand binding is essential to repress the gene expression process. This work sheds light on the subtle change in the ligand structure that can induce a more considerable impact on binding affinity and efficacy of ligands with riboswitch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmaja D Wakchaure
- Computation and Simulation Unit (Analytical Discipline and Centralized Instrument Facility), CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India
| | - Bishwajit Ganguly
- Computation and Simulation Unit (Analytical Discipline and Centralized Instrument Facility), CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, 364002, Gujarat, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201 002, India.
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13
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Aderibigbe AO, Pandey P, Doerksen RJ. Negative allosteric modulators of cannabinoid receptor 1: Ternary complexes including CB1, orthosteric CP55940 and allosteric ORG27569. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:5729-5747. [PMID: 33480332 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1873187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In October 2019, the first X-ray crystal structure of a ternary cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) complex (PDB ID: 6KQI) was published, including the well-known orthosteric agonist, CP55940, and the well-studied negative allosteric modulator, ORG27569. Prior to the release of 6KQI, we applied binding pocket analysis and molecular docking to carefully prepared computational models of the ternary CB1 complex, in order to predict the binding site for ORG27569 with the CP55940-bound CB1 receptor. We carefully studied the binding pose of agonist ligands in the CB1 orthosteric pocket, including CP55940. Our computational studies identified the most favorable binding site for ORG27569, in the CP55940-CB1 complex, to be at the intracellular end of the receptor. However, in the 6KQI structure, ORG27569 was found at an extrahelical, intramembrane site on the complex, a site that partially overlaps with the site predicted in our calculations to be second-best. We performed molecular dynamics simulations of the CP55940-bound CB1 complex with ORG27569 at different binding sites. Our analysis of the simulations indicated that ORG27569 bound favorably and stably in each simulation, but, as in the earlier calculations, bound best at the intracellular site, which is different than that found in the crystal structure. These results suggest that the intracellular site might serve as an alternative binding site in CB1. Our studies show that the computational techniques we used are valuable in identifying ligand-binding pockets in proteins, and could be useful for the study of the interaction mode of other allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- AyoOluwa O Aderibigbe
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Pankaj Pandey
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Robert J Doerksen
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
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14
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Ricarte A, Dalton JAR, Giraldo J. Structural Assessment of Agonist Efficacy in the μ-Opioid Receptor: Morphine and Fentanyl Elicit Different Activation Patterns. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:1251-1274. [PMID: 33448226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the opioid epidemic in the United States and Canada has evidenced the need for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of medications used to fight pain. Morphine and fentanyl are widely used in opiate-mediated analgesia for the treatment of chronic pain. These compounds target the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), a class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). In light of described higher efficacy of fentanyl with respect to morphine, we have performed independent μs-length unbiased molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of MOR complexes with each of these ligands, including the MOR antagonist naltrexone as a negative control. Consequently, MD simulations totaling 58 μs have been conducted to elucidate at the atomic level ligand-specific receptor activity and signal transmission in the MOR. In particular, we have identified stable binding poses of morphine and fentanyl, which interact differently with the MOR. Different ligand-receptor interaction landscapes directly induce sidechain conformational changes of orthosteric pocket residues: Asp1493.32, Tyr1503.33, Gln1262.60, and Lys2355.39. The induced conformations determine Asp1493.32-Tyr3287.43 sidechain-sidechain interactions and Trp2956.48-Ala2425.46 sidechain-backbone H-bond formations, as well as Met1533.36 conformational changes. In addition to differences in ligand binding, different intracellular receptor conformational changes are observed as morphine preferentially activates transmembrane (TM) helices: TM3 and TM5, while fentanyl preferentially activates TM6 and TM7. As conformational changes in TM6 and TM7 are widely described as being the most crucial aspect in GPCR activation, this may contribute to the greater efficacy of fentanyl over morphine. These computationally observed functional differences between fentanyl and morphine may provide new avenues for the design of safer but not weaker opioid drugs because it is desirable to increase the safety of medicines without sacrificing their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Ricarte
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology and Bioinformatics, Unitat de Bioestadística and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,Unitat de Neurociència Traslacional, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - James A R Dalton
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology and Bioinformatics, Unitat de Bioestadística and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,Unitat de Neurociència Traslacional, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Giraldo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology and Bioinformatics, Unitat de Bioestadística and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,Unitat de Neurociència Traslacional, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Renault P, Giraldo J. Dynamical Correlations Reveal Allosteric Sites in G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010187. [PMID: 33375427 PMCID: PMC7795036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled Receptors (GPCRs) play a central role in many physiological processes and, consequently, constitute important drug targets. In particular, the search for allosteric drugs has recently drawn attention, since they could be more selective and lead to fewer side effects. Accordingly, computational tools have been used to estimate the druggability of allosteric sites in these receptors. In spite of many successful results, the problem is still challenging, particularly the prediction of hydrophobic sites in the interface between the protein and the membrane. In this work, we propose a complementary approach, based on dynamical correlations. Our basic hypothesis was that allosteric sites are strongly coupled to regions of the receptor that undergo important conformational changes upon activation. Therefore, using ensembles of experimental structures, normal mode analysis and molecular dynamics simulations we calculated correlations between internal fluctuations of different sites and a collective variable describing the activation state of the receptor. Then, we ranked the sites based on the strength of their coupling to the collective dynamics. In the β2 adrenergic (β2AR), glucagon (GCGR) and M2 muscarinic receptors, this procedure allowed us to correctly identify known allosteric sites, suggesting it has predictive value. Our results indicate that this dynamics-based approach can be a complementary tool to the existing toolbox to characterize allosteric sites in GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Renault
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology and Bioinformatics, Unitat de Bioestadística and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
- Unitat de Neurociència Traslacional, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d’Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jesús Giraldo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology and Bioinformatics, Unitat de Bioestadística and Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
- Unitat de Neurociència Traslacional, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d’Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT), Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Morales P, Jagerovic N. Novel approaches and current challenges with targeting the endocannabinoid system. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:917-930. [PMID: 32336154 PMCID: PMC7502221 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1752178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pathophysiological relevance of the endocannabinoid system has been widely demonstrated in a variety of diseases including cancer, neurological disorders, and metabolic issues. Therefore, targeting the receptors and the endogenous machinery involved in this system can provide a successful therapeutic outcome. Ligands targeting the canonical cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, along with inhibitors of the endocannabinoid enzymes have been thoroughly studied in diverse disease models. In fact, phytocannabinoids such as cannabidiol or Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol are currently on the market for the management of neuropathic pain due to spasticity in multiple sclerosis or seizures in children epilepsy amongst others. AREAS COVERED Challenges in the pharmacology of cannabinoids arise from its pharmacokinetics, off-target effects, and psychoactive effects. In this context, the current review outlines the novel molecular approaches emerging in the field discussing their clinical potential. EXPERT OPINION Even if orthosteric CB1 and CB2 ligands are on the forefront in cannabinoid clinical research, emerging strategies such as allosteric or biased modulation of these receptors along with controlled off-targets effects may increase the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Morales
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadine Jagerovic
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Insights into adenosine A2A receptor activation through cooperative modulation of agonist and allosteric lipid interactions. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007818. [PMID: 32298258 PMCID: PMC7188303 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation process of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has been extensively studied, both experimentally and computationally. In particular, Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations have proven useful in exploring GPCR conformational space. The typical behaviour of class A GPCRs, when subjected to unbiased MD simulations from their crystallized inactive state, is to fluctuate between inactive and intermediate(s) conformations, even with bound agonist. Fully active conformation(s) are rarely stabilized unless a G protein is also bound. Despite several crystal structures of the adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) having been resolved in complex with co-crystallized agonists and Gs protein, its agonist-mediated activation process is still not completely understood. In order to thoroughly examine the conformational landscape of A2aR activation, we performed unbiased microsecond-length MD simulations in quadruplicate, starting from the inactive conformation either in apo or with bound agonists: endogenous adenosine or synthetic NECA, embedded in two homogeneous phospholipid membranes: 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphoglycerol (DOPG) or 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (DOPC). In DOPC with bound adenosine or NECA, we observe transition to an intermediate receptor conformation consistent with the known adenosine-bound crystal state. In apo state in DOPG, two different intermediate conformations are obtained. One is similar to that observed with bound adenosine in DOPC, while the other is closer to the active state but not yet fully active. Exclusively, in DOPG with bound adenosine or NECA, we reproducibly identify receptor conformations with fully active features, which are able to dock Gs protein. These different receptor conformations can be attributed to the action/absence of agonist and phospholipid-mediated allosteric effects on the intracellular side of the receptor.
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Sayama M, Uwamizu A, Otani Y, Inoue A, Aoki J, Sekijima M, Ohwada T. Membrane Phospholipid Analogues as Molecular Rulers to Probe the Position of the Hydrophobic Contact Point of Lysophospholipid Ligands on the Surface of G-Protein-Coupled Receptor during Membrane Approach. Biochemistry 2020; 59:1173-1201. [PMID: 32124599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
When lipid mediators bind to G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the ligand first enters the lipid bilayer, then diffuses laterally in the cell membrane to make hydrophobic contact with the receptor protein, and finally enters the receptor's binding pocket. In this process, the location of the hydrophobic contact point on the surface of the receptor has been little discussed even in cases in which the crystal structure has been determined, because the ligand binding pocket is buried inside the transmembrane (TM) domains. Here, we coupled an activator ligand to a series of membrane phospholipid surrogates, which constrain the depth of entry of the ligand into the lipid bilayer. Consequently, via measurement of the receptor-activating activity as a function of the depth of entry into the membrane, these surrogates can be used as molecular rulers to estimate the location of the hydrophobic contact point on the surface of GPCR. We focused on lysophosphatidylserine (LysoPS) receptor GPR34 and prepared a series of simplified membrane-lipid-surrogate-conjugated lysophospholipid analogues by attaching alkoxy amine chains of varying lengths to the hydrophobic tail of a potent GPR34 agonist. As expected, the activity of these lipid-conjugated LysoPS analogues was dependent on chain length. The predicted contact position matches the position of the terminal benzene ring of a nonlipidic ligand that protrudes between TMs 4 and 5 of the receptor. We further found that the nature of the terminal hydrophilic functional group of the conjugated membrane lipid surrogate strongly influences the activity, suggesting that lateral hydrophilic contact of LysoPS analogues with the receptor's surface is also crucial for ligand-GPCR binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Sayama
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akiharu Uwamizu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yuko Otani
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.,AMED-PRIME, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan.,AMED-LEAP, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan.,AMED-LEAP, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Masakazu Sekijima
- Department of Computer Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-J3-23, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan.,Advanced Computational Drug Discovery Unit, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-J3-23, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ohwada
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Wouters E, Walraed J, Banister SD, Stove CP. Insights into biased signaling at cannabinoid receptors: synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 169:113623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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