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Jing SX, McDermott CM, Flanders PL, Reis-Havlat M, Chen SN, Bedran-Russo AK, McAlpine JB, Ambrose EA, Pauli GF. Chemical Transformation of B- to A-type Proanthocyanidins and 3D Structural Implications. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:1416-1425. [PMID: 38687902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.4c00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
In nature, proanthocyanidins (PACs) with A-type linkages are relatively rare, likely due to biosynthetic constraints in the formation of additional ether bonds to be introduced into the more common B-type precursors. However, A-type linkages confer greater structural rigidity on PACs than do B-type linkages. Prior investigations into the structure-activity relationships (SAR) describing how plant-derived PACs with B- and complex AB-type linkages affect their capacity for dentin biomodification indicate that a higher ratio of double linkages leads to a greater interaction with dentin type I collagen. Thus, A-type PACs emerge as particularly intriguing candidates for interventional functional biomaterials. This study employed a free-radical-mediated oxidation using DPPH to transform trimeric and tetrameric B-type PACs, 2 and 4, respectively, into their exclusively A-type linked analogues, 3 and 5, respectively. The structures and absolute configurations of the semisynthetic products, including the new all-A-type tetramer 5, were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis. Additionally, molecular modeling investigated the conformational characteristics of all trimers and tetramers, 1-5. Our findings suggest that the specific interflavan linkages significantly impact the flexibility and low-energy conformations of the connected monomeric units, which conversely can affect the bioactive conformations relevant for dentin biomodification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Connor M McDermott
- Department of Chemistry, Grandview University, Des Moines, Iowa 50316, United States
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2
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Tehrani M, Navayee T. Suitability of dyes from cinnamon bark on wool fibers using metal and bio-mordants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33381-z. [PMID: 38632195 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33381-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Growing concern about the environmental effects of metal mordants and synthetic dyes is encouraging the use of bio-mordants and natural colorants. Cinnamon bark is a rich source of natural colorants such as cinnamaldehyde and tannins. The main purpose of this research was to study and compare the effect of bio-mordants versus metal mordants in terms of colorimetric parameters and color fastness properties of cinnamon bark on wool fibers. Accordingly, some bio-mordants, including date kernel, peppermint, banana peel, and artemisia, as well as some metal mordants like aluminum potassium sulphate and copper sulphate, were studied based on three conventional mordanting methods (pre-, meta-, and post-mordanting). The results indicated that the conjunction of metal mordants and polyphenolic bio-mordants with cinnamon colorants can create different hues and tones of brown. Also, the color produced by cinnamon in wool fibers has poor color fastness and low color strength. Overall, bio-mordants have presented good color properties, making the dyeing process eco-friendly and greener. Among the applied bio-mordants, peppermint has created the best color strength and color fastness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Tehrani
- Department of Art, Shahrekord University, Chahar Mahal & Bakhtiyary, 5681188617, Iran.
| | - Taraneh Navayee
- Department of Art, Shahrekord University, Chahar Mahal & Bakhtiyary, 5681188617, Iran
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Jing SX, Ferreira D, Pandey P, Klein LL, Chittiboyina AG, McAlpine JB, Lankin DC, Alania Y, Reis-Havlat M, Bedran-Russo AK, Chen SN, Pauli GF. Unprecedented Benzoquinone Motifs Reveal Post-Oligomerizational Modification of Proanthocyanidins. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13490-13503. [PMID: 37748101 PMCID: PMC10921432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PACs) are complex flavan-3-ol polymers with stunning chemical complexity due to oxygenation patterns, oxidative phenolic ring linkages, and intricate stereochemistry of their heterocycles and inter-flavan linkages. Being promising candidates for dental restorative biomaterials, trace analysis of dentin bioactive cinnamon PACs now yielded novel trimeric (1 and 2) and tetrameric (3) PACs with unprecedented o- and p-benzoquinone motifs (benzoquinonoid PACs). Challenges in structural characterization, especially their absolute configuration, prompted the development of a new synthetic-analytical approach involving comprehensive spectroscopy, including NMR with quantum mechanics-driven 1H iterative functionalized spin analysis (HifSA) plus experimental and computational electronic circular dichroism (ECD). Vital stereochemical information was garnered from synthesizing 4-(2,5-benzoquinone)flavan-3-ols and a truncated analogue of trimer 2 as ECD models. Discovery of the first natural benzoquinonoid PACs provides new evidence to the experimentally elusive PAC biosynthesis as their formation requires two oxidative post-oligomerizational modifications (POMs) that are distinct and occur downstream from both quinone-methide-driven oligomerization and A-type linkage formation. While Nature is known to achieve structural diversity of many major compound classes by POMs, this is the first indication of PACs also following this common theme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Xi Jing
- Pharmacognosy Institute, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Daneel Ferreira
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
| | - Pankaj Pandey
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
| | - Larry L. Klein
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Amar Gopal Chittiboyina
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA
| | - James B. McAlpine
- Pharmacognosy Institute, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - David C. Lankin
- Pharmacognosy Institute, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Yvette Alania
- Department of General Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, USA
| | - Mariana Reis-Havlat
- Department of General Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, USA
| | - Ana K. Bedran-Russo
- Department of General Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, USA
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- Pharmacognosy Institute, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- Pharmacognosy Institute, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Nie F, Liu L, Cui J, Zhao Y, Zhang D, Zhou D, Wu J, Li B, Wang T, Li M, Yan M. Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins: An Updated Review of Their Natural Sources, Synthesis, and Potentials. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051004. [PMID: 37237870 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins (OPCs), as a class of compounds widely found in plants, are particularly abundant in grapes and blueberries. It is a polymer comprising many different monomers, such as catechins and epicatechins. The monomers are usually linked to each other by two types of links, A-linkages (C-O-C) and B-linkages (C-C), to form the polymers. Numerous studies have shown that compared to high polymeric procyanidins, OPCs exhibit antioxidant properties due to the presence of multiple hydroxyl groups. This review describes the molecular structure and natural source of OPCs, their general synthesis pathway in plants, their antioxidant capacity, and potential applications, especially the anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, cardiovascular disease prevention, and antineoplastic functions. Currently, OPCs have attracted much attention, being non-toxic and natural antioxidants of plant origin that scavenge free radicals from the human body. This review would provide some references for further research on the biological functions of OPCs and their application in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanxuan Nie
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Lili Liu
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Jiamin Cui
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Yuquan Zhao
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Dinggang Zhou
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Jinfeng Wu
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Bao Li
- Crop Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Tonghua Wang
- Crop Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Mei Li
- Crop Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Mingli Yan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Economic Crops Genetic Improvement and Integrated Utilization, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
- Crop Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Hunan Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hybrid Rapeseed, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
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Jing SX, Reis M, Alania Y, McAlpine JB, Chen SN, Bedran-Russo AK, Pauli GF. B-type Proanthocyanidins with Dentin Biomodification Activity from Cocoa ( Theobroma cacao). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:12456-12468. [PMID: 36134876 PMCID: PMC9547875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To enable translational studies, a scalable preparative isolation scheme was developed for underivatized cocoa (Theobroma cacao) proanthocyanidins (PACs), affording six all-B-type oligomeric PACs, including a new tetramer 4. Their structures, including absolute configuration, were unambiguously established by comprehensive spectroscopic and chemical methods. Evaluation of the PACs' dentin biomodification properties employed dynamic mechanical and infrared spectroscopic analyses in dentin bioassay models. PAC treatment enhanced the biomechanical strength of dentin by 5- to 15-fold compared to untreated dentin. Among the PAC agents, the pentamer, cinnamtannin A3 (6), led to the highest complex modulus value of 131 MPa, whereas the "branched" tetramer, 4, showed the lowest, yet still significant bioactivity. This study of specifically singly linked medium-length oligomeric PACs indicates that the linkage site is paramount in determining the potency of these PACs as dentin biomodifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Xi Jing
- Pharmacognosy Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical
Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612,
USA
| | - Mariana Reis
- Department of General Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry,
Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Yvette Alania
- Department of General Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry,
Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - James B. McAlpine
- Pharmacognosy Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical
Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612,
USA
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- Pharmacognosy Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical
Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612,
USA
| | - Ana K. Bedran-Russo
- Department of General Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry,
Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- Pharmacognosy Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical
Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612,
USA
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6
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Jing SX, Alania Y, Reis M, McAlpine JB, Chen SN, Bedran-Russo AK, Pauli GF. Proanthocyanidin Tetramers and Pentamers from Cinnamomum verum Bark and Their Dentin Biomodification Bioactivities. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:391-404. [PMID: 35107279 PMCID: PMC8881394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To enable the further exploration of structure-activity relationships (SARs) of proanthocyanidins (PACs) with dentin biomodification abilities, Cinnamomum verum was selected for scaled-up purification of mixed A-/B-type, medium-size PAC oligomers. Sequential purification by centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC), Sephadex LH-20, and semiprep HPLC chromatography yielded four underivatized tetrameric (5-8) and two pentameric (9-10) PACs. Their unambiguous structural characterization involved extensive spectral and chemical degradation approaches to show that epicatechin units are connected by plant-specific combinations of doubly linked A- and singly linked B-type interflavanyl bonds. The biomechanical properties (via dynamic mechanical analysis) and physicochemical structure (via infrared spectroscopy) were assessed to evaluate the biomodification potency of PAC-treated collagen in a preclinical dentin model. This study revealed that (4→8) versus (4→6) bonds in PAC interflavan linkages have limited influence on biomechanical outcomes of dentin. By exhibiting a 25-fold increase in the complex modulus of treated dentin compared to control, aesculitannin E (5) was found to be the most potent PAC known to date for enhancing the mechanical properties of dentin in this preclinical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Xi Jing
- Pharmacognosy Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Yvette Alania
- Department of General Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Mariana Reis
- Department of General Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - James B. McAlpine
- Pharmacognosy Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- Pharmacognosy Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ana K. Bedran-Russo
- Department of General Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- Pharmacognosy Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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