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Thai BS, Chia LY, Nguyen ATN, Qin C, Ritchie RH, Hutchinson DS, Kompa A, White PJ, May LT. Targeting G protein-coupled receptors for heart failure treatment. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2270-2286. [PMID: 37095602 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current treatment for patients with heart failure include drugs targeting G protein-coupled receptors such as β-adrenoceptor antagonists (β-blockers) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists (or angiotensin II receptor blockers). However, many patients progress to advanced heart failure with persistent symptoms, despite treatment with available therapeutics that have been shown to reduce mortality and mortality. GPCR targets currently being explored for the development of novel heart failure therapeutics include adenosine receptor, formyl peptide receptor, relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor, vasopressin receptor, endothelin receptor and the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor. Many GPCR drug candidates are limited by insufficient efficacy and/or dose-limiting unwanted effects. Understanding the current challenges hindering successful clinical translation and the potential to overcome existing limitations will facilitate the future development of novel heart failure therapeutics. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: hot topics from the Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists 2021 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bui San Thai
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ling Yeong Chia
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anh T N Nguyen
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chengxue Qin
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca H Ritchie
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dana S Hutchinson
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Kompa
- Department Medicine and Radiology, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul J White
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lauren T May
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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2
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Yi X, Tran E, Odiba JO, Qin CX, Ritchie RH, Baell JB. The formyl peptide receptors FPR1 and FPR2 as targets for inflammatory disorders: recent advances in the development of small-molecule agonists. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 265:115989. [PMID: 38199163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) comprise a class of chemoattractant pattern recognition receptors, for which several physiological functions like host-defences, as well as the regulation of inflammatory responses, have been ascribed. With accumulating evidence that agonism of FPR1/FPR2 can confer pro-resolution of inflammation, increased attention from academia and industry has led to the discovery of new and interesting small-molecule FPR1/FPR2 agonists. Focused attention on the development of appropriate physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles is yielding synthesis of new compounds with promising in vivo readouts. This review presents an overview of small-molecule FPR1/FPR2 agonist medicinal chemistry developed over the past 20 years, with a particular emphasis on interrogation in the increasingly sophisticated bioassays which have been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyan Yi
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Eric Tran
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Jephthah O Odiba
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Cheng Xue Qin
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia.
| | - Rebecca H Ritchie
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia.
| | - Jonathan B Baell
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
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3
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Acharya A, Yadav M, Nagpure M, Kumaresan S, Guchhait SK. Molecular medicinal insights into scaffold hopping-based drug discovery success. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:103845. [PMID: 38013043 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
In both academia and the pharmaceutical industry, innovative hypotheses, methodologies and technologies that can shorten the drug research and development, leading to higher success rates, are vital. In this review, we demonstrate how innovative variations of the scaffold-hopping strategy have been used to create new druggable molecular spaces, drugs, clinical candidates, preclinical candidates, and bioactive agents. We also analyze molecular modulations that enabled improvements of the pharmacodynamic (PD), physiochemical, and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties (P3 properties) of the drugs resulting from these scaffold-hopping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Acharya
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Mukul Yadav
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Mithilesh Nagpure
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Sanathanalaxmi Kumaresan
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Sankar K Guchhait
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India.
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4
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Shareef U, Altaf A, Ahmed M, Akhtar N, Almuhayawi MS, Al Jaouni SK, Selim S, Abdelgawad MA, Nagshabandi MK. A comprehensive review of discovery and development of drugs discovered from 2020-2022. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:101913. [PMID: 38204591 PMCID: PMC10777120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
To fully evaluate and define the new drug molecule for its pharmacological characteristics and toxicity profile, pre-clinical and clinical studies are conducted as part of the drug research and development process. The average time required for all drug development processes to finish various regulatory evaluations ranges from 11.4 to 13.5 years, and the expense of drug development is rising quickly. The development in the discovery of newer novel treatments is, however, largely due to the growing need for new medications. Methods to identify Hits and discovery of lead compounds along with pre-clinical studies have advanced, and one example is the introduction of computer-aided drug design (CADD), which has greatly shortened the time needed for the drug to go through the drug discovery phases. The pharmaceutical industry will hopefully be able to address the present and future issues and will continue to produce novel molecular entities (NMEs) to satisfy the expanding unmet medical requirements of the patients as the success rate of the drug development processes is increasing. Several heterocyclic moieties have been developed and tested against many targets and proved to be very effective. In-depth discussion of the drug design approaches of newly found drugs from 2020 to 2022, including their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles and in-vitro and in-vivo assessments, is the main goal of this review. Considering the many stages these drugs are going through in their clinical trials, this investigation is especially pertinent. It should be noted that synthetic strategies are not discussed in this review; instead, they will be in a future publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Shareef
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Aisha Altaf
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Madiha Ahmed
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Nosheen Akhtar
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 43600, Pakistan
| | - Mohammed S. Almuhayawi
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soad K. Al Jaouni
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Yousef Abdulatif Jameel Scientific Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed K. Nagshabandi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Zhang X, Weiß T, Cheng MH, Chen S, Ambrosius CK, Czerniak AS, Li K, Feng M, Bahar I, Beck-Sickinger AG, Zhang C. Structural basis of G protein-Coupled receptor CMKLR1 activation and signaling induced by a chemerin-derived agonist. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002188. [PMID: 38055679 PMCID: PMC10699647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1), also known as chemerin receptor 23 (ChemR23) or chemerin receptor 1, is a chemoattractant G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that responds to the adipokine chemerin and is highly expressed in innate immune cells, including macrophages and neutrophils. The signaling pathways of CMKLR1 can lead to both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects depending on the ligands and physiological contexts. To understand the molecular mechanisms of CMKLR1 signaling, we determined a high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the CMKLR1-Gi signaling complex with chemerin9, a nanopeptide agonist derived from chemerin, which induced complex phenotypic changes of macrophages in our assays. The cryo-EM structure, together with molecular dynamics simulations and mutagenesis studies, revealed the molecular basis of CMKLR1 signaling by elucidating the interactions at the ligand-binding pocket and the agonist-induced conformational changes. Our results are expected to facilitate the development of small molecule CMKLR1 agonists that mimic the action of chemerin9 to promote the resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tina Weiß
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mary Hongying Cheng
- Department of Computational and System Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Siqi Chen
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | | | - Anne Sophie Czerniak
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kunpeng Li
- Cryo-EM core facility, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mingye Feng
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Department of Computational and System Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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6
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Prevete N, Poto R, Marone G, Varricchi G. Unleashing the power of formyl peptide receptor 2 in cardiovascular disease. Cytokine 2023; 169:156298. [PMID: 37454543 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
N-formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) are seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptors with a wide distribution in immune and non-immune cells, recognizing N-formyl peptides from bacterial and mitochondrial origin and several endogenous signals. Three FPRs have been identified in humans: FPR1, FPR2, and FPR3. Most FPR ligands can activate a pro-inflammatory response, while a limited group of FPR agonists can elicit anti-inflammatory and homeostatic responses. Annexin A1 (AnxA1), a glucocorticoid-induced protein, its N-terminal peptide Ac2-26, and lipoxin A4 (LXA4), a lipoxygenase-derived eicosanoid mediator, exert significant immunomodulatory effects by interacting with FPR2 and/or FPR1. The ability of FPRs to recognize both ligands with pro-inflammatory or inflammation-resolving properties places them in a crucial position in the balance between activation against harmful events and maintaince of tissue integrity. A new field of investigation focused on the role of FPRs in the setting of heart injury. FPRs are expressed on cardiac macrophages, which are the predominant immune cells in the myocardium and play a key role in heart diseases. Several endogenous (AnxA1, LXA4) and synthetic compounds (compound 43, BMS-986235) reduced infarct size and promoted the resolution of inflammation via the activation of FPR2 on cardiac macrophages. Further studies should evaluate FPR2 role in other cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nella Prevete
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Remo Poto
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy; Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; World Allergy Organization (WAO), Center of Excellence (CoE), 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy; Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; World Allergy Organization (WAO), Center of Excellence (CoE), 80131 Naples, Italy.
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7
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Zhang X, Weiß T, Cheng MH, Chen S, Ambrosius CK, Czerniak AS, Li K, Feng M, Bahar I, Beck-Sickinger AG, Zhang C. Structural basis of CMKLR1 signaling induced by chemerin9. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.09.544295. [PMID: 37333145 PMCID: PMC10274904 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.09.544295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1), also known as chemerin receptor 23 (ChemR23) or chemerin receptor 1, is a chemoattractant G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that responds to the adipokine chemerin and is highly expressed in innate immune cells, including macrophages and neutrophils. The signaling pathways of CMKLR1 can lead to both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects depending on the ligands and physiological contexts. To understand the molecular mechanisms of CMKLR1 signaling, we determined a high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the CMKLR1-Gi signaling complex with chemerin9, a nanopeptide agonist derived from chemerin, which induced complex phenotypic changes of macrophages in our assays. The cryo-EM structure, together with molecular dynamics simulations and mutagenesis studies, revealed the molecular basis of CMKLR1 signaling by elucidating the interactions at the ligand-binding pocket and the agonist-induced conformational changes. Our results are expected to facilitate the development of small molecule CMKLR1 agonists that mimic the action of chemerin9 to promote the resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15261, USA
| | - Tina Weiß
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mary Hongying Cheng
- Department of Computational and System Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11974, USA
| | - Siqi Chen
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Carla Katharina Ambrosius
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne Sophie Czerniak
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kunpeng Li
- Cryo-EM core facility, Case Western Reserve University, OH44106, USA
| | - Mingye Feng
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Department of Computational and System Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11974, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11974, USA
| | - Annette G. Beck-Sickinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Leipzig University, Brüderstraße 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15261, USA
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8
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Abstract
An analysis of 156 published clinical candidates from the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry between 2018 and 2021 was conducted to identify lead generation strategies most frequently employed leading to drug candidates. As in a previous publication, the most frequent lead generation strategies resulting in clinical candidates were from known compounds (59%) followed by random screening approaches (21%). The remainder of the approaches included directed screening, fragment screening, DNA-encoded library screening (DEL), and virtual screening. An analysis of similarity was also conducted based on Tanimoto-MCS and revealed most clinical candidates were distant from their original hits; however, most shared a key pharmacophore that translated from hit-to-clinical candidate. An examination of frequency of oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine, and sulfur incorporation in clinical candidates was also conducted. The three most similar and least similar hit-to-clinical pairs from random screening were examined to provide perspective on changes that occur that lead to successful clinical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean G Brown
- Jnana Therapeutics, One Design Center Pl Suite 19-400, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
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9
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Chen K, Gong W, Huang J, Yoshimura T, Ming Wang J. Developmental and homeostatic signaling transmitted by the G-protein coupled receptor FPR2. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110052. [PMID: 37003185 PMCID: PMC10149111 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) and its mouse counterpart Fpr2 are the members of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. FPR2 is the only member of the FPRs that interacts with ligands from different sources. FPR2 is expressed in myeloid cells as well as epithelial cells, endothelial cells, neurons, and hepatocytes. During the past years, some unusual properties of FPR2 have attracted intense attention because FPR2 appears to possess dual functions by activating or inhibiting intracellular signal pathways based on the nature, concentration of the ligands, and the temporal and spatial settings of the microenvironment in vivo, the cell types it interacts with. Therefore, FPR2 controls an abundant array of developmental and homeostatic signaling cascades, in addition to its "classical" capacity to mediate the migration of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells including malignant cells. In this review, we summarize recent development in FPR2 research, particularly in its role in diseases, therefore helping to establish FPR2 as a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang Chen
- Laboratory of Cancer Innovation, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Wanghua Gong
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jiaqiang Huang
- Laboratory of Cancer Innovation, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA; College of Life Sciences, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Teizo Yoshimura
- Laboratory of Cancer Innovation, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Laboratory of Cancer Innovation, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
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10
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Abstract
Inflammation and its timely resolution are critical to ensure effective host defense and appropriate tissue repair after injury and or infection. Chronic, unresolved inflammation typifies many prevalent pathologies. The key mediators that initiate and drive the inflammatory response are well defined and targeted by conventional anti-inflammatory therapeutics. More recently, there is a growing appreciation that specific mediators, including arachidonate-derived lipoxins, are generated in self-limiting inflammatory responses to promote the resolution of inflammation and endogenous repair mechanisms without compromising host defense. We discuss the proresolving biological actions of lipoxins and recent efforts to harness their therapeutic potential through the development of novel, potent lipoxin mimetics generated via efficient, modular stereoselective synthetic pathways. We consider the evidence that lipoxin mimetics may have applications in limiting inflammation and reversing fibrosis and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Godson
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland;
- The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick Guiry
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eoin Brennan
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland;
- The Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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11
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de Gaetano M. Development of synthetic lipoxin-A4 mimetics (sLXms): New avenues in the treatment of cardio-metabolic diseases. Semin Immunol 2023; 65:101699. [PMID: 36428172 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Resolution of inflammation is a complex, dynamic process consisting of several distinct processes, including inhibition of endothelial activation and leukocyte trafficking; promotion of inflammatory cell apoptosis and subsequent non-phlogistic scavenging and degradation; augmentation of pathogen phagocytosis; modulation of stromal cell phenotype coupled to the promotion of tissue regeneration and repair. Among these tightly regulated processes, the clearance and degradation of apoptotic cells without eliciting an inflammatory response is a crucial allostatic mechanism vital to developmental processes, host defence, and the effective resolution of inflammation. These efferocytic and subsequent effero-metabolism processes can be carried out by professional and non-professional phagocytes. Defective removal or inadequate processing of apoptotic cells leads to persistent unresolved inflammation, which may promote insidious pathologies including scarring, fibrosis, and eventual organ failure. In this manuscript, the well-established role of endothelial activation and leukocyte extravasation, as classical vascular targets of the 'inflammation pharmacology', will be briefly reviewed. The main focus of this work is to bring attention to a less explored aspect of the 'resolution pharmacology', aimed at tackling defective efferocytosis and inefficient effero-metabolism, as key targeted mechanisms to prevent or pre-empt vascular complications in cardio-metabolic diseases. Despite the use of gold standard lipid-lowering drugs or glucose-lowering drugs, none of them are able to tackle the so called residual inflammatory risk and/or the metabolic memory. In this review, the development of synthetic mimetics of endogenous mediators of inflammation is highlighted. Such molecules finely tune key components across the whole inflammatory process, amongst various other novel therapeutic paradigms that have emerged over the past decade, including anti-inflammatory therapy. More specifically, FPR2-agonists in general, and Lipoxin analogues in particular, greatly enhance the reprogramming and cross-talk between classical and non-classical innate immune cells, thus inducing both termination of the pro-inflammatory state as well as promoting the subsequent resolving phase, which represent pivotal mechanisms in inflammatory cardio-metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica de Gaetano
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute & School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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12
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Perretti M, Subramanian M. Resolution pharmacology - A fresh approach to the clinical management of human inflammatory diseases. Semin Immunol 2023; 65:101669. [PMID: 36565567 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Perretti
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Manikandan Subramanian
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom.
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13
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Tang K, Wang S, Gao W, Song Y, Yu B. Harnessing the cyclization strategy for new drug discovery. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:4309-4326. [PMID: 36562004 PMCID: PMC9764076 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of new ligands with high affinity and specificity against the targets of interest has been a central focus in drug discovery. As one of the most commonly used methods in drug discovery, the cyclization represents a feasible strategy to identify new lead compounds by increasing structural novelty, scaffold diversity and complexity. Such strategy could also be potentially used for the follow-on drug discovery without patent infringement. In recent years, the cyclization strategy has witnessed great success in the discovery of new lead compounds against different targets for treating various diseases. Herein, we first briefly summarize the use of the cyclization strategy in the discovery of new small-molecule lead compounds, including the proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTAC) molecules. Particularly, we focus on four main strategies including fused ring cyclization, chain cyclization, spirocyclization and macrocyclization and highlight the use of the cyclization strategy in lead generation. Finally, the challenges including the synthetic intractability, relatively poor pharmacokinetics (PK) profiles and the absence of the structural information for rational structure-based cyclization are also briefly discussed. We hope this review, not exhaustive, could provide a timely overview on the cyclization strategy for the discovery of new lead compounds.
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14
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Lupisella J, St-Onge S, Carrier M, Cook EM, Wang T, Sum C, Fernando G, Apgar K, Zhang R, Carson N, Snyder BJ, Ryan CS, Ma X, Dierks EA, Little S, Kick EK, Wurtz NR, Bouvier M, Héroux M, Garcia RA. Molecular Mechanisms of Desensitization Underlying the Differential Effects of Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 Agonists on Cardiac Structure-Function Post Myocardial Infarction. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:892-906. [PMID: 36268126 PMCID: PMC9578139 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) plays an integral role in the transition of macrophages from a pro-inflammatory program to one that is pro-resolving. FPR2-mediated stimulation of resolution post myocardial infarction has demonstrated efficacy in rodent models and is hypothesized to reduce progression into heart failure. FPR2 agonists that promote long-lasting receptor internalization can lead to persistent desensitization and diminished therapeutic benefits. In vitro signaling profiles and propensities for receptor desensitization of two clinically studied FPR2 agonists, namely, BMS-986235 and ACT-389949, were evaluated. In contrast to BMS-986235, pre-stimulation with ACT-389949 led to a decrease in its potency to inhibit cAMP production. Moreover, ACT-389949 displayed greater efficacy for β-arrestin recruitment, while efficacy of Gi activation was similar for both agonists. Following agonist-promoted FPR2 internalization, effective recycling to the plasma membrane was observed only with BMS-986235. Use of G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) knock-out cells revealed a differential impact of GRK2 versus GRK5/6 on β-arrestin recruitment and Gi activation promoted by the two FPR2 agonists. In vivo, decreases of granulocytes in circulation were greatly diminished in mice treated with ACT-389949 but not for BMS-986235. With short-term dosing, both compounds induced a pro-resolution polarization state in cardiac monocyte/macrophages post myocardial infarction. By contrast, with long-term dosing, only BMS-986235 preserved the infarct wall thickness and increased left ventricular ejection fraction in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Altogether, the study shows that differences in the desensitization profiles induced by ACT-389949 and BMS-986235 at the molecular level may explain their distinct inflammatory/pro-resolving activities in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Lupisella
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Stéphane St-Onge
- Institute
for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université
de Montréal, QuebecH3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Marilyn Carrier
- Institute
for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université
de Montréal, QuebecH3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Erica M. Cook
- Department
of Lead Discovery and Optimization, Bristol
Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Department
of Lead Discovery and Optimization, Bristol
Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Chi Sum
- Department
of Lead Discovery and Optimization, Bristol
Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Gayani Fernando
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Kendra Apgar
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Rongan Zhang
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Nancy Carson
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Bradley J. Snyder
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Carol S. Ryan
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Xiuying Ma
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Dierks
- Department
of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Sean Little
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Ellen K. Kick
- Department
of Cardiovascular Discovery Chemistry, Bristol
Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Nicholas R. Wurtz
- Department
of Cardiovascular Discovery Chemistry, Bristol
Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institute
for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université
de Montréal, QuebecH3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Madeleine Héroux
- Institute
for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université
de Montréal, QuebecH3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Ricardo A. Garcia
- Department
of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, P.O. Box 4000 Princeton, New Jersey08543-4000, United States
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15
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Qin CX, Norling LV, Vecchio EA, Brennan EP, May LT, Wootten D, Godson C, Perretti M, Ritchie RH. Formylpeptide receptor 2: Nomenclature, structure, signalling and translational perspectives: IUPHAR review 35. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:4617-4639. [PMID: 35797341 PMCID: PMC9545948 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We discuss the fascinating pharmacology of formylpeptide receptor 2 (FPR2; often referred to as FPR2/ALX since it binds lipoxin A4 ). Initially identified as a low-affinity 'relative' of FPR1, FPR2 presents complex and diverse biology. For instance, it is activated by several classes of agonists (from peptides to proteins and lipid mediators) and displays diverse expression patterns on myeloid cells as well as epithelial cells and endothelial cells, to name a few. Over the last decade, the pharmacology of FPR2 has progressed from being considered a weak chemotactic receptor to a master-regulator of the resolution of inflammation, the second phase of the acute inflammatory response. We propose that exploitation of the biology of FPR2 offers innovative ways to rectify chronic inflammatory states and represents a viable avenue to develop novel therapies. Recent elucidation of FPR2 structure will facilitate development of the anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving drugs of next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xue Qin
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Lucy V. Norling
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of MedicineQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Elizabeth A. Vecchio
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Eoin P. Brennan
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute and School of MedicineUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Lauren T. May
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Catherine Godson
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute and School of MedicineUniversity College DublinDublinIreland
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of MedicineQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Rebecca H. Ritchie
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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16
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Pan Y, Wu L, He S, Wu J, Wang T, Zang H. Identification of hub genes and immune cell infiltration characteristics in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: Bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:843580. [PMID: 36060258 PMCID: PMC9431028 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.843580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study is to reveal the hub genes related to the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and their association with immune cell infiltration through bioinformatics analysis combined with experimental validation. In this study, through differential gene expression analysis, 1,516 upregulated and 1,307 downregulated DEG were obtained from dataset GSE136825 of the GEO database. We identified 14 co-expressed modules using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), among which the most significant positive and negative correlations were MEgreen and MEturquoise modules, containing 1,540 and 3,710 genes respectively. After the intersection of the two modules and DEG, two gene sets—DEG-MEgreen and DEG-MEturquoise—were obtained, containing 395 and 1,168 genes respectively. Through GO term analysis, it was found that immune response and signal transduction are the most important biological processes. We found, based on KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, that osteoclast differentiations, cytokine–cytokine receptor interactions, and neuroactive ligand–receptor interactions are the most important in the two gene sets. Through PPI network analysis, we listed the top-ten genes for the concentrated connectivity of the two gene sets. Next, a few genes were verified by qPCR experiments, and FPR2, ITGAM, C3AR1, FCER1G, CYBB in DEG-MEgreen and GNG4, NMUR2, and GNG7 in DEG-MEturquoise were confirmed to be related to the pathogenesis of CRSwNP. NP immune cell infiltration analysis revealed a significant difference in the proportion of immune cells between the NP group and control group. Finally, correlation analysis between target hub genes and immune cells indicated that FPR2 and GNG7 had a positive or negative correlation with some specific immune cells. In summary, the discoveries of these new hub genes and their association with immune cell infiltration are of great significance for uncovering the specific pathogenesis of CRSwNP and searching for disease biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangwang Pan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Civil Aviation General Hospital (Peking University Civil Aviation School of Clinical Medicine), Bejing, China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yangwang Pan, ; Hongrui Zang,
| | - Linjing Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai He
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongrui Zang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yangwang Pan, ; Hongrui Zang,
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17
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Zhang Q, Li F, Ritchie RH, Woodman OL, Zhou X, Qin CX. Novel strategies to promote resolution of inflammation to treat lower extremity artery disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 65:102263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Livshits G, Kalinkovich A. Targeting chronic inflammation as a potential adjuvant therapy for osteoporosis. Life Sci 2022; 306:120847. [PMID: 35908619 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Systemic, chronic, low-grade inflammation (SCLGI) underlies the pathogenesis of various widespread diseases. It is often associated with bone loss, thus connecting chronic inflammation to the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. In postmenopausal women, osteoporosis is accompanied by SCLGI development, likely owing to estrogen deficiency. We propose that SCGLI persistence in osteoporosis results from failed inflammation resolution, which is mainly mediated by specialized, pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). In corroboration, SPMs demonstrate encouraging therapeutic effects in various preclinical models of inflammatory disorders, including bone pathology. Since numerous data implicate gut dysbiosis in osteoporosis-associated chronic inflammation, restoring balanced microbiota by supplementing probiotics and prebiotics could contribute to the efficient resolution of SCGLI. In the present review, we provide evidence for this hypothesis and argue that efficient SCGLI resolution may serve as a novel approach for treating osteoporosis, complementary to traditional anti-osteoporotic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Livshits
- Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 4077625, Israel; Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6905126, Israel.
| | - Alexander Kalinkovich
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6905126, Israel
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19
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Pyridazinones and Structurally Related Derivatives with Anti-Inflammatory Activity. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123749. [PMID: 35744876 PMCID: PMC9229294 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Persistent inflammation contributes to a number of diseases; therefore, control of the inflammatory response is an important therapeutic goal. In an effort to identify novel anti-inflammatory compounds, we screened a library of pyridazinones and structurally related derivatives that were used previously to identify N-formyl peptide receptor (FPR) agonists. Screening of the compounds for their ability to inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) transcriptional activity in human THP1-Blue monocytic cells identified 48 compounds with anti-inflammatory activity. Interestingly, 34 compounds were FPR agonists, whereas 14 inhibitors of LPS-induced NF-κB activity were not FPR agonists, indicating that they inhibited different signaling pathways. Further analysis of the most potent inhibitors showed that they also inhibited LPS-induced production of interleukin 6 (IL-6) by human MonoMac-6 monocytic cells, again verifying their anti-inflammatory properties. Structure–activity relationship (SAR) classification models based on atom pair descriptors and physicochemical ADME parameters were developed to achieve better insight into the relationships between chemical structures of the compounds and their biological activities, and we found that there was little correlation between FPR agonist activity and inhibition of LPS-induced NF-κB activity. Indeed, Cmpd43, a well-known pyrazolone-based FPR agonist, as well as FPR1 and FPR2 peptide agonists had no effect on the LPS-induced NF-κB activity in THP1-Blue cells. Thus, some FPR agonists reported to have anti-inflammatory activity may actually mediate their effects through FPR-independent pathways, as it is suggested by our results with this series of compounds. This could explain how treatment with some agonists known to be inflammatory (i.e., FPR1 agonists) could result in anti-inflammatory effects. Further research is clearly needed to define the molecular targets of pyridazinones and structurally related compounds with anti-inflammatory activity and to define their relationships (if any) to FPR signaling events.
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20
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Wurtz NR, Johnson JA, Viet A, Shirude PS, Baligar V, Madduri S, Cheney DL, Park H, Lupisella JA, Hsu MY, Abousleiman M, Galella MA, Aulakh D, Dierks EA, Garcia RA, Ostrowski J, Kick EK, Wexler RR. Discovery of Heteroaryl Urea Isosteres for Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 Agonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:943-948. [DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R. Wurtz
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - James A. Johnson
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Andrew Viet
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | | | | | | | - Daniel L. Cheney
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Hyunsoo Park
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - John A. Lupisella
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Mei-Yin Hsu
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Mojgan Abousleiman
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Michael A. Galella
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Darpandeep Aulakh
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Dierks
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Ricardo A. Garcia
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Jacek Ostrowski
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Ellen K. Kick
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Ruth R. Wexler
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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21
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Kotlyarov S, Kotlyarova A. Molecular Pharmacology of Inflammation Resolution in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094808. [PMID: 35563200 PMCID: PMC9104781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the most important problems of modern medicine as it is the leading cause of hospitalizations, disability, and mortality. The key role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis is the imbalance between the activation of inflammation in the vascular wall and the mechanisms of its control. The resolution of inflammation is the most important physiological mechanism that is impaired in atherosclerosis. The resolution of inflammation has complex, not fully known mechanisms, in which lipid mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play an important role. Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) represent a group of substances that carry out inflammation resolution and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. SPMs include lipoxins, resolvins, maresins, and protectins, which are formed from PUFAs and regulate many processes related to the active resolution of inflammation. Given the physiological importance of these substances, studies examining the possibility of pharmacological effects on inflammation resolution are of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kotlyarov
- Department of Nursing, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Kotlyarova
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia;
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22
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Zheng X, Shen Q, Yin C, Li L, Zhong T, Yu C. Photoinduced Three‐Component Difluoroamidosulfonylation/Bicyclization: Regioselectivity Synthesis of Seven‐Membered Dibenzosultams. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Qitao Shen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanliu Yin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Lianghao Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Tianshuo Zhong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanming Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 People's Republic of China
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23
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Liao Q, Ye RD. Structural and conformational studies of biased agonism through formyl peptide receptors. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C939-C947. [PMID: 35385323 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00108.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled chemoattractant receptors are class A GPCRs that couple primarily to the Gi class of heterotrimeric G proteins. Initially identified for their abilities to mediate leukocyte chemotaxis, chemoattractant GPCRs such as the formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) have been known for their diverse cellular functions in response to a variety of agonists. Stimulation of FPR2, in particular, leads to ligand-dependent activation of pro-inflammatory signaling as well as anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving signaling. Recently, the structures of FPR2-Gi protein complexed with ligands of different compositions have been solved by crystallization and cryo-electron microscopy. Analysis of the structural data as well as molecular simulation have led to the findings that the FPR2 binding pocket is sufficiently large for accommodation of several different types of ligands, but in different poses. This mini-review focuses on the structural and conformational aspects of FPR2 for mechanisms underlying its biased agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Liao
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Richard D Ye
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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24
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Filep JG. Targeting Neutrophils for Promoting the Resolution of Inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:866747. [PMID: 35371088 PMCID: PMC8966391 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.866747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute inflammation is a localized and self-limited innate host-defense mechanism against invading pathogens and tissue injury. Neutrophils, the most abundant immune cells in humans, play pivotal roles in host defense by eradicating invading pathogens and debris. Ideally, elimination of the offending insult prompts repair and return to homeostasis. However, the neutrophils` powerful weaponry to combat microbes can also cause tissue damage and neutrophil-driven inflammation is a unifying mechanism for many diseases. For timely resolution of inflammation, in addition to stopping neutrophil recruitment, emigrated neutrophils need to be disarmed and removed from the affected site. Accumulating evidence documents the phenotypic and functional versatility of neutrophils far beyond their antimicrobial functions. Hence, understanding the receptors that integrate opposing cues and checkpoints that determine the fate of neutrophils in inflamed tissues provides insight into the mechanisms that distinguish protective and dysregulated, excessive inflammation and govern resolution. This review aims to provide a brief overview and update with key points from recent advances on neutrophil heterogeneity, functional versatility and signaling, and discusses challenges and emerging therapeutic approaches that target neutrophils to enhance the resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- János G Filep
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
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25
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Mastromarino M, Favia M, Schepetkin IA, Kirpotina LN, Trojan E, Niso M, Carrieri A, Leśkiewicz M, Regulska M, Darida M, Rossignolo F, Fontana S, Quinn MT, Basta-Kaim A, Leopoldo M, Lacivita E. Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Computational Studies of Novel Ureidopropanamides as Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 (FPR2) Agonists to Target the Resolution of Inflammation in Central Nervous System Disorders. J Med Chem 2022; 65:5004-5028. [PMID: 35257581 PMCID: PMC9942528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) agonists can boost the resolution of inflammation and can offer alternative approaches for the treatment of pathologies with underlying chronic neuroinflammation, including neurodegenerative disorders. Starting from the FPR2 agonist 2 previously identified in our laboratory and through fine-tuning of FPR2 potency and metabolic stability, we have identified a new series of ureidopropanamide derivatives endowed with a balanced combination of such properties. Computational studies provided insights into the key interactions of the new compounds for FPR2 activation. In mouse microglial N9 cells and in rat primary microglial cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, selected compounds inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, counterbalanced the changes in mitochondrial function, and inhibited caspase-3 activity. Among the new agonists, (S)-11l stands out also for the ability to permeate the blood-brain barrier and to accumulate in the mouse brain in vivo, thus representing a valuable pharmacological tool for studies in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Mastromarino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Favia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Igor A Schepetkin
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Lylia N Kirpotina
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Ewa Trojan
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smȩtna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Mauro Niso
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Carrieri
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Monika Leśkiewicz
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smȩtna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Magdalena Regulska
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smȩtna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | | | | | - Stefano Fontana
- Aptuit Srl, an Evotec Company, Via A. Fleming, 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Mark T Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smȩtna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcello Leopoldo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Enza Lacivita
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona, 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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Zhuang Y, Wang L, Guo J, Sun D, Wang Y, Liu W, Xu HE, Zhang C. Molecular recognition of formylpeptides and diverse agonists by the formylpeptide receptors FPR1 and FPR2. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1054. [PMID: 35217703 PMCID: PMC8881469 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The formylpeptide receptors (FPRs) mediate pattern recognition of formylated peptides derived from invading pathogens or mitochondria from dead host cells. They can also sense other structurally distinct native peptides and even lipid mediators to either promote or resolve inflammation. Pharmacological targeting of FPRs represents a novel therapeutic approach in treating inflammatory diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying FPR ligand recognition are elusive. We report cryo-EM structures of Gi-coupled FPR1 and FPR2 bound to a formylpeptide and Gi-coupled FPR2 bound to two synthetic peptide and small-molecule agonists. Together with mutagenesis data, our structures reveal the molecular mechanism of formylpeptide recognition by FPRs and structural variations of FPR1 and FPR2 leading to their different ligand preferences. Structural analysis also suggests that diverse FPR agonists sample a conserved activation chamber at the bottom of ligand-binding pockets to activate FPRs. Our results provide a basis for rational drug design on FPRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Zhuang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Jia Guo
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Dapeng Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Weiyi Liu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - H Eric Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201203, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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Kelly L, McGrath S, Rodgers L, McCall K, Tulunay Virlan A, Dempsey F, Crichton S, Goodyear CS. Annexin-A1; the culprit or the solution? Immunology 2022; 166:2-16. [PMID: 35146757 PMCID: PMC9426623 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin‐A1 has a well‐defined anti‐inflammatory role in the innate immune system, but its function in adaptive immunity remains controversial. This glucocorticoid‐induced protein has been implicated in a range of inflammatory conditions and cancers, as well as being found to be overexpressed on the T cells of patients with autoimmune disease. Moreover, the formyl peptide family of receptors, through which annexin‐A1 primarily signals, has also been implicated in these diseases. In contrast, treatment with recombinant annexin‐A1 peptides resulted in suppression of inflammatory processes in murine models of inflammation. This review will focus on what is currently known about annexin‐A1 in health and disease and discuss the potential of this protein as a biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Kelly
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Sarah McGrath
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Lewis Rodgers
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Kathryn McCall
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Aysin Tulunay Virlan
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
| | - Fiona Dempsey
- Medannex Ltd, 1 Lochrin Square, Fountainbridge, Edinburgh, EH3 9QA
| | - Scott Crichton
- Medannex Ltd, 1 Lochrin Square, Fountainbridge, Edinburgh, EH3 9QA
| | - Carl S Goodyear
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, UK
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28
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Lupisella JA, Shirude PS, Wurtz NR, Garcia RA. Formyl peptide receptor 2 and heart disease. Semin Immunol 2022; 59:101602. [PMID: 35277300 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptor type 2 (FPR2) regulates the initiation and resolution phases of the inflammatory response. In the setting of heart injury and disease, dysregulated inflammation can potentiate maladaptive healing and pathological remodeling of the heart leading to cardiac dysfunction and failure. The potential to regulate and resolve adverse inflammation is postulated to improve outcome in the setting of heart disease. This review covers emerging concepts on the role of FPR2 in heart disease and strategies to activate pro-resolution processes to limit disease progression. We summarize key preclinical studies that support use of FPR2 agonists in heart disease. Finally, we briefly discuss the status of FPR2 agonists under evaluation in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Lupisella
- Department of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Nicholas R Wurtz
- Department of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ricardo A Garcia
- Department of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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29
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Ye ZP, Liu F, Duan XY, Gao J, Guan JP, Xiao JA, Xiang HY, Chen K, Yang H. Visible Light-Promoted Radical Relay Cyclization/C-C Bond Formation of N-Allylbromodifluoroacetamides with Quinoxalin-2(1 H)-ones. J Org Chem 2021; 86:17173-17183. [PMID: 34743511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A visible light-promoted radical relay of N-allylbromodifluoroacetamide with quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones was developed in which 5-exo-trig cyclization and C-C bond formation were involved. This protocol was performed under mild conditions to facilely offer a variety of hybrid molecules bearing both quinoxalin-2(1H)-one and 3,3-difluoro-γ-lactam motifs. These prepared novel skeletons would expand the accessible chemical space for structurally complex heterocycles with potential biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Peng Ye
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yu Duan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Jie Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Guan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Jun-An Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Yue Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Kai Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
| | - Hua Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P. R. China
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30
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Vartak T, Godson C, Brennan E. Therapeutic potential of pro-resolving mediators in diabetic kidney disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113965. [PMID: 34508793 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Renal microvascular disease associated with diabetes [Diabetic kidney disease - DKD] is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease. In DKD, glomerular basement membrane thickening, mesangial expansion, endothelial dysfunction, podocyte cell loss and renal tubule injury contribute to progressive glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Chronic inflammation is recognized as a major pathogenic mechanism for DKD, with resident and circulating immune cells interacting with local kidney cell populations to provoke an inflammatory response. The onset of inflammation is driven by the release of well described proinflammatory mediators, and this is typically followed by a resolution phase. Inflammation resolution is achieved through the bioactions of endogenous specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs). As our understanding of SPMs advances 'resolution pharmacology' based approaches using these molecules are being explored in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanwi Vartak
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine Godson
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eoin Brennan
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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31
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Annexin A1 attenuates cardiac diastolic dysfunction in mice with inflammatory arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2020385118. [PMID: 34526398 PMCID: PMC8463875 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020385118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) carries a twofold increased incidence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, accompanied by diastolic dysfunction, which can lead to death. The causes of diastolic dysfunction are unknown, and there are currently no well-characterized animal models for studying these mechanisms. Current medications for RA do not have marked beneficial cardio-protective effects. K/BxN F1 progeny and KRN control mice were analyzed over time for arthritis development, monitoring left ventricular diastolic and systolic function using echocardiography. Excised hearts were analyzed by flow cytometry, qPCR, and histology. In pharmacological experiments, K/BxN F1 mice were treated with human recombinant AnxA1 (hrAnxA1, 1 μg/mouse) or vehicle daily. K/BxN F1 mice exhibited fully developed arthritis with normal cardiac function at 4 wk; however, by week 8, all mice displayed left ventricular diastolic dysfunction with preserved ejection fraction. This dysfunction was associated with cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial inflammation and fibrosis, and inflammatory markers. Daily treatment of K/BxN F1 mice with hrAnxA1 from weeks 4 to 8 halted progression of the diastolic dysfunction. The treatment reduced cardiac transcripts of proinflammatory cytokines and profibrotic markers. At the cellular level, hrAnxA1 decreased activated T cells and increased MHC IIlow macrophage infiltration in K/BxN F1 hearts. Similar effects were obtained when hrAnxA1 was administered from week 8 to week 15. We describe an animal model of inflammatory arthritis that recapitulates the cardiomyopathy of RA. Treatment with hrAnxA1 after disease onset corrected the diastolic dysfunction through modulation of both fibroblast and inflammatory cell phenotype within the heart.
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32
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García RA, Lupisella JA, Ito BR, Hsu MY, Fernando G, Carson NL, Allocco JJ, Ryan CS, Zhang R, Wang Z, Heroux M, Carrier M, St-Onge S, Bouvier M, Dudhgaonkar S, Nagar J, Bustamante-Pozo MM, Garate-Carrillo A, Chen J, Ma X, Search DJ, Dierks EA, Kick EK, Wexler RR, Gordon DA, Ostrowski J, Wurtz NR, Villarreal F. Selective FPR2 Agonism Promotes a Proresolution Macrophage Phenotype and Improves Cardiac Structure-Function Post Myocardial Infarction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 6:676-689. [PMID: 34466754 PMCID: PMC8385569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
MI leads to ischemic damage of myocardium and activation of inflammatory programs as part of the wound healing response. Selective activation of FPR2 on macrophages potentiates key cellular activities that enable wound healing. MI was induced in rodents to study the effects of treatment with BMS-986235, a selective small molecule agonist of FPR2. BMS-986235 stimulated proresolution macrophage activities, induced neutrophil apoptosis and clearance, improved LV and infarct structure, and preserved cardiac function post MI. The findings suggest that targeted activation of FPR2 can improve post-MI outcome and may diminish the development of HF.
Dysregulated inflammation following myocardial infarction (MI) leads to maladaptive healing and remodeling. The study characterized and evaluated a selective formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) agonist BMS-986235 in cellular assays and in rodents undergoing MI. BMS-986235 activated G proteins and promoted β-arrestin recruitment, enhanced phagocytosis and neutrophil apoptosis, regulated chemotaxis, and stimulated interleukin-10 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene expression. Treatment with BMS-986235 improved mouse survival, reduced left ventricular area, reduced scar area, and preserved wall thickness. Treatment increased macrophage arginase-1 messenger RNA and CD206 receptor levels indicating a proresolution phenotype. In rats following MI, BMS-986235 preserved viable myocardium, attenuated left ventricular remodeling, and increased ejection fraction relative to control animals. Therefore, FPR2 agonism improves post-MI healing, limits remodeling and preserves function, and may offer an innovative therapeutic option to improve outcomes.
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Key Words
- BRET, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer
- EC50, half maximal effective concentration
- FPR2
- FPR2, formyl peptide receptor 2
- HF
- HF, heart failure
- I/R, ischemia-reperfusion
- IL, interleukin
- KO, knockout
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LV, left ventricle/ventricular
- MCP, monocyte chemoattractant protein
- MI
- MI, myocardial infarction
- SAA, serum amyloid A
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- WT, wild-type
- formyl peptide receptor 2
- heart failure
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- myocardial infarction
- resolution
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A García
- Department of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - John A Lupisella
- Department of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bruce R Ito
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Mei-Yin Hsu
- Department of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Gayani Fernando
- Department of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nancy L Carson
- Department of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - John J Allocco
- Department of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Carol S Ryan
- Department of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rongan Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Zhaoqing Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Madeleine Heroux
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marilyn Carrier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stéphane St-Onge
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jignesh Nagar
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Jian Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Xiuying Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Debra J Search
- Department of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Dierks
- Department of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ellen K Kick
- Department of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ruth R Wexler
- Department of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - David A Gordon
- Department of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jacek Ostrowski
- Department of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nicholas R Wurtz
- Department of Cardiovascular and Fibrosis Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Francisco Villarreal
- Department of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
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33
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Maciuszek M, Ortega-Gomez A, Maas SL, Garrido-Mesa J, Ferraro B, Perretti M, Merritt A, Nicolaes GAF, Soehnlein O, Chapman TM. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel pyrrolidinone small-molecule Formyl peptide receptor 2 agonists. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113805. [PMID: 34536667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of Formyl peptide receptor 2 small molecule agonists with a pyrrolidinone scaffold, derived from a combination of pharmacophore modelling and docking studies, were designed and synthesized. The GLASS (GPCR-Ligand Association) database was screened using a pharmacophore model. The most promising novel ligand structures were chosen and then tested in cellular assays (calcium mobilization and β-arrestin assays). Amongst the selected ligands, two pyrrolidinone compounds (7 and 8) turned out to be the most active. Moreover compound 7 was able to reduce the number of adherent neutrophils in a human neutrophil static adhesion assay which indicates its anti-inflammatory and proresolving properties. Further exploration and optimization of new ligands showed that heterocyclic rings, e.g. pyrazole directly connected to the pyrrolidinone scaffold, provide good stability and a boost in the agonistic activity. The compounds of most interest (7 and 30) were tested in an ERK phosphorylation assay, demonstrating selectivity towards FPR2 over FPR1. Compound 7 was examined in an in vivo mouse pharmacokinetic study. Compound 7 may be a valuable in vivo tool and help improve understanding of the role of the FPR2 receptor in the resolution of inflammation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Maciuszek
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, UK; The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Almudena Ortega-Gomez
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Sanne L Maas
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Jose Garrido-Mesa
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Bartolo Ferraro
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Mauro Perretti
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Andy Merritt
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, UK
| | - Gerry A F Nicolaes
- CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Sciences Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich Hospital, Munich, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (FyFa), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute for Experimental Pathology (ExPat), Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Timothy M Chapman
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, UK
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34
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Formyl peptide receptor 2, as an important target for ligands triggering the inflammatory response regulation: a link to brain pathology. Pharmacol Rep 2021; 73:1004-1019. [PMID: 34105114 PMCID: PMC8413167 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-021-00271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) belong to the family of seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors. Among them, FPR2 is a low affinity receptor for N-formyl peptides and is considered the most promiscuous member of FPRs. FPR2 is able to recognize a broad variety of endogenous or exogenous ligands, ranging from lipid to proteins and peptides, including non-formylated peptides. Due to this property FPR2 has the ability to modulate both pro- and anti-inflammatory response, depending on the nature of the bound agonist and on the different recognition sites of the receptor. Thus, FPR2 takes part not only in the proinflammatory response but also in the resolution of inflammation (RoI) processes. Recent data have indicated that the malfunction of RoI may be the background for some central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Therefore, much interest is focused on endogenous molecules called specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), as well as on new synthetic FPR2 agonists, which kick-start the resolution of inflammation (RoI) and modulate its course. Here, we shed some light on the general characteristics of the FPR family in humans and in the experimental animals. Moreover, we present a guide to understanding the "double faced" action of FPR2 activation in the context of immune-related diseases of the CNS.
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35
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Dumas A, Knaus UG. Raising the 'Good' Oxidants for Immune Protection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:698042. [PMID: 34149739 PMCID: PMC8213335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.698042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox medicine is a new therapeutic concept targeting reactive oxygen species (ROS) and secondary reaction products for health benefit. The concomitant function of ROS as intracellular second messengers and extracellular mediators governing physiological redox signaling, and as damaging radicals instigating or perpetuating various pathophysiological conditions will require selective strategies for therapeutic intervention. In addition, the reactivity and quantity of the oxidant species generated, its source and cellular location in a defined disease context need to be considered to achieve the desired outcome. In inflammatory diseases associated with oxidative damage and tissue injury, ROS source specific inhibitors may provide more benefit than generalized removal of ROS. Contemporary approaches in immunity will also include the preservation or even elevation of certain oxygen metabolites to restore or improve ROS driven physiological functions including more effective redox signaling and cell-microenvironment communication, and to induce mucosal barrier integrity, eubiosis and repair processes. Increasing oxidants by host-directed immunomodulation or by exogenous supplementation seems especially promising for improving host defense. Here, we summarize examples of beneficial ROS in immune homeostasis, infection, and acute inflammatory disease, and address emerging therapeutic strategies for ROS augmentation to induce and strengthen protective host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Dumas
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ulla G Knaus
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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36
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Chen J, Norling LV, Cooper D. Cardiac Dysfunction in Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Role of Inflammation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040881. [PMID: 33924323 PMCID: PMC8070480 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disease that carries an increased risk of mortality due to cardiovascular disease. The link between inflammation and atherosclerotic disease is clear; however, recent evidence suggests that inflammation may also play a role in the development of nonischemic heart disease in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. We consider here the link between inflammation and cardiovascular disease in the RA community with a focus on heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. The effect of current anti-inflammatory therapeutics, used to treat RA patients, on cardiovascular disease are discussed as well as whether targeting resolution of inflammation might offer an alternative strategy for tempering inflammation and subsequent inflammation-driven comorbidities in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Chen
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (J.C.); (L.V.N.)
| | - Lucy V. Norling
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (J.C.); (L.V.N.)
- Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Dianne Cooper
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (J.C.); (L.V.N.)
- Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Correspondence:
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37
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Regulation of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress by Formyl Peptide Receptors in Cardiovascular Disease Progression. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11030243. [PMID: 33804219 PMCID: PMC7998928 DOI: 10.3390/life11030243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most important regulators of cardiac function and are commonly targeted for medical therapeutics. Formyl-Peptide Receptors (FPRs) are members of the GPCR superfamily and play an emerging role in cardiovascular pathologies. FPRs can modulate oxidative stress through nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production whose dysregulation has been observed in different cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, many studies are focused on identifying molecular mechanisms of the regulation of ROS production. FPR1, FPR2 and FPR3 belong to the FPRs family and their stimulation triggers phosphorylation of intracellular signaling molecules and nonsignaling proteins that are required for NADPH oxidase activation. Some FPR agonists trigger inflammatory processes, while other ligands activate proresolving or anti-inflammatory pathways, depending on the nature of the ligands. In general, bacterial and mitochondrial formylated peptides activate a proinflammatory cell response through FPR1, while Annexin A1 and Lipoxin A4 are anti-inflammatory FPR2 ligands. FPR2 can also trigger a proinflammatory pathway and the switch between FPR2-mediated pro- and anti-inflammatory cell responses depends on conformational changes of the receptor upon ligand binding. Here we describe the detrimental or beneficial effects of the main FPR agonists and their potential role as new therapeutic and diagnostic targets in the progression of cardiovascular diseases.
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Maciuszek M, Ortega-Gomez A, Maas SL, Perretti M, Merritt A, Soehnlein O, Chapman TM. Synthesis and evaluation of novel cyclopentane urea FPR2 agonists and their potential application in the treatment of cardiovascular inflammation. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 214:113194. [PMID: 33548634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of natural specialized pro-resolving mediators and their corresponding receptors, such as formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2), indicated that resolution of inflammation (RoI) is an active process which could be harnessed for innovative approaches to tame pathologies with underlying chronic inflammation. In this work, homology modelling, molecular docking and pharmacophore studies were deployed to assist the rationalization of the structure-activity relationships of known FPR2 agonists. The developed pharmacophore hypothesis was then used in parallel with the homology model for the design of novel ligand structures and in virtual screening. In the first round of optimization compound 8, with a cyclopentane core, was chosen as the most promising agonist (β-arrestin recruitment EC50 = 20 nM and calcium mobilization EC50 = 740 nM). In a human neutrophil static adhesion assay, compound 8 decreased the number of adherent neutrophils in a concentration dependent manner. Further investigation led to the more rigid cycloleucines (compound 22 and 24) with improved ADME profiles and maintaining FPR2 activity. Overall, we identified novel cyclopentane urea FPR2 agonists with promising ADMET profiles and the ability to suppress the inflammatory process by inhibiting the neutrophil adhesion cascade, which indicates their anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Maciuszek
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, UK; The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Almudena Ortega-Gomez
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Sanne L Maas
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Mauro Perretti
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Andy Merritt
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, UK
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich Hospital, Munich, Germany; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (FyFa), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
| | - Timothy M Chapman
- LifeArc, Accelerator Building, Open Innovation Campus, Stevenage, UK
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Recent advances in the design and development of formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2/ALX) agonists as pro-resolving agents with diverse therapeutic potential. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113167. [PMID: 33486199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Under physiological conditions the initiation, duration and amplitude of inflammatory responses are tightly regulated to ensure the restoration of homeostasis. The resolution of inflammation in these circumstances is dictated by responses to endogenously generated mediators. Mimicry of such mediators underpins the principle of promoting the resolution of inflammation in treating inflammatory pathologies. The formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2/ALX) is a G-protein coupled receptor known to play a crucial role in maintaining host defence and orchestrating the inflammatory process. FPR2/ALX can be activated by a wide range of distinct agonists, including lipids, proteins, peptides, and an array of synthetic small molecule agonists. The focus of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent progress made in the development of FPR2/ALX agonists which promote resolution and tissue regeneration.
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Brennan E, Kantharidis P, Cooper ME, Godson C. Pro-resolving lipid mediators: regulators of inflammation, metabolism and kidney function. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021; 17:725-739. [PMID: 34282342 PMCID: PMC8287849 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00454-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular disease are risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and kidney failure. Chronic, low-grade inflammation is recognized as a major pathogenic mechanism that underlies the association between CKD and obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance and diabetes, through interaction between resident and/or circulating immune cells with parenchymal cells. Thus, considerable interest exists in approaches that target inflammation as a strategy to manage CKD. The initial phase of the inflammatory response to injury or metabolic dysfunction reflects the release of pro-inflammatory mediators including peptides, lipids and cytokines, and the recruitment of leukocytes. In self-limiting inflammation, the evolving inflammatory response is coupled to distinct processes that promote the resolution of inflammation and restore homeostasis. The discovery of endogenously generated lipid mediators - specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators and branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids - which promote the resolution of inflammation and attenuate the microvascular and macrovascular complications of obesity and diabetes mellitus highlights novel opportunities for potential therapeutic intervention through the targeting of pro-resolution, rather than anti-inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin Brennan
- grid.7886.10000 0001 0768 2743Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Phillip Kantharidis
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Mark E. Cooper
- grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Catherine Godson
- grid.7886.10000 0001 0768 2743Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute and School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Lind S, Dahlgren C, Holmdahl R, Olofsson P, Forsman H. Functional selective FPR1 signaling in favor of an activation of the neutrophil superoxide generating NOX2 complex. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:1105-1120. [PMID: 33040403 PMCID: PMC8246850 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2hi0520-317r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The formyl peptide receptors FPR1 and FPR2 are abundantly expressed by neutrophils, in which they regulate proinflammatory tissue recruitment of inflammatory cells, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and resolution of inflammatory reactions. The unique dual functionality of the FPRs makes them attractive targets to develop FPR‐based therapeutics as novel anti‐inflammatory treatments. The small compound RE‐04‐001 has earlier been identified as an inducer of ROS in differentiated HL60 cells but the precise target and the mechanism of action of the compound was has until now not been elucidated. In this study, we reveal that RE‐04‐001 specifically targets and activates FPR1, and the concentrations needed to activate the neutrophil NADPH‐oxidase was very low (EC50 ∼1 nM). RE‐04‐001 was also found to be a neutrophil chemoattractant, but when compared to the prototype FPR1 agonist N‐formyl‐Met‐Leu‐Phe (fMLF), the concentrations required were comparably high, suggesting that signaling downstream of the RE‐04‐001‐activated‐FPR1 is functionally selective. In addition, the RE‐04‐001‐induced response was strongly biased toward the PLC‐PIP2‐Ca2+ pathway and ERK1/2 activation but away from β‐arrestin recruitment. Compared to the peptide agonist fMLF, RE‐04‐001 is more resistant to inactivation by the MPO‐H2O2‐halide system. In summary, this study describes RE‐04‐001 as a novel small molecule agonist specific for FPR1, which displays a biased signaling profile that leads to a functional selective activating of human neutrophils. RE‐04‐001 is, therefore, a useful tool, not only for further mechanistic studies of the regulatory role of FPR1 in inflammation in vitro and in vivo, but also for developing FPR1‐specific drug therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lind
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claes Dahlgren
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Olofsson
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Huamei Forsman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Perretti M, Godson C. Formyl peptide receptor type 2 agonists to kick-start resolution pharmacology. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4595-4600. [PMID: 32954491 PMCID: PMC7520433 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One way to develop innovative approaches for the treatment of chronic diseases is to exploit the biology of the resolution of inflammation. With this terminology, we identify the integrated and complex network of mediators and pathways that ensure a timely and spatially regulated inflammatory response. Pro-resolving mediators act on specific receptors. This provides an opportunity for developing a new arm of pharmacology we have termed "resolution pharmacology." Here we present the reasoning behind the need to develop new medicines based on resolution and use a prototype GPCR as an example. Understanding how the formyl peptide receptor type 2 (FPR2) operates in a cell-specific manner can guide the development of agonists as new therapeutics that could be of benefit as a therapy or co-therapy for several diseases that affect our society. FPR2 agonists would be among the first drugs to establish "resolution pharmacology" as the pharmacological approach for the third decade of the millennium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Perretti
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.,Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Catherine Godson
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute & School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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