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Porcel M, Miranda TC, Pisco-Ortiz C, Camargo H, Moreno J, Gutiérrez Y. A scarab beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) causes tree mortality, delayed growth, and yield reduction in cacao with genotype-specific susceptibility to herbivory. Pest Manag Sci 2024; 80:2179-2187. [PMID: 38158649 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explored the impact of Leucothyreus femoratus, a previously unreported folivorous pest in cacao cultivation, on cacao tree survival, development, and yield. The study was conducted in an experimental cacao plot in the Colombian plains, it featured 20 cacao genotypes in an agroforestry system, with plantain and Mexican sunflower providing temporary shade, and yopo offering permanent shade. RESULTS We found an infestation rate of 2.9 ± 0.3 adult beetles per cacao tree. L. femoratus larvae were discovered in association with the roots of all plants within the agroforestry arrangement; however, yopo and plantain exhibited the highest incidence of root-feeding larvae among these associated plants. Interestingly, male and female L. femoratus displayed distinct leaf consumption patterns in the laboratory, with females consuming more foliage relative to their body weight. Moreover, field observations highlighted the detrimental impact of L. femoratus herbivory on cacao tree survival and growth, leading to leaf skeletonization, reduced plant height, and stem diameter. Trees with over 50% leaf consumption suffered more than 20% mortality. Additionally, herbivory negatively affected cacao yield, correlating higher leaf surface damage with a decrease in harvested pods. The study also identified varying antixenotic resistance in different cacao genotypes, with some consistently displaying resistance while others showed variable levels during tree establishment and production stages. CONCLUSION This research underscores the significant role of L. femoratus as a cacao pest, emphasizing its adverse effects on cacao tree survival, development, and yield. Consequently, implementing effective control measures is vital for ensuring sustainable cacao cultivation. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Porcel
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, Centro de Investigación La Libertad, Km. 17 vía Puerto López, Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia
- Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria, Pesquera, Alimentaria y de la Producción Ecológica, Centro Málaga, Cortijo de la Cruz S/N, Málaga, 29140, Spain
| | - Tatiana C Miranda
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, Centro de Investigación La Libertad, Km. 17 vía Puerto López, Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, Sede Central, Km 14 vía Bogotá - Mosquera, Mosquera, Colombia
| | - Carolina Pisco-Ortiz
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, Centro de Investigación La Libertad, Km. 17 vía Puerto López, Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia
- Programa de plagas y enfermedades, Centro de Investigación en Palma de Aceite (Cenipalma), Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Hebert Camargo
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, Centro de Investigación La Libertad, Km. 17 vía Puerto López, Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia
| | - Jessica Moreno
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, Centro de Investigación La Libertad, Km. 17 vía Puerto López, Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia
| | - Yeisson Gutiérrez
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, Centro de Investigación La Libertad, Km. 17 vía Puerto López, Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia
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do Carmo Mazzinghy AC, Silva VDM, Ramos ALCC, de Oliveira CP, de Oliveira GB, Augusti R, de Araújo RLB, Melo JOF. Influence of the Different Maturation Conditions of Cocoa Beans on the Chemical Profile of Craft Chocolates. Foods 2024; 13:1031. [PMID: 38611338 PMCID: PMC11011494 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao L.) can be used for craft chocolate production, which arouses consumer interest due to their perceived better quality. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical profile of 80% artisanal chocolate samples produced with cocoa beans subjected to different maturation conditions. In the first maturation process, beans were matured under no-oxygen conditions, and in the second, the toasted beans were matured in oak barrels. The volatile compounds of the chocolate samples were extracted by the solid-phase microextraction method in headspace mode and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometer. The non-volatile compounds were extracted with methanol and analyzed through paper spray mass spectrometry. Overall, 35 volatile compounds belonging to different chemical classes (acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and pyrazines) were identified, such as propanoic acid and butane-2,3-diol. In addition, 37 non-volatile compounds, such as procyanidin A pentoside and soyasaponin B, were listed. Tannins, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoids were the main chemical classes observed, varying between the two samples analyzed. Therefore, it was possible to verify that maturation conditions affected the metabolomic profile of the 80% artisanal chocolate samples, being able to influence the sensory characteristics and bioactive compounds profile. Given these results, the sensory evaluation of these chocolates is suggested as the next step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina do Carmo Mazzinghy
- Campus Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35701-970, MG, Brazil; (A.C.d.C.M.); (V.D.M.S.); (C.P.d.O.)
| | - Viviane Dias Medeiros Silva
- Campus Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35701-970, MG, Brazil; (A.C.d.C.M.); (V.D.M.S.); (C.P.d.O.)
| | - Ana Luiza Coeli Cruz Ramos
- Departamento de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (A.L.C.C.R.); (G.B.d.O.); (R.L.B.d.A.)
| | - Carla Patrícia de Oliveira
- Campus Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35701-970, MG, Brazil; (A.C.d.C.M.); (V.D.M.S.); (C.P.d.O.)
| | - Gabriel Barbosa de Oliveira
- Departamento de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (A.L.C.C.R.); (G.B.d.O.); (R.L.B.d.A.)
| | - Rodinei Augusti
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil;
| | - Raquel Linhares Bello de Araújo
- Departamento de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (A.L.C.C.R.); (G.B.d.O.); (R.L.B.d.A.)
| | - Júlio Onésio Ferreira Melo
- Campus Sete Lagoas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Sete Lagoas 35701-970, MG, Brazil; (A.C.d.C.M.); (V.D.M.S.); (C.P.d.O.)
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Moore RET, Ullah I, Dunwell JM, Rehkämper M. Stable Isotope Analyses Reveal Impact of Fe and Zn on Cd Uptake and Translocation by Theobroma cacao. Plants (Basel) 2024; 13:551. [PMID: 38498553 PMCID: PMC10893372 DOI: 10.3390/plants13040551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
High concentrations of toxic cadmium (Cd) in soils are problematic as the element accumulates in food crops such as rice and cacao. A mitigation strategy to minimise Cd accumulation is to enhance the competitive uptake of plant-essential metals. Theobroma cacao seedlings were grown hydroponically with added Cd. Eight different treatments were used, which included/excluded hydroponic or foliar zinc (Zn) and/or iron (Fe) for the final growth period. Analyses of Cd concentrations and natural stable isotope compositions by multiple collector ICP-MS were conducted. Cadmium uptake and translocation decreased when Fe was removed from the hydroponic solutions, while the application of foliar Zn-EDTA may enhance Cd translocation. No significant differences in isotope fractionation during uptake were found between treatments. Data from all treatments fit a single Cd isotope fractionation model associated with sequestration (seq) of isotopically light Cd in roots and unidirectional mobilisation (mob) of isotopically heavier Cd to the leaves (ε114Cdseq-mob = -0.13‱). This result is in excellent agreement with data from an investigation of 19 genetically diverse cacao clones. The different Cd dynamics exhibited by the clones and seen in response to different Fe availability may be linked to similar physiological processes, such as the regulation of specific transporter proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah E. T. Moore
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College, London SW7 2BP, UK;
| | - Ihsan Ullah
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6EU, UK; (I.U.); (J.M.D.)
| | - Jim M. Dunwell
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6EU, UK; (I.U.); (J.M.D.)
| | - Mark Rehkämper
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College, London SW7 2BP, UK;
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de Oliveira IB, Moura IM, Santana JO, Gramacho KP, Dos Santos Alves S, Ferreira MM, Santos AS, de Novais DPS, Pirovani CP. Cocoa Apoplastome Contains Defense Proteins Against Pathogens. Phytopathology 2024; 114:427-440. [PMID: 37665571 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-23-0101-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The apoplast performs important functions in the plant, such as defense against stress, and compounds present form the apoplastic washing fluid (AWF). The fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causal agent of witches' broom disease (WBD) in Theobroma cacao, initially colonizes the apoplast in its biotrophic phase. In this period, the fungus can remain for approximately 60 days, until it changes to its second phase, causing tissue death and consequently large loss in the production of beans. To better understand the importance of the apoplast in the T. cacao-M. perniciosa interaction, we performed the first apoplastic proteomic mapping of two contrasting genotypes for WBD resistance (CCN51-resistant and Catongo-susceptible). Based on two-dimensional gel analysis, we identified 36 proteins in CCN-51 and 15 in Catongo. We highlight PR-proteins, such as peroxidases, β-1,3-glucanases, and chitinases. A possible candidate for a resistance marker of the CCN-51 genotype, osmotin, was identified. The antioxidative metabolism of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the AWF of the two genotypes under field conditions (FD). T. cacao AWF inhibited the germination of M. perniciosa basidiospores (>80%), in addition to causing morphological changes. Our results shed more light on the nature of the plant's defense performed by the apoplast in the T. cacao-M. perniciosa interaction in the initial (biotrophic) phase of fungal infection and therefore make it possible to expand WBD control strategies based on the identification of potential targets for resistance markers and advance scientific knowledge of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Karina Peres Gramacho
- Centro de Pesquisa do Cacau (CEPEC/CEPLAC) Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Km 22 Rod. Ilhéus-Itabuna, Ilhéus, Bahia 45600-970, Brazil
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Ferreira MM, Farias KS, Zugaib M, Alves AMM, Amaral GV, Santos MLDC, Freitas ADS, Santana BCG, dos Santos Júnior SL, Mora-Ocampo IY, Santos AS, da Silva MF, Andrade BS, Pirovani CP. TcSERPIN, an inhibitor that interacts with cocoa defense proteins and has biotechnological potential against human pathogens. Front Plant Sci 2024; 15:1337750. [PMID: 38348273 PMCID: PMC10859438 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1337750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
In plants, serpins are a superfamily of serine and cysteine protease inhibitors involved in stress and defense mechanisms, with potential for controlling agricultural pests, making them important biotechnological tools. The objective of this study was to characterize a serpin from Theobroma cacao, called TcSERPIN, to identify its endogenous targets and determine its function and biotechnological potential. TcSERPIN has 390 amino acid residues and shows conservation of the main active site, RCL. Cis-elements related to light, stress, hormones, anaerobic induction, cell cycle regulation and defense have been identified in the gene's regulatory region. TcSERPIN transcripts are accumulated in different tissues of Theobroma cacao. Furthermore, in plants infected with Moniliophtora perniciosa and Phytophthora palmivora, the expression of TcSERPIN was positively regulated. The protein spectrum, rTcSERPIN, reveals a typical β-sheet pattern and is thermostable at pH 8, but loses its structure with temperature increases above 66°C at pH 7. At the molar ratios of 0.65 and 0.49, rTcSERPIN inhibited 55 and 28% of the activity of papain from Carica papaya and trypsin from Sus scrofa, respectively. The protease trap containing immobilized rTcSERPIN captured endogenous defense proteins from cocoa extracts that are related to metabolic pathways, stress and defense. The evaluation of the biotechnological potential against geohelminth larvae showed that rTcSERPIN and rTcCYS4 (Theobroma cacao cystatin 4) reduced the movement of larvae after 24 hours. The results of this work show that TcSERPIN has ideal biochemical characteristics for biotechnological applications, as well as potential for studies of resistance to phytopathogens of agricultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monaliza Macêdo Ferreira
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Keilane Silva Farias
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maria Zugaib
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Akyla Maria Martins Alves
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Geiseane Velozo Amaral
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maria Luíza do Carmo Santos
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Andria dos Santos Freitas
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Brenda Conceição Guimarães Santana
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Liberato dos Santos Júnior
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Irma Yuliana Mora-Ocampo
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ariana Silva Santos
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Fernandes da Silva
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Bruno Silva Andrade
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Química Computacional (LBQC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Jequié, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
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Barroso JP, de Almeida AAF, do Nascimento JL, Oliveira BRM, Dos Santos IC, Mangabeira PAO, Ahnert D, Baligar VC. The damage caused by Cd toxicity to photosynthesis, cellular ultrastructure, antioxidant metabolism, and gene expression in young cacao plants are mitigated by high Mn doses in soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:115646-115665. [PMID: 37884715 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is one of the essential mineral micronutrients most demanded by cacao. Cadmium (Cd) is highly toxic to plants and other living beings. There are indications that Mn can interact with Cd and mitigate its toxicity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the action of Mn on the toxic effect of Cd in young plants of the CCN 51 cacao genotype, subjected to different doses of Mn, Cd, and Mn+Cd in soil, through physiological, biochemical, molecular, and micromorphological and ultrastructural changes. High soil Mn doses favored the maintenance and performance of adequate photosynthetic processes in cacao. However, high doses of Cd and Mn+Cd in soil promoted damage to photosynthesis, alterations in oxidative metabolism, and the uptake, transport, and accumulation of Cd in roots and leaves. In addition, high Cd concentrations in roots and leaf tissues caused irreversible damage to the cell ultrastructure, compromising cell function and leading to programmed cell death. However, there was a mitigation of Cd toxicity when cacao was grown in soils with low Cd doses and in the presence of Mn. Thus, damage to the root and leaf tissues of cacao caused by Cd uptake from contaminated soils can be attenuated or mitigated by the presence of high Mn doses in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joedson Pinto Barroso
- State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Highway Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Alex-Alan Furtado de Almeida
- State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Highway Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil.
| | - Junea Leandro do Nascimento
- State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Highway Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna Rafaela Machado Oliveira
- State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Highway Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Ivanildes Conceição Dos Santos
- State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Highway Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | | | - Dário Ahnert
- State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Highway Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Virupax C Baligar
- USDA-ARS-Beltsville Agricultural Research Center Beltsville, Beltsville, MD, USA
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Schmidt JE, Puig AS, DuVal AE, Pfeufer EE. Phyllosphere microbial diversity and specific taxa mediate within-cultivar resistance to Phytophthora palmivora in cacao. mSphere 2023; 8:e0001323. [PMID: 37603690 PMCID: PMC10597403 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00013-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The oomycete pathogen Phytophthora palmivora, which causes black pod rot (BPR) on cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), is responsible for devastating yield losses worldwide. Genetic variation in resistance to Phytophthora spp. is well documented among cacao cultivars, but variation has also been observed in the incidence of BPR even among trees of the same cultivar. In light of evidence that the naturally occurring phyllosphere microbiome can influence foliar disease resistance in other host-pathogen systems, it was hypothesized that differences in the phyllosphere microbiome between two field accessions of the cultivar Gainesville II 164 could be responsible for their contrasting resistance to P. palmivora. Bacterial alpha diversity was higher but fungal alpha diversity was lower in the more resistant accession MITC-331, and the accessions harbored phyllosphere microbiomes with distinct community compositions. Six bacterial and 82 fungal amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) differed in relative abundance between MITC-333 and MITC-331, including bacterial putative biocontrol agents and a high proportion of fungal pathogens, and nine fungal ASVs were correlated with increased lesion development. The roles of contrasting light availability and host mineral nutrition, particularly potassium, are also discussed. Results of this preliminary study can be used to guide research into microbiome-informed integrated pest management strategies effective against Phytophthora spp. in cacao. IMPORTANCE Up to 40% of the world's cacao is lost each year to diseases, the most devastating of which is black pod rot, caused by Phytophthora palmivora. Though disease resistance is often attributed to cacao genotypes (i.e., disease-resistant rootstocks), this study highlights the role of the microbiome in contributing to differences in resistance even among accessions of the same cacao cultivar. Future studies of plant-pathogen interactions may need to account for variation in the host microbiome, and optimizing the cacao phyllosphere microbiome could be a promising new direction for P. palmivora resistance research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alina S. Puig
- Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Emily E. Pfeufer
- Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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de Almeida NM, de Almeida AAF, de Almeida Santos N, Mora-Ocampo IY, Pirovani CP. Leaf proteomic profiles in cacao scion-rootstock combinations tolerant and intolerant to cadmium toxicity. Plant Physiol Biochem 2023; 203:107987. [PMID: 37722279 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Cd contamination in cacao beans is one of the major problems faced by cocoa producing countries in Latin America. Cacao scion-rootstock combinations influence the Cd accumulation in the shoot of the plant. The objective of this work was to carry out a comparative analysis between cacao scion rootstock combinations (CCN 51/BN 34, CCN 51/PS 13.19, CCN 51/PH 16 and CCN 51/CCN 51), contrasting for tolerance to cadmium (Cd) toxicity, by means of leaf proteomic profiles, in order to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in tolerance to Cd toxicity. Cacao scion-rootstock combinations were grown in soil with 150 mg Cd kg-1 soil, together with the control treatment. Leaf samples were collected 96 h after treatments were applied. There were alterations in the leaf proteome of the cacao scion-rootstock combinations, whose molecular responses to Cd toxicity varied depending on the combination. Leaf proteomic analyzes provided important information regarding the molecular mechanisms involved in the tolerance and intolerance of cacao scion-rootstock combinations to Cd toxicity. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems, efficient for eliminating ROS, especially the expressions of APX and SOD, in addition to the increase in the abundance of metalloproteins, such as ferredoxins, rubredoxin, ALMT, Trx-1 and ABC-transporter were key mechanisms used in the Cd detoxification in cacao scion-rootstock combinations tolerant to Cd toxicity. Carboxylic acid metabolism, glucose activation and signal transduction were also important processes in the responses of cacao scion-rootstock combinations to Cd toxicity. The results confirmed CCN 51/BN 34 as a cacao scion-rootstock combination efficient in tolerance to Cd toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolle Moreira de Almeida
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Highway Jorge Amado, Km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
| | - Alex-Alan Furtado de Almeida
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Highway Jorge Amado, Km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
| | - Nayara de Almeida Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Highway Jorge Amado, Km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
| | - Irma Yuliana Mora-Ocampo
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Highway Jorge Amado, Km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Highway Jorge Amado, Km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
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Galvis DA, Jaimes-Suárez YY, Rojas Molina J, Ruiz R, León-Moreno CE, Carvalho FEL. Unveiling Cacao Rootstock-Genotypes with Potential Use in the Mitigation of Cadmium Bioaccumulation. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:2941. [PMID: 37631153 PMCID: PMC10458809 DOI: 10.3390/plants12162941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of high cadmium (Cd) levels in cacao beans (Theobroma cacao) generate several commercial and health issues. We hypothesized that cacao phenotypic and genotypic diversity could provide new insights to decrease Cd accumulation in cacao beans. Nine cacao rootstock genotypes were evaluated for up to 90 days under 0, 6, and 12 (mg·kg-1) of CdCl2 exposure and Cd content and plant growth dynamics were measured in leaves, stems, and roots. Data revealed that all cacao genotypes studied here were highly tolerant to Cd, since they presented tolerance index ≥ 60%. In shoots, EET61 and PA46 presented the higher (~270 mg·kg DW-1) and lower (~20 mg·kg DW-1) Cd concentration, respectively. Accordingly, only the EET61 showed an increase in the shoot cadmium translocation factor over the 90 days of exposure. However, when analyzing cadmium allocation to different organs based on total plant dry mass production, none of the genotypes maintained high Cd compartmentalization into roots, since P46, which was the genotype with the highest allocation of Cd to the roots, presented only 20% of total cadmium per plant in this plant organ and 80% allocated into the shoots, under Cd 12 (mg·kg-1) and after 90 days of exposure. Thus, genotypic/phenotypic variability in cacao rootstocks may provide valuable strategies for maximizing the reduction in Cd content in shoots. In this sense, IMC67 and PA46 were the ones that stood out in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A. Galvis
- Centro de Investigación La Suiza, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Agrosavia), Rionegro 250047, Colombia
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia;
| | - Yeirme Y. Jaimes-Suárez
- Centro de Investigación La Suiza, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Agrosavia), Rionegro 250047, Colombia
| | - Jairo Rojas Molina
- Centro de Investigación La Suiza, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Agrosavia), Rionegro 250047, Colombia
| | - Rosalba Ruiz
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería 230002, Colombia;
| | - Clara E. León-Moreno
- Centro de Investigación La Suiza, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Agrosavia), Rionegro 250047, Colombia
| | - Fabricio Eulalio Leite Carvalho
- Centro de Investigación La Suiza, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Agrosavia), Rionegro 250047, Colombia
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N'zi JC, Koné I, M'bo KAA, Koné S, Kouamé C. Successful grafting elite cocoa clones ( Theobroma cacao L.) as a function of the age of rootstock. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18732. [PMID: 37560640 PMCID: PMC10407737 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Côte d'Ivoire, the world's largest cocoa producer, faces numerous challenges because the yield of orchards is low due to several factors including the non-use of improved plant materials. This work is part of ICRAF's Vision for Change (V4C) project, which aimed at contributing to the regeneration of cocoa farms by making effective plant materials available to small cocoa producers. It essentially consisted in evaluating the effect of the age of the rootstock on the success of grafting to obtain a satisfactory quantity of improved plants in the nursery. The study was carried out in Adiopodoumé at the National Agronomic Research Center (CNRA). Ten elite cocoa clones from the "Vision for Change" project were used as scions. Top grafting was performed on seedlings of 2, 3- and 4-months used as rootstocks. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Data collection was focused on the grafting success rate and morphological parameters. The results showed that the grafting success rate is proportional to the rootstock age. Two months after grafting, the success rate was low. This indicates that grafting should eventually start at 3 months. This period could therefore represent a good stage to successfully graft and replant cocoa seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude N'zi
- World Agroforestry (ICRAF), 08 BP 2823, Abidjan 08, Côte d'Ivoire
- UPR de Génétique, UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Issouf Koné
- World Agroforestry (ICRAF), 08 BP 2823, Abidjan 08, Côte d'Ivoire
- UPR de Génétique, UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Kacou Alban Antoine M'bo
- World Agroforestry (ICRAF), 08 BP 2823, Abidjan 08, Côte d'Ivoire
- UPR Physiologie et Pathologie Végétales, UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Siaka Koné
- World Agroforestry (ICRAF), 08 BP 2823, Abidjan 08, Côte d'Ivoire
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Farias KS, Ferreira MM, Amaral GV, Zugaib M, Santos AS, Gomes FP, Rezende RP, Gramacho KP, Aguiar ERGR, Pirovani CP. BASIDIN as a New Protein Effector of the Phytopathogen Causing Witche's Broom Disease in Cocoa. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11714. [PMID: 37511472 PMCID: PMC10380501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa secretes protein effectors that manipulate the physiology of the host plant, but few effectors of this fungus have had their functions confirmed. We performed functional characterization of a promising candidate effector of M. perniciosa. The inoculation of rBASIDIN at 4 µmol L-1 in the mesophyll of leaflets of Solanum lycopersicum caused symptoms of shriveling within 6 h without the presence of necrosis. However, when sprayed on the plant at a concentration of 11 µmol L-1, it caused wilting symptoms only 2 h after application, followed by necrosis and cell death at 48 h. rBASIDIN applied to Theobroma cacao leaves at the same concentration caused milder symptoms. rBASIDIN caused hydrogen peroxide production in leaf tissue, damaging the leaf membrane and negatively affecting the photosynthetic rate of Solanum lycopersicum plants. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that BASIDIN has orthologs in other phytopathogenic basidiomycetes. Analysis of the transcripts revealed that BASIDIN and its orthologs are expressed in different fungal species, suggesting that this protein is differentially regulated in these basidiomycetes. Therefore, the results of applying BASIDIN allow the inference that it is an effector of the fungus M. perniciosa, with a strong potential to interfere in the defense system of the host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keilane Silva Farias
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Monaliza Macêdo Ferreira
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Geiseane Veloso Amaral
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maria Zugaib
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ariana Silva Santos
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fábio Pinto Gomes
- Fisiologia Vegetal, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Rachel Passos Rezende
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Karina Peres Gramacho
- Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira, Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau-MAPA, Laboratório de Fitopatologia Molecular, km 22 Rodovia Ilhéus Itabuna, Ilhéus 45600-970, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Eric Roberto Guimarães Rocha Aguiar
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil
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Gómez-de la Cruz I, Chávez-Ramírez B, Avendaño-Arrazate CH, Morales-García YE, Muñoz-Rojas J, Estrada-de Los Santos P. Optimization of Paenibacillus sp. NMA1017 Application as a Biocontrol Agent for Phytophthora tropicalis and Moniliophthora roreri in Cacao-Growing Fields in Chiapas, Mexico. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:2336. [PMID: 37375961 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
In Mexico, cacao production is endangered by pathogenic fungi, such as Phytophthora spp. and Moniliophthora rorei, that cause black pod rot and moniliasis, respectively. In this study the biocontrol agent Paenibacillus sp. NMA1017 was tested in cacao fields against the previous diseases. The treatments applied were shade management, inoculation of the bacterial strain with or without an adherent, and use of chemical control. The statistical analysis showed that the incidence of black pod rot in tagged cacao trees diminished when the bacterium was applied (reduction of 44.24 to 19.11%). The same result was observed with moniliasis when the pods were tagged (reduction of 66.6 to 27%). The use of Paenibacillus sp. NMA1017 with an integrated management might be a solution to cacao diseases and to having a sustainable production of cacao in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Gómez-de la Cruz
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Microbiana, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Belén Chávez-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Fitopatología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carlos Hugo Avendaño-Arrazate
- Campo Experimental Rosario Izapa, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Km 18, Carretera Tapachula-Cacahoatán, Tuxtla Chico 30870, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Elizabeth Morales-García
- Ecology and Survival of Microoganisms Gropu, Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, San Manuel, Puebla 72570, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Jesús Muñoz-Rojas
- Ecology and Survival of Microoganisms Gropu, Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, San Manuel, Puebla 72570, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Paulina Estrada-de Los Santos
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Microbiana, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Dias ALDS, Fenger JA, Meudec E, Verbaere A, Costet P, Hue C, Coste F, Lair S, Cheynier V, Boulet JC, Sommerer N. Shades of Fine Dark Chocolate Colors: Polyphenol Metabolomics and Molecular Networking to Enlighten the Brown from the Black. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13050667. [PMID: 37233708 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13050667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
High-quality dark chocolates (70% cocoa content) can have shades from light to dark brown color. This work aimed at revealing compounds that discriminate black and brown chocolates. From 37 fine chocolate samples from years 2019 and 2020 provided by Valrhona,8 dark black samples and 8 light brown samples were selected. A non-targeted metabolomics study was performed based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry experiments, univariate, multivariate, and feature-based molecular networking analyses. Twenty-seven overaccumulated discriminating compounds were found for black chocolates. Among them, glycosylated flavanols including monomers and glycosylated A-type procyanidin dimers and trimers were highly representative. Fifty overaccumulated discriminating compounds were found for brown chocolates. Most of them were B-type procyanidins (from trimers to nonamers). These phenolic compounds may be partially related to the chocolate colors as precursors of colored compounds. This study increases the knowledge on the chemical diversity of dark chocolates by providing new information about the phenolic profiles of black and brown chocolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aecio Luís de Sousa Dias
- SPO, Université de Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, F-34060 Montpellier, France
- INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure, PFP Polyphenol Analysis Facility, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Julie-Anne Fenger
- SPO, Université de Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, F-34060 Montpellier, France
- INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure, PFP Polyphenol Analysis Facility, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuelle Meudec
- SPO, Université de Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, F-34060 Montpellier, France
- INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure, PFP Polyphenol Analysis Facility, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Arnaud Verbaere
- SPO, Université de Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, F-34060 Montpellier, France
- INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure, PFP Polyphenol Analysis Facility, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Véronique Cheynier
- SPO, Université de Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, F-34060 Montpellier, France
- INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure, PFP Polyphenol Analysis Facility, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Claude Boulet
- SPO, Université de Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, F-34060 Montpellier, France
- INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure, PFP Polyphenol Analysis Facility, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Sommerer
- SPO, Université de Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, F-34060 Montpellier, France
- INRAE, PROBE Research Infrastructure, PFP Polyphenol Analysis Facility, F-34060 Montpellier, France
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Panneer Selvam S, Cho S. Phosphate-driven H 2O 2 decomposition on DNA-bound bio-inspired activated carbon-based sensing platform for biological and food samples. Food Chem 2023; 421:136234. [PMID: 37119688 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is one of the most important reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased endogenous H2O2 levels indicate oxidative stress and could be a potential marker of many diseases, including Alzheimer's, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. However, consuming H2O2-incorporated food has adverse effects on humans and is a serious health concern. We used salmon testes DNA with bio-inspired activated carbon (AC) as an electrocatalyst for developing a novel H2O2 sensor. The phosphate backbone of DNA contains negatively charged oxygen groups that specifically attract protons from H2O2 reduction. We observed a linearity range of 0.01-250.0 μM in the H2O2 reduction peak current with a detection limit of 2.5 and 45.7 nM for chronoamperometric and differential pulse voltammetric studies. High biocompatibility of the sensor was achieved by the DNA, facilitating endogenous H2O2 detection. Moreover, this non-enzymatic sensor could also help in the rapid screening of H2O2-contaminated foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Panneer Selvam
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13210, Korea
| | - Sungbo Cho
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13210, Korea; Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea.
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Vanderschueren R, Wantiez L, Blommaert H, Flores J, Chavez E, Smolders E. Revealing the pathways of cadmium uptake and translocation in cacao trees ( Theobroma cacao L.): A 108Cd pulse-chase experiment. Sci Total Environ 2023; 869:161816. [PMID: 36708823 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The pathways through which cadmium (Cd) is taken up and loaded into cacao beans (nibs) are yet to be revealed. Previous work suggested that Cd loading into cacao nibs may occur via direct xylem uptake rather than phloem-mediated redistribution from the leaves. A stable isotope (108Cd) pulse-chase experiment was set up to identify the pathways of Cd loading into cacao nibs. The topsoil beneath two mature cacao trees in the field was enriched in 108Cd via surface irrigation with a spiked solution. The increase in 108Cd isotopic abundance (IA) in the plant tissues was followed up for 548 days after spiking. The 108Cd IA in the plant tissues increased from natural abundance (0.89 %) to 7.0 % (tree A) and 10.1 % (tree B) at equilibrium. The tracer was taken up in the plant tissues in the order immature leaves > mature leaves > nibs in both trees, while tracer uptake in flowers and cherelles was less consistent between the trees. Half of the equilibrium 108Cd IA was reached in the nibs at 191 days after spiking, significantly later than corresponding values for mature (151 days) and immature leaves (117 days). Pod maturation from flower stage takes about 6 months with most Cd entering the nibs at the last stage of development. The rather slow rise in the 108Cd IA in the nibs compared to the leaves hence suggests that Cd in cacao nibs likely originates from phloem-redistribution from the stem, branches or mature leaves and not from direct root-to-nib transport via the xylem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Vanderschueren
- Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Léna Wantiez
- Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Hester Blommaert
- Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTERRE, Grenoble, France
| | - Julia Flores
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Eduardo Chavez
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Erik Smolders
- Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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Pacheco DDR, Santana BCG, Pirovani CP, de Almeida AAF. Zinc/iron-regulated transporter-like protein gene family in Theobroma cacao L: Characteristics, evolution, function and 3D structure analysis. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1098401. [PMID: 36925749 PMCID: PMC10012423 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1098401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The zinc/iron-regulated transporter-like protein (ZIP) gene family first identified in plants is highly distributed in the plant kingdom. This family has previously been reported to transport several essential and non-essential cationic elements, including those toxic to many economically important crops such as cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). In this article, we present a detailed study on physicochemical properties, evolution, duplication, gene structure, promoter region and TcZIP family three-dimensional protein structure. A total of 11 TcZIP genes have been identified to encode proteins from 309 to 435 aa, with localization in the plasma membrane and chloroplast, containing 6-9 putative domains (TM). Interspecies phylogenetic analysis subdivided the ZIP proteins into four groups. Segmental duplication events significantly contributed to the expansion of TcZIP genes. These genes underwent high pressure of purifying selection. The three-dimensional structure of the proteins showed that α helix conformations are predominant with several pocket sites, containing the metal binding site, with the residues leucine (LEU), alanine (ALA), glycine (GLY), serine (SER), lysine (LYS) and histidine (HIS) the most predicted. Regarding the analysis of the protein-protein interaction and enrichment of the gene ontology, four biological processes were assigned, the most important being the cation transport. These new discoveries expand the knowledge about the function, evolution, protein structures and interaction of ZIP family proteins in cacao and contribute to develop cacao genotypes enriched with important mineral nutrients as well as genotypes that bioaccumulate or exclude toxic metals.
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Reyes BMD, Fonseca PLC, Heming NM, Conceição LBDA, Nascimento KTDS, Gramacho KP, Arevalo-Gardini E, Pirovani CP, Aguiar ERGR. Characterization of the microbiota dynamics associated with Moniliophthora roreri, causal agent of cocoa frosty pod rot disease, reveals new viral species. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1053562. [PMID: 36817107 PMCID: PMC9936985 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1053562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Theobroma cacao, the cocoa tree, is a target for pathogens, such as fungi from the genera Phytophthora, Moniliophthora, Colletotrichum, Ceratocystis, among others. Some cacao pathogens are restricted to specific regions of the world, such as the Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) in West African countries, while others are expanding geographically, such as Moniliophthora roreri in the Americas. M. roreri is one of the most threatening cacao pathogens since it directly attacks the cacao pods driving a significant reduction in production, and therefore economic losses. Despite its importance, the knowledge about the microenvironment of this pathogen and the cocoa pods is still poorly characterized. Methods Herein we performed RNA sequencing of spores in differential stages of culture in a medium supplemented with cacao pod extract and mycelium collected of the susceptible variety ICT 7121 naturally infected by the pathogen to evaluate the diversity and transcriptional activity of microorganisms associated with the in vitro sporulation of M. roreri. Results Our data revealed a great variety of fungi and bacteria associated with M. roreri, with an exceptional diversity of individuals from the genus Trichoderma sp. Interestingly, the dynamics of microorganisms from different kingdoms varied proportionally, suggesting they are somehow affected by M. roreri culture time. We also identified three sequences similar to viral genomes from the Narnaviridae family, posteriorly confirmed by phylogenetic analysis as members of the genus Narnavirus. Screening of M. roreri public datasets indicated the virus sequences circulating in samples from Ecuador, suggesting a wide spread of these elements. Of note, we did not identify traces of the viral sequences in the M. roreri genome or DNA sequencing, restricting the possibility of these sequences representing endogenized elements. Discussion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of viruses infecting the fungus of the genus Moniliophthora and only the third description of viruses that are able to parasite elements from the Marasmiaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Luize Camargos Fonseca
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil,Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Neander Marcel Heming
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Karina Peres Gramacho
- Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau, Comissão Executivo do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira, CEPEC/CEPLAC, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Ilhéus, Brazil
| | - Enrique Arevalo-Gardini
- Instituto de Cultivos Tropicales, Tarapoto, Peru,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Alto Amazonas, Yurimaguas, Peru
| | | | - Eric Roberto Guimarães Rocha Aguiar
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil,*Correspondence: Eric Roberto Guimarães Rocha Aguiar, ✉
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Korcari D, Fanton A, Ricci G, Rabitti NS, Laureati M, Hogenboom J, Pellegrino L, Emide D, Barbiroli A, Fortina MG. Fine Cocoa Fermentation with Selected Lactic Acid Bacteria: Fermentation Performance and Impact on Chocolate Composition and Sensory Properties. Foods 2023; 12. [PMID: 36673432 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocoa fermentation is a central step in chocolate manufacturing. In this research, we performed controlled fermentations of a fine cocoa variety to evaluate the impact of adjunct cultures of selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on fermentation parameters, chemical composition, and sensory profile of fine cocoa and chocolate. Improved fermentation processes were carried out at the Centre for the Integral Transformation of Cacao (CETICO) in Dominican Republic. Two strains of LAB, previously isolated from cocoa, and belonging to Lactiplantibacillus fabifermentans and Furfurilactibacillus rossiae species, were employed. Fermentation parameters, protein, peptide and free amino acid profiles of the fermented cocoa and volatile molecules were determined. Sensory analysis of the derived chocolate was also carried out. The obtained results indicated that the addition of the adjunct cultures influences the proteolytic processes and the free amino acid profile. Finally, the adjunct cultures increased the complexity of the flavour profile of the chocolate as they received a higher score for descriptors commonly used for fine chocolate, such as honey and red fruits. The results obtained showed that the selected strains can be an added value to the development of specific flavours that are desirable at industrial level.
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Nwonuma CO, Abdurrahman JE, Rotimi DE, Evbuomwan IO, Lele KC, Alejolowo OO, Ezea SC, Asogwa NT, Oludipe EO. Theobroma cacao fortified-feed ameliorates potassium bromate-induced oxidative damage in male Wistar rat. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:269-80. [PMID: 36876028 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Some therapeutic and beneficial health properties of the Theobroma cacao leaf have been documented. This study evaluated the ameliorative effect of Theobroma cacao-fortified feed against potassium bromate-induced oxidative damage in male Wistar rats. Thirty rats were randomly grouped into A-E. Except for E (the negative control), the rats in the other groups were administered 0.5 ml of 10 mg/kg body weight of potassium bromate daily using oral gavage and then allowed access to feed and water ad libitum. Groups B, C, and D were fed with 10 %, 20 %, and 30 % leaf-fortified feed respectively, while the negative and positive control (A) was fed with commercial feed. The treatment was carried out consecutively for fourteen days. In the liver and kidney, there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in total protein concentration, a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in MDA level, and SOD activity in the fortified feed group compared to the positive control. Furthermore, in the serum, there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the albumin concentration, and ALT activity, and a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in urea concentration in the fortified feed groups compared to the positive control. The histopathology of the liver and kidney in the treated groups showed moderate cell degeneration compared to the positive control group. Antioxidant activity due to the presence of flavonoids and metal chelating activity of fiber in Theobroma cacao leaf could be responsible for the ameliorative effect of the fortified feed against potassium bromate-induced oxidative damage.
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20
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De Oliveira AC, Muhovski Y, Rogez H, Debode F. DNA Isolation from Cocoa-Derived Products and Cocoa Authentication by TaqMan Real-Time PCR. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2967:75-83. [PMID: 37608104 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3358-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is an international commodity used as an ingredient in the manufacturing of chocolate making its authentication a key issue in the cocoa chain. Various molecular techniques have been increasingly applied for quality requirements. These issues highlight the need for techniques that allow the extraction and detection of cocoa DNA from highly processed cocoa products and chocolate. The applicability of real-time PCR to highly processed cocoa-derived products for authentication purposes depends on the possibility of extracting high-quality and amplifiable DNA and further developing efficient PCR tests. This methodology herein describes the use of a classical CTAB method providing DNA suitable for TaqMan real-time PCR amplification. Real-time PCR is a simple and fast method, with a high potential application in a wide range of food products. The main features of this technique are focused on two DNA targets, one located in the nuclear genome (vicilin-li PCR test) and a second one based on chloroplast DNA (lipids PCR test), which successfully passed the performance criteria considering the specificity, sensitivity, efficiency of amplification, robustness, and applicability in processed cocoa-derived products and chocolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Caroline De Oliveira
- Department of Life Sciences, Unit Bioengineering, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Yordan Muhovski
- Department of Life Sciences, Unit Bioengineering, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Herve Rogez
- Centre for Valorisation of Amazonian Bioactive Compounds (CVACBA) & Universidade Federal Do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Frédéric Debode
- Department of Life Sciences, Unit Bioengineering, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Gembloux, Belgium
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21
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Jiménez-Zapata DL, Quiroga-Pérez M, Quiroz-Yepes M, Marulanda-Tobón A, Álvarez JC, Mosquera-López S. Development of a Method for Detecting and Estimating Moniliophthora roreri Spore Loads Based on Spore Traps and qPCR. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:jof9010047. [PMID: 36675868 PMCID: PMC9862605 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Frosty pod rot, caused by Moniliophthora roreri, is the most damaging disease of cacao in Latin America and, to better comprehend its epidemiology, we must understand its dissemination and proliferation. However, we do not know how M. roreri spores loads fluctuate in time and space due to the lack of a reliable technique to quantify M. roreri spores in the fields. Therefore, we developed a method that relies on spore traps and qPCR to detect and quantify M. roreri spore loads. This study demonstrated that the qPCR protocol can detect down to 0.025 ng of M. roreri DNA and quantify between 0.006 ng and 60 ng. Moreover, it demonstrated that qPCR protocol can detect and quantify DNA extracted from spore suspension and spore traps containing at least 2.9 × 104 M. roreri spores. However, the variability of the estimates for spore samples was high. Finally, we described a spore-trap device designed to carry spore traps in the field. The qPCR protocol and spore-trap device here developed will help in the understanding of the M. roreri dissemination patterns since they can be used to assess the environmental loads of M. roreri spore in cacao fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L. Jiménez-Zapata
- Division of Natural Systems and Sustainability, School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, EAFIT University, Medellín 050021, Colombia
- CIBIOP Research Group, School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, EAFIT University, Medellín 050021, Colombia
| | - Manuela Quiroga-Pérez
- Division of Natural Systems and Sustainability, School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, EAFIT University, Medellín 050021, Colombia
- CIBIOP Research Group, School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, EAFIT University, Medellín 050021, Colombia
| | - Manuela Quiroz-Yepes
- Division of Natural Systems and Sustainability, School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, EAFIT University, Medellín 050021, Colombia
- GEMA Research Group, School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, EAFIT University, Medellín 050021, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Marulanda-Tobón
- Division of Natural Systems and Sustainability, School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, EAFIT University, Medellín 050021, Colombia
- GEMA Research Group, School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, EAFIT University, Medellín 050021, Colombia
| | - Javier C. Álvarez
- Division of Natural Systems and Sustainability, School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, EAFIT University, Medellín 050021, Colombia
- CIBIOP Research Group, School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, EAFIT University, Medellín 050021, Colombia
- Correspondence:
| | - Sandra Mosquera-López
- Division of Natural Systems and Sustainability, School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, EAFIT University, Medellín 050021, Colombia
- CIBIOP Research Group, School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, EAFIT University, Medellín 050021, Colombia
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22
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Hou S, Zhang Q, Chen J, Meng J, Wang C, Du J, Guo Y. Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of the GRAS Transcription Factor Gene Family in Theobroma cacao. Genes (Basel) 2022; 14:57. [PMID: 36672798 PMCID: PMC9858872 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
GRAS genes exist widely and play vital roles in various physiological processes in plants. In this study, to identify Theobroma cacao (T. cacao) GRAS genes involved in environmental stress and phytohormones, we conducted a genome-wide analysis of the GRAS gene family in T. cacao. A total of 46 GRAS genes of T. cacao were identified. Chromosomal distribution analysis showed that all the TcGRAS genes were evenly distributed on ten chromosomes. Phylogenetic relationships revealed that GRAS proteins could be divided into twelve subfamilies (HAM: 6, LISCL: 10, LAS: 1, SCL4/7: 1, SCR: 4, DLT: 1, SCL3: 3, DELLA: 4, SHR: 5, PAT1: 6, UN1: 1, UN2: 4). Of the T. cacao GRAS genes, all contained the GRAS domain or GRAS superfamily domain. Subcellular localization analysis predicted that TcGRAS proteins were located in the nucleus, chloroplast, and endomembrane system. Gene duplication analysis showed that there were two pairs of tandem repeats and six pairs of fragment duplications, which may account for the rapid expansion in T. cacao. In addition, we also predicted the physicochemical properties and cis-acting elements. The analysis of GO annotation predicted that the TcGRAS genes were involved in many biological processes. This study highlights the evolution, diversity, and characterization of the GRAS genes in T. cacao and provides the first comprehensive analysis of this gene family in the cacao genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Hou
- Center for Computational Biology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
- College of Biological Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Center for Computational Biology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianqiao Meng
- Center for Computational Biology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Center for Computational Biology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Junhong Du
- Center for Computational Biology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yunqian Guo
- Center for Computational Biology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Rosas-Campos R, Meza-Rios A, Rodriguez-Sanabria JS, la Rosa-Bibiano RD, Corona-Cervantes K, García-Mena J, Santos A, Sandoval-Rodriguez A, Armendariz-Borunda J. Dietary supplementation with Mexican foods, Opuntia ficus indica, Theobroma cacao, and Acheta domesticus: Improving obesogenic and microbiota features in obese mice. Front Nutr 2022; 9:987222. [PMID: 36532548 PMCID: PMC9755723 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.987222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An obesogenic diet, a diet high in saturated fats and sugars, is a risk factor for the development of multiple obesity-related diseases. In this study, our aim was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with a mixture of Mexican functional foods (MexMix), Opuntia ficus indica (nopal), Theobroma cacao, and Acheta domesticus (edible crickets), compared with a high-fat and fructose/sucrose diet on an obesogenic mice model. METHODS For this study, 18 male C57BL/6J mice were used, which were divided into three groups: (1) control group: normal diet (ND), (2) HF/FS group: high-fat diet along with 4.2% fructose/sucrose and water (ad libitum access), and (3) therapeutic group (MexMix): HF/FS diet up to week 8, followed by HF/FS diet supplemented with 10% nopal, 10% cocoa, and 10% cricket for 8 weeks. RESULTS MexMix mice showed significantly reduced body weight, liver weight, visceral fat, and epididymal fat compared with HF/FS mice. Levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, insulin, glucose, GIP, leptin, PAI-1, and resistin were also significantly reduced. For identifying the gut microbiota in the model, 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis was performed, and the results showed that MexMix supplementation increased the abundance of Lachnospira, Eubacterium coprostanoligenes, and Blautia, bacteria involved in multiple beneficial metabolic effects. It is noteworthy that the mice supplemented with MexMix showed improvements in cognitive parameters, as evaluated by the novel object recognition test. CONCLUSION Hence, supplementation with MexMix food might represent a potential strategy for the treatment of obesity and other diseases associated with excessive intake of fats and sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Rosas-Campos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Health Sciences University Center, Institute for Molecular Biology in Medicine and Gene Therapy, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Meza-Rios
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Health Sciences University Center, Institute for Molecular Biology in Medicine and Gene Therapy, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - J. Samael Rodriguez-Sanabria
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Health Sciences University Center, Institute for Molecular Biology in Medicine and Gene Therapy, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Ricardo De la Rosa-Bibiano
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Health Sciences University Center, Institute for Molecular Biology in Medicine and Gene Therapy, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | | | - Jaime García-Mena
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Cinvestav, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Ana Sandoval-Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Health Sciences University Center, Institute for Molecular Biology in Medicine and Gene Therapy, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Juan Armendariz-Borunda
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, Health Sciences University Center, Institute for Molecular Biology in Medicine and Gene Therapy, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, EMCS, Guadalajara, Mexico
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24
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Lima CODC, De Castro GM, Solar R, Vaz ABM, Lobo F, Pereira G, Rodrigues C, Vandenberghe L, Martins Pinto LR, da Costa AM, Koblitz MGB, Benevides RG, Azevedo V, Uetanabaro APT, Soccol CR, Góes-Neto A. Unraveling potential enzymes and their functional role in fine cocoa beans fermentation using temporal shotgun metagenomics. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:994524. [PMID: 36406426 PMCID: PMC9671152 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.994524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cocoa beans fermentation is a spontaneous process, essential for the generation of quality starting material for fine chocolate production. The understanding of this process has been studied by the application of high-throughput sequencing technologies, which grants a better assessment of the different microbial taxa and their genes involved in this microbial succession. The present study used shotgun metagenomics to determine the enzyme-coding genes of the microbiota found in two different groups of cocoa beans varieties during the fermentation process. The statistical evaluation of the most abundant genes in each group and time studied allowed us to identify the potential metabolic pathways involved in the success of the different microorganisms. The results showed that, albeit the distinction between the initial (0 h) microbiota of each varietal group was clear, throughout fermentation (24-144 h) this difference disappeared, indicating the existence of selection pressures. Changes in the microbiota enzyme-coding genes over time pointed to the distinct ordering of fermentation at 24-48 h (T1), 72-96 h (T2), and 120-144 h (T3). At T1, the significantly more abundant enzyme-coding genes were related to threonine metabolism and those genes related to the glycolytic pathway, explained by the abundance of sugars in the medium. At T2, the genes linked to the metabolism of ceramides and hopanoids lipids were clearly dominant, which are associated with the resistance of microbial species to extreme temperatures and pH values. In T3, genes linked to trehalose metabolism, related to the response to heat stress, dominated. The results obtained in this study provided insights into the potential functionality of microbial community succession correlated to gene function, which could improve cocoa processing practices to ensure the production of more stable quality end products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina O. de C. Lima
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Giovanni M. De Castro
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of the Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Solar
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of the Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aline B. M. Vaz
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of the Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Francisco Lobo
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of the Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Pereira
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of the Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cristine Rodrigues
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of the Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luciana Vandenberghe
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of the Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Andréa Miura da Costa
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maria Gabriela Bello Koblitz
- Food and Nutrition Graduate Program (PPGAN), Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel Guimarães Benevides
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of the Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Trovatti Uetanabaro
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of the Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ricardo Soccol
- Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology Department, Federal University of the Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Aristóteles Góes-Neto
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of the Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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25
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Gallego AM, Zambrano RA, Zuluaga M, Camargo Rodríguez AV, Candamil Cortés MS, Romero Vergel AP, Arboleda Valencia JW. Analysis of fruit ripening in Theobroma cacao pod husk based on untargeted metabolomics. Phytochemistry 2022; 203:113412. [PMID: 36055428 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The pod husk of Theobroma cacao (CPH) plays an important agronomical role, as its appearance is used as indicator of ripening, guiding the farmers in the harvest process. Cacao harvesting is not a standardized practice because farmers harvest between six up to eight months from flowering, guided by pod's color and shape. The mixture of cacao beans from different ripening stages (RS), negatively affecting the quality and price of grain. A way to help the farmers in the harvest standardization could be through the use of chemical markers and visual indicators of CPH ripening. This study analyses CPH's metabolic distribution of two cacao clones, ICS95 and CCN51 at six, seven, and eight months of ripening. Untargeted metabolomics was done using HPLC-MS/MS for biomarker discovery and association to cacao ripening. The results indicated a strong metabolic differentiation of the sixth month with the rest of the months independent of the variety. Also, metabolic differences were found between cacao clones for the seventh and eighth month. We annotated five potential biochemical markers including 3-caffeoylpelargodinin 5-glucoside, indoleacetaldehyde, procyanidin A dimer, procyanidin C1, and kaempferol. We further looked for correlation between patterns of progression of our markers against quantitative indicators of CPH appearance and texture, at the same ripening stages. We also performed a functional analysis and three possible metabolic pathways: flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and tryptophan metabolism were identified associated with stress sensing, plant development and defense respectively. We found significant and positive correlations between green color density and all metabolites. For texture, the correlations were significantly negative with all metabolites. Our results suggest that about the sixth month is appropriate for harvesting cacao in the region of Caldas, Colombia in order to avoid all the metabolic variations occurring at later stages of ripening which impact the cacao bean quality. Therefore, studying the cacao ripening process can help in the estimation of the best harvest time and contribute to the standardization of harvest practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M Gallego
- Grupo de Biotecnología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Centro de Bioinformática y Biología Computacional de Colombia-BIOS, Manizales, Colombia.
| | - Romer A Zambrano
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad Nacional, Sede Manizales, Colombia.
| | - Martha Zuluaga
- Grupo de Investigación GIEPRONAL, Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia, Dosquebradas, Risaralda, Colombia.
| | | | - Mariana S Candamil Cortés
- Centro de Investigaciones en Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo-CIMAD, Universidad de Manizales, Cra. 9a # 19-03, Manizales, 170001, Colombia.
| | - Angela P Romero Vergel
- FITOBIOL Research Group, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Cl. 67 # 53-108, Medellín, 050010, Colombia.
| | - Jorge W Arboleda Valencia
- Centro de Bioinformática y Biología Computacional de Colombia-BIOS, Manizales, Colombia; Centro de Investigaciones en Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo-CIMAD, Universidad de Manizales, Cra. 9a # 19-03, Manizales, 170001, Colombia; FITOBIOL Research Group, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Cl. 67 # 53-108, Medellín, 050010, Colombia.
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26
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Abstract
Fine flavor properties of chocolates such as fruity, floral, and cocoa-like were decoded on a molecular level for the first time. The molecular compositions of six chocolates made out of liquors that were referenced with specific sensory attributes were analyzed. After the screening for odor-active molecules by aroma extract dilution analysis, selected compounds were quantitated with the overall aim to decode the distinct fine flavor attributes on a molecular level. Acidic and fruity flavor notes were associated with high dose over threshold factors (DoT factors) of acetic acid and fruity smelling esters such as ethyl 2-methylbutanaote, ethyl 3-methylbutanoate, and 3-methylbutyl acetate, respectively. Cocoa-like and roasty flavor notes were associated with high DoT factors for 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal, 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylfuran-3(2H)-one, and dimethyltrisulfane. The floral and astringent flavors were linked to high DoT factors of (-)-epicatechin, procyanidin B2, procyanidin C1, and 2-phenylethan-1-ol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ullrich
- Life Sciences and Facility Management, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Casty
- Life Sciences and Facility Management, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Amandine André
- Life Sciences and Facility Management, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Tilo Hühn
- Life Sciences and Facility Management, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Martin Steinhaus
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich (Leibniz-LSB@TUM), 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Irene Chetschik
- Life Sciences and Facility Management, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
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27
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Jing SX, Reis M, Alania Y, McAlpine JB, Chen SN, Bedran-Russo AK, Pauli GF. B-type Proanthocyanidins with Dentin Biomodification Activity from Cocoa ( Theobroma cacao). J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:12456-12468. [PMID: 36134876 PMCID: PMC9547875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To enable translational studies, a scalable preparative isolation scheme was developed for underivatized cocoa (Theobroma cacao) proanthocyanidins (PACs), affording six all-B-type oligomeric PACs, including a new tetramer 4. Their structures, including absolute configuration, were unambiguously established by comprehensive spectroscopic and chemical methods. Evaluation of the PACs' dentin biomodification properties employed dynamic mechanical and infrared spectroscopic analyses in dentin bioassay models. PAC treatment enhanced the biomechanical strength of dentin by 5- to 15-fold compared to untreated dentin. Among the PAC agents, the pentamer, cinnamtannin A3 (6), led to the highest complex modulus value of 131 MPa, whereas the "branched" tetramer, 4, showed the lowest, yet still significant bioactivity. This study of specifically singly linked medium-length oligomeric PACs indicates that the linkage site is paramount in determining the potency of these PACs as dentin biomodifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Xi Jing
- Pharmacognosy Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical
Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612,
USA
| | - Mariana Reis
- Department of General Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry,
Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Yvette Alania
- Department of General Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry,
Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - James B. McAlpine
- Pharmacognosy Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical
Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612,
USA
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- Pharmacognosy Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical
Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612,
USA
| | - Ana K. Bedran-Russo
- Department of General Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry,
Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- Pharmacognosy Institute and Department of Pharmaceutical
Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612,
USA
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28
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Du J, Zhang Q, Hou S, Chen J, Meng J, Wang C, Liang D, Wu R, Guo Y. Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of the R2R3-MYB Gene Family in Theobroma cacao. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091572. [PMID: 36140738 PMCID: PMC9498333 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The MYB gene family is involved in the regulation of plant growth, development and stress responses. In this paper, to identify Theobroma cacao R2R3-MYB (TcMYB) genes involved in environmental stress and phytohormones, we conducted a genome-wide analysis of the R2R3-MYB gene family in Theobroma cacao (cacao). A total of 116 TcMYB genes were identified, and they were divided into 23 subgroups according to the phylogenetic analysis. Meanwhile, the conserved motifs, gene structures and cis-acting elements of promoters were analyzed. Moreover, these TcMYB genes were distributed on 10 chromosomes. We conducted a synteny analysis to understand the evolution of the cacao R2R3-MYB gene family. A total of 37 gene pairs of TcMYB genes were identified through tandem or segmental duplication events. Additionally, we also predicted the subcellular localization and physicochemical properties. All the studies showed that TcMYB genes have multiple functions, including responding to environmental stresses. The results provide an understanding of R2R3-MYB in Theobroma cacao and lay the foundation for a further functional analysis of TcMYB genes in the growth of cacao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhong Du
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sijia Hou
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianqiao Meng
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cong Wang
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dan Liang
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Rongling Wu
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yunqian Guo
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence:
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Nogueira Soares Souza F, Rocha Vieira S, Leopoldina Lamounier Campidelli M, Abadia Reis Rocha R, Milani Avelar Rodrigues L, Henrique Santos P, de Deus Souza Carneiro J, Maria de Carvalho Tavares I, Patrícia de Oliveira C. Impact of using cocoa bean shell powder as a substitute for wheat flour on some of chocolate cake properties. Food Chem 2022; 381:132215. [PMID: 35121316 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The cocoa bean shell is a residue rich in bioactive compounds and its use as an ingredient in the food industry has been studied. This work had the objective of proposing the elaboration of chocolate cake with substitution of wheat flour by cocoa bean shell powder (CSp). Five formulations with different percentages of CSp were used: 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% and 0% (control). The cakes were evaluated by technological characteristics (volume, texture profile, firmness and colour), antioxidant profile (DPPH, β-carotene/linoleic acid system, phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and tannins) and sensory tests (TDS and acceptance). The technological characteristics and antioxidant activity of the cakes were influenced by the different concentrations of CSp compared to the control sample. The cakes containing up to 75% CSp presented satisfactory sensory acceptance. Therefore, CSp has been revealed to be a prominent alternative substitute ingredient to be used promisingly in the food industry.
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Jaimes Y, Gonzalez C, Rojas J, Rivera JJ, Cilas C, Argout X. Population Structure of Moniliophthora perniciosa in the Main Cacao Producing Departments of Colombia. Plant Dis 2022; 106:1492-1501. [PMID: 34879729 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-20-2679-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The witches' broom (Moniliophthora perniciosa) is considered as one of the main threats for cacao production and, consequently, for chocolate production worldwide. In this work, the genetic diversity and population structure of M. perniciosa were analyzed for 59 isolates collected in five departments of Colombia and using 10 microsatellite markers. Analyses revealed 35 multilocus genotypes and clonal populations structure according to linkage disequilibrium analysis. One of the objectives of this study was to determine whether populations were differentiated by geographic origin or Theobroma cacao host genotype. Analysis of molecular variance, discriminant analysis of principal components, and Bruvo genetic distance suggested that the genetic structure was driven by geographic origin and not by T. cacao genotype. The results of this study were consistent with previous findings obtained in other cocoa-producing countries. Important insights were discussed regarding the dispersal patterns of the pathogen in Colombia and the genetic change of its populations because of different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeirme Jaimes
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), Centro de Investigación La Suiza, Rionegro, Santander 687511, Colombia
| | - Carolina Gonzalez
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Bogotá, Cundinamarca 0130, Colombia
| | - Jairo Rojas
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), Centro de Investigación La Suiza, Rionegro, Santander 687511, Colombia
| | - Jessica Johana Rivera
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), Centro de Investigación La Suiza, Rionegro, Santander 687511, Colombia
| | - Christian Cilas
- French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), Deputy Director General for Research and Strategy, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Cocody, 01 BP 6483 Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Xavier Argout
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA), Centro de Investigación Palmira, Palmira, Valle del Cauca 763531, Colombia
- French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), UMR AGAP, Palmira 763532, Colombia
- AGAP, French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), the French National Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment (INRAE), Institut Agro, Université Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France
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Agudelo C, Acevedo S, Carrillo-Hormaza L, Galeano E, Osorio E. Chemometric Classification of Colombian Cacao Crops: Effects of Different Genotypes and Origins in Different Years of Harvest on Levels of Flavonoid and Methylxanthine Metabolites in Raw Cacao Beans. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072068. [PMID: 35408468 PMCID: PMC9000445 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of chemical markers in raw cacao beans in two clones (introduced and regional) in Colombia over several years. Multivariate statistical methods were used to analyze the flavanol monomers (epicatechin and catechin), flavanol oligomers (procyanidins) and methylxanthine alkaloids (caffeine and theobromine) of cocoa samples. The results identified genotype as the main factor contributing to cacao chemistry, although significant differences were not observed between universal and regional clones in PCA. The univariate analysis allowed us to establish that EET-96 had the highest contents of both flavanol monomers (13.12 ± 2.30 mg/g) and procyanidins (7.56 ± 4.59 mg/g). In addition, the geographic origin, the harvest conditions of each region and the year of harvest may contribute to major discrepancies between results. Turbo cocoa samples are notable for their higher flavanol monomer content, Chigorodó cocoa samples for the presence of both types of polyphenol (monomer and procyanidin contents) and the Northeast cocoa samples for the higher methylxanthine content. We hope that knowledge of the heterogeneity of the metabolites of interest in each clone will contribute to the generation of added value in the cocoa production chain and its sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Agudelo
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 0500100, Colombia; (C.A.); (S.A.); (L.C.-H.); (E.G.)
| | - Susana Acevedo
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 0500100, Colombia; (C.A.); (S.A.); (L.C.-H.); (E.G.)
| | - Luis Carrillo-Hormaza
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 0500100, Colombia; (C.A.); (S.A.); (L.C.-H.); (E.G.)
- Bioingred, Spin-Off Universidad de Antioquia, Itagüí 055412, Colombia
| | - Elkin Galeano
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 0500100, Colombia; (C.A.); (S.A.); (L.C.-H.); (E.G.)
| | - Edison Osorio
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 0500100, Colombia; (C.A.); (S.A.); (L.C.-H.); (E.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +57-4-219-6590
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Beshel JA, Beshel FN, Nwangwa JN, Okon IA, Ejim CI, Owu DU. Cardioprotective Role of Theobroma cacao against Isoproterenol-Induced Acute Myocardial Injury. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem 2022; 20:75-80. [PMID: 32940189 DOI: 10.2174/1871525718999200917114954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antioxidants are beneficial in myocardial infarction (MI). It is suggestive that Theobroma cacao (TC) with rich antioxidant properties can be of health benefits in myocardial injury. AIM The study investigated the effect of Theobroma cacao on cardioprotection in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS Male Wistar rats divided into four groups of 6 rats were used for the study. In group 1, 0.9% normal saline placebo was administered via oral gavage to the control. Group 2 was the MI induced group that was given 100 mg/kg body weight isoproterenol subcutaneously twice at an interval of 24 hours. Group 3 was administered TC for 2 weeks at 100 mg/kg bodyweight via the oral route. Group 4 was pretreated with TC (100 mg/kg) via oral route for 2 weeks, immediately followed by the administration of 100 mg/kg body weight isoproterenol subcutaneously twice at an interval of 24 hours. The rats were sacrificed using chloroform anesthesia, and blood samples collected via cardiac puncture. The serum was analyzed for troponin level, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) level. RESULTS The serum troponin, LDH, and MDA levels were found to be significantly (p<0.01) increased in the MI group compared with the control. Pretreatment with TC before MI induction significantly (p<0.01) prevented increased serum troponin, LDH, and MDA levels when compared with the MI group. There was also a significant (p<0.01) decrease in MDA in the TC group compared with the control. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Theobroma cacao protects against isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury, possibly by preventing oxidative stress and consequent lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Atiang Beshel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar - Nigeria.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka - Bushenyi District, Uganda
| | - Favour Nyoh Beshel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar - Nigeria.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka - Bushenyi District, Uganda
| | - Justina Nwandimma Nwangwa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar - Nigeria
| | - Idara Asuquo Okon
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar - Nigeria
| | - Clement Ikani Ejim
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Abia State University, Uturu - Nigeria
| | - Daniel Udofia Owu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka - Bushenyi District, Uganda
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Santos AC, Leite TRM, Cunha MSS, Gondim MGC, Lofego AC, Ferla NJ, Bizarro GL, Oliveira AR. A rotatory funnel-shaped collector for trapping airborne mites in a glycerin-based adhesive surface. Exp Appl Acarol 2022; 86:189-200. [PMID: 35038078 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-022-00687-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many mite species disperse via the air. However, most methods described for the study of aerial dispersal have some limitations in the collection and/or recovery of mites that could be improved. The aim of this study was to describe a rotatory funnel-shaped collector that directs the wind to adhesive surfaces covered with a glycerin-based solution. Tests were conducted on a soccer field at UESC, Ilhéus, Brazil, in four 8-day periods. In total, 330 mites of 52 species of Eriophyidae, Tarsonemidae, Diptilomiopidae, Iolinidae, Triophtydeidae, Astigmata, Tydeidae, Phytoseiidae, Scutacaridae, Oribatida, Ascidae, Dolichocybidae, Eupodidae, Pygmephoridae and Tenuipalpidae were collected. Of the mites captured in the first three periods, 67% were Aceria sp. (Eriophyidae), and in the fourth period 46% were Coccotydaeolus aff. bakeri and Paurotyndareus sp. (Iolinidae). Comparisons between the funnel-shaped collector with the tube-shaped rotatable model of Duffner et al. (J Pest Sci 74:1-6, 2001, adapted from Schliesske 1977) showed that the former captured >3× the number of mites and 2× the number of species. In conclusion, it is expected that the method described here could help in future pest management, and help solve ecological and behavioral problems involving airborne mite dispersal, offering a tool for monitoring, counting and identifying mites, or even other small arthropods, pollen and fungal spores, in experimental and applied studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal (PPGPV), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Thácyla R M Leite
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal (PPGPV), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Mateus S S Cunha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal (PPGPV), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Manoel G C Gondim
- Departamento de Agronomia, Área de Fitossanidade, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, PE, 52171-900, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Lofego
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Noeli J Ferla
- Museu de Ciências Naturais, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - UNIVATES, Lajeado, RS, 95900-000, Brazil
| | - Gabriel L Bizarro
- Museu de Ciências Naturais, Universidade do Vale do Taquari - UNIVATES, Lajeado, RS, 95900-000, Brazil
| | - Anibal R Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produção Vegetal (PPGPV), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil.
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Jaimez RE, Barragan L, Fernández-Niño M, Wessjohann LA, Cedeño-Garcia G, Sotomayor Cantos I, Arteaga F. Theobroma cacao L. cultivar CCN 51: a comprehensive review on origin, genetics, sensory properties, production dynamics, and physiological aspects. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12676. [PMID: 35036091 PMCID: PMC8742540 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many decades of improvement in cacao have aided to obtain cultivars with characteristics of tolerance to diseases, adaptability to different edaphoclimatic conditions, and higher yields. In Ecuador, as a result of several breeding programs, the clone CCN 51 was obtained, which gradually expanded through the cacao-production regions of Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil and Peru. Recognized for its high yield and adaptability to different regions and environments, it has become one of the most popular clones for breeding programs and cultivation around the world. This review aims to summarize the current evidence on the origin, genetics, morphological, volatile compounds, and organoleptic characteristics of this clone. Physiological evidence, production dynamics, and floral biology are also included to explain the high yield of CCN 51. Thus, characteristics such as osmotic adjustment, long pollen longevity, and fruit formation are further discussed and associated with high production at the end of the dry period. Finally, the impact of this popular clone on the current and future cacao industry will be discussed highlighting the major challenges for flavor enhancement and its relevance as a platform for the identification of novel genetic markers for cultivar improvement in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon E. Jaimez
- Facultad de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Manabí, Ecuador
| | | | - Miguel Fernández-Niño
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ludger A. Wessjohann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - George Cedeño-Garcia
- Facultad de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Manabí, Ecuador
| | - Ignacio Sotomayor Cantos
- Estación Experimental Tropical Pichilingue, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP), Los Ríos, Ecuador
| | - Francisco Arteaga
- Facultad de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Manabí, Ecuador
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Abstract
A two-step process combining direct and indirect somatic embryogenesis, on solid and liquid medium, respectively is described for Theobroma cacao L. Staminodes and petals from unopened bud flowers are used to induce primary direct embryos. Then, these primary embryos are cut to produce embryogenic calli which will develop secondary embryos. This step of indirect SE allows us to produce large quantities of embryos and to do mass propagation using liquid culture medium. Despite a very strong clone dependency and high batch-to-batch variability, about 80% of T. cacao cultivars respond to somatic embryogenesis and can be propagated by this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Guillou
- Nestlé Research Plant Science Research Unit, Tours Cedex 2, France.
| | - Dorothée Verdier
- Nestlé Research Plant Science Research Unit, Tours Cedex 2, France
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Fernández-Paz J, Cortés AJ, Hernández-Varela CA, Mejía-de-Tafur MS, Rodriguez-Medina C, Baligar VC. Rootstock-Mediated Genetic Variance in Cadmium Uptake by Juvenile Cacao ( Theobroma cacao L.) Genotypes, and Its Effect on Growth and Physiology. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:777842. [PMID: 35003163 PMCID: PMC8733334 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.777842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Grafting typically offers a shortcut to breed tree orchards throughout a multidimensional space of traits. Despite an overwhelming spectrum of rootstock-mediated effects on scion traits observed across several species, the exact nature and mechanisms underlying the rootstock-mediated effects on scion traits in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) plants often remain overlooked. Therefore, we aimed to explicitly quantify rootstock-mediated genetic contributions in recombinant juvenile cacao plants across target traits, specifically cadmium (Cd) uptake, and its correlation with growth and physiological traits. Content of chloroplast pigments, fluorescence of chlorophyll a, leaf gas exchange, nutrient uptake, and plant biomass were examined across ungrafted saplings and target rootstock × scion combinations in soils with contrasting levels of Cd. This panel considered a total of 320 progenies from open-pollinated half-sib families and reciprocal full-sib progenies (derived from controlled crosses between the reference genotypes IMC67 and PA121). Both family types were used as rootstocks in grafts with two commercial clones (ICS95 and CCN51) commonly grown in Colombia. A pedigree-based best linear unbiased prediction (A-BLUP) mixed model was implemented to quantify rootstock-mediated narrow-sense heritability (h 2) for target traits. A Cd effect measured on rootstocks before grafting was observed in plant biomass, nutrient uptake, and content of chloroplast pigments. After grafting, damage to the Photosystem II (PSII) was also evident in some rootstock × scion combinations. Differences in the specific combining ability for Cd uptake were mostly detected in ungrafted rootstocks, or 2 months after grafting with the clonal CCN51 scion. Moderate rootstock effects (h 2> 0.1) were detected before grafting for five growth traits, four nutrient uptake properties, and chlorophylls and carotenoids content (h 2 = 0.19, 95% CI 0.05-0.61, r = 0.7). Such rootstock effects faded (h 2< 0.1) when rootstock genotypes were examined in soils without Cd, or 4 months after grafting. These results suggest a pervasive genetic conflict between the rootstock and the scion genotypes, involving the triple rootstock × scion × soil interaction when it refers to Cd and nutrient uptake, early growth, and photosynthetic process in juvenile cacao plants. Overall, deepening on these findings will harness early breeding schemes of cacao rootstock genotypes compatible with commercial clonal scions and adapted to soils enriched with toxic levels of Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Fernández-Paz
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA) – C.I Palmira, Palmira, Colombia
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Palmira, Palmira, Colombia
| | - Andrés J. Cortés
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA) – C.I La Selva, Rionegro, Colombia
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias – Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Maria Sara Mejía-de-Tafur
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Palmira, Palmira, Colombia
| | - Caren Rodriguez-Medina
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA) – C.I Palmira, Palmira, Colombia
| | - Virupax C. Baligar
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States
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Alves-Júnior M, de Sousa FO, Silva TF, Albino UB, Garcia MG, Moreira SMCDO, Vieira MRDS. Functional and morphological analysis of isolates of phylloplane and rhizoplane endophytic bacteria interacting in different cocoa production systems in the Amazon. Curr Res Microb Sci 2021; 2:100039. [PMID: 34841330 PMCID: PMC8610332 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic bacteria colonize different internal tissues of plants without damaging their cells. They can establish themselves in the same niche as other microorganisms and develop antagonistic activities against phytopathogens. There is little research on the functional and morphological characterization of these bacteria in production systems in the Amazon. Thus, the objective of this work was to functionally and morphologically characterize endophytic bacteria isolated from cocoa trees (Theobroma cacao L.) and evaluate their antagonistic potential against phytopathogens. A total of 197 endophytic bacteria isolates were obtained from leaves and roots of cocoa plants with different production systems and at different times of the year. The characterization of functional groups consisted of proteolytic, amylolytic and cellulolytic activity and ability to fix nitrogen and solubilize phosphate. Morphological diversity was evaluated mainly according to the following parameters: shape, color, size and elevation of the colony. Thirteen isolates of endophytic bacteria, selected by cluster analysis, were used to evaluate the antagonistic potential in paired trials against four species of phytopathogenic fungi. The largest amount of endophytic bacteria was isolated from the root (95.9%), in the dry season. The most expressive activities with regards to the enzyme index were amylolytic (71.9%), proteolytic (70.2%) and nitrogen fixing (38.6%), respectively. The similarity analysis formed two clusters with isolates CS R 2.4 and CS R 2.25 exhibiting 100% similarity. Five isolates displayed inhibitory activity against phytopathogenic fungi, most notably isolate TS R 2.19, which exhibited antagonistic activity against all fungi and mycelial growth inhibition rates between 25.7% and 50.7%. Understanding the interaction between endophytes in cocoa plants is important as a possible additional tool in biological control. Our studies are incipient and the first to be carried out in different cocoa production systems in the state of Pará, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Alves-Júnior
- Faculty of Agronomic Engineering, Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Phytopathology, Federal University of Pará, Altamira, PA, 68372-040, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Oliveira de Sousa
- Faculty of Agronomic Engineering, Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Phytopathology, Federal University of Pará, Altamira, PA, 68372-040, Brazil
| | - Thays Ferreira Silva
- Faculty of Agronomic Engineering, Laboratory of Agricultural and Forestry Phytopathology, Federal University of Pará, Altamira, PA, 68372-040, Brazil
| | - Ulisses Brigatto Albino
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of the South and Southeast of Pará, Marabá, PA 68507-590, Brazil
| | - Magali Gonçalves Garcia
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Microbiology, Federal University of Pará, Altamira, PA 68372-040, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Ribeiro da Silva Vieira
- Faculty of Agronomic Engineering, Laboratory of Physiology and Post-Harvest, Technology, Federal University of Pará, Altamira, PA 68372-040, Brazil
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Yahya M, Ginting B, Saidi N. In-Vitro Screenings for Biological and Antioxidant Activities of Water Extract from Theobroma cacao L. Pod Husk: Potential Utilization in Foods. Molecules 2021; 26:6915. [PMID: 34834006 PMCID: PMC8618026 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing production of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) leads to a higher environmental burden due to its solid waste generation. Cocoa pod husk, one of the major solid wastes of cocoa production, contains rich bioactive compounds unveiling its valorization potential. With that in mind, our research aimed to explore the biological and antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts from cocoa pod husks. In this present work, cocoa pod husk was extracted using water and subsequentially partitioned using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The antimicrobial investigation revealed that the ethyl acetate solubles were active against the Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans, where at a 20% w/v concentration, the inhibition diameters were 6.62 ± 0.10, 6.52 ± 0.02, and 11.72 ± 0.36 mm, respectively. The extracts were found non-toxic proven by brine shrimp lethality tests against Artemia salina with LC50 scores ranging from 74.1 to 19,054.6 μg/mL. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were obtained in the range of 47.44 to 570.44 mg/g GAE and 1.96 to 4.34 mg/g QE, respectively. Antioxidant activities of the obtained extracts were revealed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) assay with EC50 reached as low as 9.61 μg/mL by the ethyl acetate soluble. Phytochemical screening based on gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis on the sample with the highest antioxidant activities revealed the dominant presence of three phytosterols, namely gamma-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustanir Yahya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia; (B.G.); (N.S.)
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Zhang Q, Hou S, Sun Z, Chen J, Meng J, Liang D, Wu R, Guo Y. Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of the MADS-Box Gene Family in Theobroma cacao. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111799. [PMID: 34828404 PMCID: PMC8622960 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The MADS-box family gene is a class of transcription factors that have been extensively studied and involved in several plant growth and development processes, especially in floral organ specificity, flowering time and initiation and fruit development. In this study, we identified 69 candidate MADS-box genes and clustered these genes into five subgroups (Mα: 11; Mβ: 2; Mγ: 14; Mδ: 9; MIKC: 32) based on their phylogenetical relationships with Arabidopsis. Most TcMADS genes within the same subgroup showed a similar gene structure and highly conserved motifs. Chromosomal distribution analysis revealed that all the TcMADS genes were evenly distributed in 10 chromosomes. Additionally, the cis-acting elements of promoter, physicochemical properties and subcellular localization were also analyzed. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of MADS-box genes in Theobroma cacao and lays the foundation for further functional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhang
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.Z.); (S.H.); (J.C.); (J.M.); (D.L.); (R.W.)
| | - Sijia Hou
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.Z.); (S.H.); (J.C.); (J.M.); (D.L.); (R.W.)
| | - Zhenmei Sun
- Institute of Marine Materials Science and Engineering, College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China;
| | - Jing Chen
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.Z.); (S.H.); (J.C.); (J.M.); (D.L.); (R.W.)
| | - Jianqiao Meng
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.Z.); (S.H.); (J.C.); (J.M.); (D.L.); (R.W.)
| | - Dan Liang
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.Z.); (S.H.); (J.C.); (J.M.); (D.L.); (R.W.)
| | - Rongling Wu
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.Z.); (S.H.); (J.C.); (J.M.); (D.L.); (R.W.)
| | - Yunqian Guo
- Center for Computational Biology, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.Z.); (S.H.); (J.C.); (J.M.); (D.L.); (R.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Li F, Wu B, Yan L, Qin X, Lai J. Metabolome and transcriptome profiling of Theobroma cacao provides insights into the molecular basis of pod color variation. J Plant Res 2021; 134:1323-1334. [PMID: 34420146 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01338-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Theobroma cacao presents a wide diversity in pod color among different cultivars. Although flavonoid biosynthesis has been studied in many plants, molecular mechanisms governing the diversity of coloration in cacao pods are largely unknown. The flavonoid metabolite profiles and flavonoid biosynthetic gene expression in the pod exocarps of light green pod 'TAS 410' (GW), green pod 'TAS 166' (GF), and mauve pod 'TAS 168' (PF) were determined. Changes in flavonoid metabolites, particularly the anthocyanins (cyanidin 3-O-galactoside, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, and cyanidin O-syringic acid) were significantly up-accumulated in the mauve phenotype (PF) compared to the light green or green phenotypes, endowing the pod color change from light green or green to mauve. Consistently, the PF phenotype showed different expression patterns of flavonoid biosynthetic structural genes in comparison with GW/GF phenotypes. The expression level of LAR and ANR in GW/GF was significantly higher than PF, while the expression level of UFGT in GW/GF was lower than PF. These genes likely generated more anthocyanins in the exocarps samples of PF than that of GW/GF. Simultaneously, colorless flavan-3-ols (catechin, epicatechin and proanthocyanidin) content in the exocarp samples of PF was lower than GW/GF. Additionally, MYB (gene18079) and bHLH (gene5045 and gene21575) may participate in the regulation of the pod color. This study sheds light on the molecular basis of cacao pod color variation, which will contribute to breeding cacao varieties with enhanced flavonoid profiles for nutritional applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fupeng Li
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning, 571533, Hainan, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources Utilization of Spice and Beverage Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wanning, 571533, Hainan, China
| | - Baoduo Wu
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning, 571533, Hainan, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources Utilization of Spice and Beverage Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wanning, 571533, Hainan, China
| | - Lin Yan
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning, 571533, Hainan, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources Utilization of Spice and Beverage Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wanning, 571533, Hainan, China
| | - Xiaowei Qin
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning, 571533, Hainan, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources Utilization of Spice and Beverage Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wanning, 571533, Hainan, China
| | - Jianxiong Lai
- Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wanning, 571533, Hainan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources Utilization of Spice and Beverage Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wanning, 571533, Hainan, China.
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Obok EE, Aikpokpodion PO, Ani OC, Allainguillaume J, Wetten A. Cacao swollen shoot virus detection and DNA barcoding of its vectors and putative vectors in Theobroma cacao L. by using polymerase chain reaction. BioTechnologia (Pozn) 2021; 102:229-44. [PMID: 36606145 DOI: 10.5114/bta.2021.108719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cacao swollen shoot virus (CSSV) is an endemic pathogen causing significant economic losses to cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) production in West Africa. There is limited updated report on the occurrence, spread, genetic diversity and species of CSSV and its mealybug vectors, especially in Nigeria. Nigeria is presently lagging behind in the search for resistance to CSSV and its vectors in T. cacao L. The present study aimed to map and screen for the presence of CSSV and its natural vectors - female mealybugs (Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera) in cacao plantations in Nigeria. Symptomatic and asymptomatic cacao leaves and whole female mealybug samples were collected from major cacao-growing areas in Nigeria - Abia, Akwa Ibom, Cross River, Edo, Ondo and Oyo States. A total of 2568 cacao leaves from 1052 cacao trees were screened with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using an open reading frame 1 (ORF 1) CSSV-specific primer pair. PCR screening of the mealybug species was performed using the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. A combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and histology for morphological identification and DNA barcoding enabled to characterise the female mealybug species. The results revealed that CSSV and its mealybug vectors are present in the major cacaogrowing areas in Nigeria. Although CSSV and its vectors have been previously reported in Cross River, Ondo and Oyo States, our results present the first documented evidence of CSSV emergence and its mealybug vectors in Abia, Akwa Ibom and Edo States. We also present the first report of Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi (Gimpel and Miller) mealybug species on cacao in Nigeria. In conclusion, it is pertinent to re-establish coordinated routine survey and monitoring of CSSV and its mealybug vector presence in T. cacao L. in Nigeria.
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Neves Dos Santos F, Magalhães DMA, Luz EDMN, Eberlin MN, Simionato AVC. Metabolite mass spectrometry profiling of cacao genotypes reveals contrasting resistances to Ceratocystis cacaofunesta phytopathogen. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:2519-2527. [PMID: 34498763 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Ceratocystis wilt is a lethal disease of cacao, and the search for resistant genotypes may provide the best way to deal with the disease. Resistance or susceptibility behavior of some cacao genotypes when infected by Ceratocystis cacaofunesta is not yet understood. Herein, we report an LC-MS metabolomic screening analysis based on high-resolution MS to obtain comprehensive metabolic profile associated with multivariate data analysis of PLS-DA, which was effective to classify CCN-51 and TSH-1188 as resistant genotypes to C. cacaofunesta fungus, while CEPEC2002 was classified as a susceptible one. Using reversed-phase LC method, electrospray interface, and high-resolution tandem MS by the quadrupole-TOF analyzer, the typical profiles of metabolites, such as phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, lipids, alkaloids, and amino acids, were obtained. Untargeted metabolite profiles were used to construct discriminant analysis by partial least squares (PLS-DA)-derived loading plots, which placed the cacao genotypes into two major clusters related to susceptible or resistant groups. Linolenic, linoleic, oleic, stearic, arachidonic, and asiatic acids were annotated metabolites of infected, susceptible, and resistant genotypes, while methyl jasmonate, jasmonic acid, hydroxylated jasmonic acid, caffeine, and theobromine were annotated as constituents of the resistant genotypes. Trends of these typical metabolites levels revealed that CCN51 is susceptible, CEPEC2002 is moderately susceptible, and TSH1188 is resistant to C. cacaofunesta. Therefore, profiles of major metabolites as screened by LC-MS offer an efficient tool to reveal the level of resistance of cacao genotypes to C. cacaofunesta present in any farm around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Neves Dos Santos
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Biomolecule Analysis Tiselius-LABi Tiselius, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcos Nogueira Eberlin
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,MackMass Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry, School of Engineering-PPGEMN, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Valéria Colnaghi Simionato
- Laboratory of Biomolecule Analysis Tiselius-LABi Tiselius, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalytics (INCTBio), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Nembot Fomba CG, Ten Hoopen GM, Soubeyrand S, Roques L, Ambang Z, Takam Soh P. Parameter Estimation in a PDE Model for the Spatial Spread of Cocoa Black Pod Disease. Bull Math Biol 2021; 83:101. [PMID: 34448949 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-021-00934-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we develop an epidemiological model with both environmental (primary infection from the environmental spores reservoir) and direct transmission (secondary infection from an infected host to a susceptible pod). This model simulates the spatiotemporal evolution of cocoa black pod disease caused by Phytophthora megakarya. Since reliable parameter estimation is a central issue for modeling realistic biological systems, we used a mechanistic-statistical approach to estimate model parameters from real observations of a specific cocoa plot. In addition, to refine numerical simulations of the pathosystem, data describing the shade intensity all over the plot were exploited and led to increased model predictions accuracy and also highlighted a higher number of infected pods located in areas of the plot with higher shading intensity. Recommendations in terms of promoting cocoa farming in systems with low shading intensity may be evident if these results are confirmed. Our results also highlight the importance of the environmental spore reservoir in black pod disease dynamics.
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Ullrich L, Neiens S, Hühn T, Steinhaus M, Chetschik I. Impact of Water on Odor-Active Compounds in Fermented and Dried Cocoa Beans and Chocolates Made thereof. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:8504-8510. [PMID: 34297568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The impact of water on odor-active compounds in fermented and dried cocoa beans as well as in chocolate either produced by a novel processing (NPC) or a traditional processing (TPC) technology from the same batch of cocoa beans was investigated in this study. Quantitation of selected key odorants revealed significantly higher concentrations of Strecker aldehydes such as 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanal (66-fold) and phenylacetaldehyde (50-fold) after water treatment of the cocoa beans. The comparison of the two chocolates showed that higher amounts of the Strecker aldehydes 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal, and phenylacetaldehyde are released with water in the NPC (24-fold to 39-fold), compared to the TPC (7.3-fold-11-fold). In addition to Strecker aldehydes, the concentrations of many further characteristic key odorants of cocoa and chocolate increased after water treatment. Based on the results, a more intense retronasal odor perception of the analyzed compounds is expected due to their release during consumption in contact with saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ullrich
- Life Sciences and Facility Management, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Silva Neiens
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich (Leibniz-LSB@TUM), 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Tilo Hühn
- Life Sciences and Facility Management, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Martin Steinhaus
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich (Leibniz-LSB@TUM), 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Irene Chetschik
- Life Sciences and Facility Management, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
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Mucherino Muñoz JJ, de Melo CAF, Santana Silva RJ, Luz EDMN, Corrêa RX. Structural and Functional Genomics of the Resistance of Cacao to Phytophthora palmivora. Pathogens 2021; 10:961. [PMID: 34451425 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Black pod disease, caused by Phytophthora spp., is one of the main diseases that attack cocoa plantations. This study validated, by association mapping, 29 SSR molecular markers flanking to QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) associated with Phytophthora palmivora Butler (Butler) (PP) resistance, in three local ancient varieties of the Bahia (Comum, Pará, and Maranhão), varieties that have a high potential in the production of gourmet chocolate. Four SSR loci associated with resistance to PP were detected, two on chromosome 8, explaining 7.43% and 3.72% of the Phenotypic Variation (%PV), one on chromosome 2 explaining 2.71%PV and one on chromosome 3 explaining 1.93%PV. A functional domains-based annotation was carried out, in two Theobroma cacao (CRIOLLO and MATINA) reference genomes, of 20 QTL regions associated with cocoa resistance to the pathogen. It was identified 164 (genome CRIOLLO) and 160 (genome MATINA) candidate genes, hypothetically involved in the recognition and activation of responses in the interaction with the pathogen. Genomic regions rich in genes with Coiled-coils (CC), nucleotide binding sites (NBS) and Leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains were identified on chromosomes 1, 3, 6, 8, and 10, likewise, regions rich in Receptor-like Kinase domain (RLK) and Ginkbilobin2 (GNK2) domains were identified in chromosomes 4 and 6.
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Gallego AM, Rojas LF, Valencia WG, Atehortúa L, Urrea AI, Fister AS, Guiltinan MJ, Maximova SN, Pabón-Mora N. Transcriptomic analyses of cacao flavonoids produced in photobioreactors. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:551. [PMID: 34281511 PMCID: PMC8287782 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07871-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theobroma cacao is a major source of flavonoids such as catechins and their monomers proanthocyanidins (PAs), widely studied for their potential benefits in cardiovascular diseases. Light has been shown to promote plant secondary metabolite production in vitro. In this study, cacao cells cultured in 7.5 L stirred tank photobioreactors (STPs) were exposed to a change of white to blue LED lights for 28 days (d). RESULTS Transcriptomic analyses were performed in three time points comparing changing expression patterns, after cell exposure to white light (d0-VS-d14), after a shift from white to blue light (d14-VS-d15), and after an extended period of blue light for the following 15 days (d15-VS-d28). Under white light, there was enrichment in metabolic pathways associated with cell growth (carbon, glycolysis, and amino acid biosynthesis) accompanied by a significant increase in the PAs content. In the shift to blue light, further increase in PAs content was observed concomitantly with the significant expression of TWO-COMPONENT RESPONSE REGULATOR genes involved in the early stress responses via circadian clock and hormone pathways. Under blue light exposure, we observed a depletion of PAs content associated with ROS-mediated stress pathways. CONCLUSIONS Light effects on large-scale cell cultures in photobioreactors are complex and pleiotropic; however, we have been able to identify key regulatory players upstream cacao flavonoid biosynthesis in STPs, including TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEM and ROS-signaling genes. The crosstalk between flavonoid biosynthesis and regulatory networks led to understand the dynamics of flavonoid production and degradation in response to light-driven ROS signals. This can be used to optimize the time, and the yield of in vitro targeted metabolites in large-scale culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M Gallego
- Grupo de Biotecnología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Luisa F Rojas
- Grupo de Biotransformación, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Wilmar G Valencia
- Centro de Investigación, Desarrollo y Calidad CIDCA, Compañía Nacional de Chocolates S.A.S, Km 2 Vía Belén autopista, Medellín-Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lucía Atehortúa
- Grupo de Biotecnología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Aura I Urrea
- Grupo de Biotecnología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andrew S Fister
- Department of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Present address: Pairwise Plants, 110 TW Alexander Dr, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mark J Guiltinan
- Department of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Siela N Maximova
- Department of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Natalia Pabón-Mora
- Grupo Evo-Devo en Plantas, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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Gaspar DP, Chagas Junior GCA, de Aguiar Andrade EH, Nascimento LDD, Chisté RC, Ferreira NR, Martins LHDS, Lopes AS. How Climatic Seasons of the Amazon Biome Affect the Aromatic and Bioactive Profiles of Fermented and Dried Cocoa Beans? Molecules 2021; 26:3759. [PMID: 34206169 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the vast diversity of fauna and flora, the Brazilian Amazon has different climatic periods characterized by periods with greater and lesser rainfall. The main objective of this research was to verify the influence of climatic seasons in the Brazilian Amazon (northeast of Pará state) concerning the aromatic and bioactive profiles of fermented and dried cocoa seeds. About 200 kg of seeds was fermented using specific protocols of local producers. Physicochemical analyzes (total titratable acidity, pH, total phenolic compounds, quantification of monomeric phenolics and methylxanthines) and volatile compounds by GC-MS were carried out. We observed that: in the summer, the highest levels of aldehydes were identified, such as benzaldehyde (6.34%) and phenylacetaldehyde (36.73%), related to the fermented cocoa and honey aromas, respectively; and a total of 27.89% of this same class was identified during winter. There were significant differences (p ≤ 0.05, Tukey test) in the profile of bioactive compounds (catechin, epicatechin, caffeine, and theobromine), being higher in fermented almonds in winter. This study indicates that the climatic seasons in the Amazon affect the aromatic and bioactive profiles and could produce a new identity standard (summer and winter Amazon) for the cocoa almonds and their products.
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Sun M, Gu Y, Glisan SL, Lambert JD. Dietary cocoa ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and increases markers of antioxidant response and mitochondrial biogenesis in high fat-fed mice. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 92:108618. [PMID: 33711421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cocoa powder, derived Theobroma cacao, is a popular food ingredient that is commonly consumed in chocolate. Epidemiological and human intervention studies have reported that chocolate consumption is associated with reduced risk of cardiometabolic diseases. Laboratory studies have reported the dietary supplementation with cocoa or cocoa polyphenols can improve obesity and obesity-related comorbidities in preclinical models. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), one such comorbidity, is a risk factor for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Limited studies have examined the effect of cocoa/chocolate on NAFLD and underlying hepatoprotective mechanisms. Here, we examined the hepatoprotective effects of dietary supplementation with 80 mg/g cocoa powder for 10 wks in high fat (HF)-fed obese male C57BL/6J mice. We found that cocoa-supplemented mice had lower rate of body weight gain (22%), hepatic triacylglycerols (28%), lipid peroxides (57%), and mitochondrial DNA damage (75%) than HF-fed controls. These changes were associated with higher hepatic superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity and increased expression of markers of hepatic mitochondrial biogenesis. We also found that the hepatic protein expression of sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), and mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor g coactivator (PGC) 1a, nuclear respiratory factor 1, and forkhead box O3 were higher in cocoa-treated mice compared to HF-fed controls. These factors play a role in coordinating mitochondrial biogenesis and expression of mitochondrial antioxidant response factors. Our results indicate that cocoa supplementation can mitigate the severity of NAFLD in obese mice and that these effects are related to SIRT3/PGC1a-mediated increases in antioxidant response and mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyao Sun
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yeyi Gu
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Shannon L Glisan
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Joshua D Lambert
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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49
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Yañez O, Osorio MI, Areche C, Vasquez-Espinal A, Bravo J, Sandoval-Aldana A, Pérez-Donoso JM, González-Nilo F, Matos MJ, Osorio E, García-Beltrán O, Tiznado W. Theobroma cacao L. compounds: Theoretical study and molecular modeling as inhibitors of main SARS-CoV-2 protease. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111764. [PMID: 34051617 PMCID: PMC8141698 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocoa beans contain antioxidant molecules with the potential to inhibit type 2 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which causes a severe acute respiratory syndrome (COVID-19). In particular, protease. Therefore, using in silico tests, 30 molecules obtained from cocoa were evaluated. Using molecular docking and quantum mechanics calculations, the chemical properties and binding efficiency of each ligand was evaluated, which allowed the selection of 5 compounds of this series. The ability of amentoflavone, isorhoifolin, nicotiflorin, naringin and rutin to bind to the main viral protease was studied by means of free energy calculations and structural analysis performed from molecular dynamics simulations of the enzyme/inhibitor complex. Isorhoifolin and rutin stand out, presenting a more negative binding ΔG than the reference inhibitor N-[(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)carbonyl]alanyl-l-valyl-N~1~-((1R,2Z)−4-(benzyloxy)−4-oxo-1-{[(3R)−2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl]methyl}but-2-enyl)-L-leucinamide (N3). These results are consistent with high affinities of these molecules for the major SARS-CoV-2. The results presented in this paper are a solid starting point for future in vitro and in vivo experiments aiming to validate these molecules and /or test similar substances as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo Yañez
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, República 498, Santiago, Chile; Center of New Drugs for Hypertension (CENDHY), Santiago, Chile; Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Isaías Osorio
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Diego Portales, Ejército 141, Santiago 837007, Chile; Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 330, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Carlos Areche
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Nuñoa, Santiago 7800024, Chile
| | - Alejandro Vasquez-Espinal
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, República 498, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jessica Bravo
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Diego Portales, Ejército 141, Santiago 837007, Chile
| | - Angélica Sandoval-Aldana
- Grupo Interdisciplinario de Investigación en Fruticultura Tropical, Facultad de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué 730006, Colombia
| | - José M Pérez-Donoso
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 330, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Fernando González-Nilo
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 330, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Maria João Matos
- CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Edison Osorio
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad de Ibagué, Carrera 22 calle 67, Ibagué 730002, Colombia
| | - Olimpo García-Beltrán
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad de Ibagué, Carrera 22 calle 67, Ibagué 730002, Colombia; Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), General Gana 1702, Santiago, Chile, 8370854.
| | - William Tiznado
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, República 498, Santiago, Chile.
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50
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Chitiva-Chitiva LC, Ladino-Vargas C, Cuca-Suárez LE, Prieto-Rodríguez JA, Patiño-Ladino OJ. Antifungal Activity of Chemical Constituents from Piper pesaresanum C. DC. and Derivatives against Phytopathogen Fungi of Cocoa. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113256. [PMID: 34071493 PMCID: PMC8198927 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the antifungal potential of chemical constituents from Piper pesaresanum and some synthesized derivatives was determined against three phytopathogenic fungi associated with the cocoa crop. The methodology included the phytochemical study on the aerial part of P. pesaresanum, the synthesis of some derivatives and the evaluation of the antifungal activity against the fungi Moniliophthora roreri, Fusarium solani and Phytophthora sp. The chemical study allowed the isolation of three benzoic acid derivatives (1-3), one dihydrochalcone (4) and a mixture of sterols (5-7). Seven derivatives (8-14) were synthesized from the main constituents, of which compounds 9, 10, 12 and 14 are reported for the first time. Benzoic acid derivatives showed strong antifungal activity against M. roreri, of which 11 (3.0 ± 0.8 µM) was the most active compound with an IC50 lower compared with positive control Mancozeb® (4.9 ± 0.4 µM). Dihydrochalcones and acid derivatives were active against F. solani and Phytophthora sp., of which 3 (32.5 ± 3.3 µM) and 4 (26.7 ± 5.3 µM) were the most active compounds, respectively. The preliminary structure-activity relationship allowed us to establish that prenylated chains and the carboxyl group are important in the antifungal activity of benzoic acid derivatives. Likewise, a positive influence of the carbonyl group on the antifungal activity for dihydrochalcones was deduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis C. Chitiva-Chitiva
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (L.C.C.-C.); (L.E.C.-S.)
| | - Cristóbal Ladino-Vargas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Sede Bogotá, Bogotá 110231, Colombia; (C.L.-V.); (J.A.P.-R.)
| | - Luis E. Cuca-Suárez
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (L.C.C.-C.); (L.E.C.-S.)
| | - Juliet A. Prieto-Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Sede Bogotá, Bogotá 110231, Colombia; (C.L.-V.); (J.A.P.-R.)
| | - Oscar J. Patiño-Ladino
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá, Bogotá 111321, Colombia; (L.C.C.-C.); (L.E.C.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-1-3165000 (ext. 14485)
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